Introduction to Organizational Behavior

Provide an overview of the major challenges and the paradigm shift facing management now and in the next economy.

Outline an organizational behavior perspective for today’s management.

Summarize the Hawthorne studies as the starting point of modern organizational behavior.

Explain the methodology that is used to accumulate knowledge and facilitate understanding of organizational behavior.

Relate the various theoretical frameworks that serve as a foundation for a model of organizational behavior.

Present the social cognitive model of organizational behavior that serves as the conceptual framework for the text.

What is Organizational Behavior Characteristics of Organizational

Behavior Why study Organizational Behavior

• The Human Equation• Challenges in Managing• The New Paradigm

Hawthorne Studies and Research in O.B.

Sumerians- Record Keeping Egyptians- Need for Planning and

Control Moses- Shared Leadership,

Delegation Hamurabi- First ______? Alexander the Great- Use of Staff Niccolo Machivelli- The ends _____

the ______.

Groups of people who work interdependently toward some purpose

•Structured patterns of interaction •Coordinated tasks•Work toward some purpose

The study of individual behavior and group dynamics in organizations

Understand Predict Manage

(Continued)

Group Level

Individual Level

Organizational Levele.g., Selection Systems

e.g., Groupthink

e.g., Personality

Cognitive Framework• Personality• Satisfaction, Commitment and Absenteeism Model• Attraction- Selection-Attrition Model

Behavioristic Framework• Pavlov’s Dogs• Environmental Contingencies

Social Cognitive Framework• Allows for more complexities• More accepted framework

What is Organizational Behavior Characteristics of Organizational

Behavior Why study Organizational Behavior

• The Human Equation• Challenges in Managing• The New Paradigm

Hawthorne Studies and Research in O.B.

ContingencyContingencyVariablesVariablesx y

Outputs: Products Services

Inputs:MaterialCapitalHuman

Task environment:CompetitorsUnionsRegulatory agenciesClients

Structure

Task Technology

People(Actors)

Organizational Boundary

What is Organizational Behavior Characteristics of Organizational

Behavior Why study Organizational Behavior

• The Human Equation• Challenges in Managing• The New Paradigm

Hawthorne Studies and Research in O.B.

Competitive advantage of an organization today is represented by:• Human resource of an organization and how

they are managed.• Widely recognized as human capital, social

capital and positive psychological capital.

The academic field of organizational behavior has been around for at least the past thirty years.

Problems facing managers of human organization have been around since the beginning of civilization.

Although the problems with human organizations and the solutions over the ages have not really changed that much, the emphasis and surrounding environmental context certainly have.

This new environment is disruptive, discontinuous change. It represents a new paradigm, a new way of thinking about the workplace.

A paradigm simply establishes the rules (written or unwritten), defines the boundaries, and tells one how to behave within the boundaries to be successful.

For today’s and tomorrow’s organizations and management, there are new rules with different boundaries requiring new and different behaviors.

There is considerable resistance to change and why it is very difficult to move from the old management paradigm to the new.

Management has three major dimensions—technical, conceptual, and human.

“One-eighth” situation—about one-eighth of today’s organizations believe it, do it, stick with it.

“The Knowing-Doing Gap”—most managers know the value of the human factor and how to implement the approach to improve organizational performance, but still are not doing it.

What is Organizational Behavior Characteristics of Organizational

Behavior Why study Organizational Behavior

• The Human Equation• Challenges in Managing• The New Paradigm

Hawthorne Studies and Research in O.B.

Formal Organization - the official, legitimate, and most visible part of the system

Informal Organization - the unofficial and less visible part of the system

Hawthorne Studies: studies conducted during the 1920’s and 1930’s that discovered the existence of the informal organization

The Illumination Studies: A Serendipitous Discovery

Subsequent Phases of the Hawthorne Studies

Implications of the Hawthorne Studies

THE HAWTHORNE EFFECT

The Overall Scientific Perspective• Understand • Predict • Control

Starting with Theory The Use of Research Designs

• Case• Survey• Experiments

The Validity of Studies• Internal• External

Questions

What is a paradigm? What are some areas than have

influenced the study of Org Behavior? What are some concepts studied in

Org Behavior? Why should a manager know about

this domain of knowledge? Contrast formal versus informal

organization

What happened in the Hawthorne Studies?

Why are they so important and what did we learn from them?

Describe 3 challenges facing managers today; why are they considered “challenges”?

Describe the 1/8th rule or the “Knowing-Doing Gap”