ASPECTS AND PERSPECTIVES OF PHILOSOPHYSession 2Course : O0242/Philosophy and Ethics Communication Year: November 2013

I. Aspects of philosophy

Aspects of Philosophy also known as Three Major Constructing PhilosophyOntology Study of Existence / Reality Structure At the level of the ontology showing the relationship between existential (being) and spirit (spirit) Ontology also examines the assumptions of science (analytical knowledge). Assumption inferred from the fact as it is (das sein) and not from the fact that should be (das sollen) Bina Nusantara University*

Epistemology Also called theory of knowledge There is a difference between rationalism and empiricism in terms of knowledge of the truthRationalism: the right is in the idea (coherence)Empiricism: true in reality (correspondence) The scientific method prioritizes Logico hypotetico verificatio consisting of: problem formulation, preparation of conceptual framework, hypothesis formulation, data collection (hypothesis test), drawing conclusions

Bina Nusantara University*

AxiologyStudy of all that is valuable / useful (core values)Value is subjective, the value is real but not in space and time, the value of the objective elements that make up realityTwo groups of scientists contradictory about science:Group I: science must be neutralGroup II: science is pragmatic (it should be socially responsible and ethical responsibility), not neutral

Bina Nusantara University*

II. Philosophical Aspects of Communication

Communication Ontology Ontology communication discusses the existence of communicationScience communication was developed to expand the study of development, especially in newly independent countries after World War IIObject of science communication: newspapers, news / journalism, public communication and interpersonal reality So, the science of human communication include all statements either through mass media and rhetoric as well as those undertaken directlyPerspective classic / mechanical conceptualize interpersonal communication as a mechanistic process in which a (message) flows across the space / time from one point (donor) to another point (receiver) Bina Nusantara University*

The psychological perspective of communication to understand the communication as a process of internal acceptance and processing of information in human beings. Empirical existence (its locus) is located on human beings: the attitudes, perceptions, beliefs and desires Perspective pragmatic (the latest understanding) to understand the communication as a behavioral system. The existence of empirical (its locus) on the behavior so that its components include patterns, interactions, systems, structures and functions. To conceptualize communication from the perspective of psychology, interactional and pragmatic needs radical change from the old mechanistic way of thinking. For the study of the dynamics of communication continue to evolve over time

Bina Nusantara University*

Communications Epistemology Epistemology of communication: theory of knowledge about the methodology of science communication including research methods Methodology is the path to scientific knowledge Scientific research: intellectual work to reach the truth The scientific method includes: bring something, to confirm something, get rid of something and explain the theory Two types of communication research methods: deductive (general-specific) and inductive (specific-general)

Bina Nusantara University*

Axiology Communications Axiology is value of science communications Axiology of communication include: logic, ethics and aestheticsLogic is necessary in the communication process because it thought should be communicated to others and which communicated the decision of the thought processes of logical-rational Ethics is important for good communication processes take place in accordance with the standards of good value too Aesthetics communication regarding the composition containing the value of a beautiful feeling, and harmony (the form and the content / meaning of communication)

Bina Nusantara University*

III. School of Communication Philosophy

School of Chicago (appearing in the U.S.) The study of communication is mostly done with quantitative methods since funded the sponsor. The study, originally the creative activity of individuals into collective Many studies of communication in order to persuasion, propaganda and direct effect of media on public This school is aware, has the power of communications media affect society. Therefore the media needs to refine the program, preparing, presenting, for the more efficient deployment

Bina Nusantara University*

Frankfurt School (Appearing in German) Also called Critical Theory of Max Horkheimer and updated by Jurgen Habermas The themes of this school: post liberal, form of community integration, socialization and individual development, mass media and mass culture, social psychology, art theory, and criticism of positivism Habermas says science is not value free School is suspicious of the project of enlightenment (aufklaerung) as the main culprit emergence positivisticTill the 1980s Habermas believes that criticism can only be developed on the basis of communicative ratio is understood as a praxis of communication / communicative action Bina Nusantara University*

Habermas allow up to 4 claims to objectivity: The natural world / we achieve the objective truth claims Social world and the norms we claim accuracy Correspondence between the inner and the expression of a person we claim to authenticity or honesty Bina Nusantara University*

If we can explain the various claims upon it and reach an agreement we reached claim Comprehensibility Any effective communication must reach the claim of the 4th and people who are able to communicate (to produce those claims) have called communicative competence. Community communicative rather than people who do the critics through violent revolution, but criticized by using rational arguments Two forms of argument are: conversations (discourse) and criticism. Both forms of this argument is to bring people towards communicative society (including criticize social reality and mass media)Bina Nusantara University*