Nutritional benefits of using Processed Animal Proteins (PAPs) in European aquafeeds
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7/29/2019 Nutritional benefits of using Processed Animal Proteins (PAPs) in European aquafeeds
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March | April 2013Transforming aquaculture production using
oxygenation systems
The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry
International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis ofinformation published.Copyright 2013 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any formor by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
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After the BSE crisis in the EU
in late 2001, processed animal
proteins (PAPs) were banned
fromutilisationinfeedsforaqua-
cultureand livestock. Someproductswere
re-introducedin2005(bloodproducts,milk
products, hydrolyzed proteins, gelatin) as
theydidnotposeanyriskoftransferringBSEtoconsumptionanimals.Meanwhilethebulk
of processed animal proteinswasusedfor
otherapplicationsandexportedtomarkets
outsideEurope.
The ever-increasing cost of fishmeal has
causedimportantincreasesinfishfeedprices.
Itisthereforelogicalthatfishfeedproducers
continuouslylookforalternatives,butallother
potentialproteinsourcesarebecomingscarce
and expensive.The re-introductionof PAPs
intoEuropeanaquafeeds,effectiveonJune1,
2013,would helpthe European aquaculture
industry to solve part of the raw material
problem.
SustainabilityIt would also reduce considerably the
carbon footprint of aquafeeds, since these
protein sources are locally available andwill
partially substitute imported soybean meal
from the Americas and fishmeal from Peru
andChile.
Thecarbonfootprintof PAPsis much
lower than the footprint of vegetablemeals(Figure1).Alsotheemissionsrelated
to landuseand landusechange(LULUC)
arehigherforvegetablemeals.Thecarbon
footprint of poultry meal originates from
theproduction of the by-products (based
on a a llocat ion according to economic
valueofmeatandby-products),plusener-
gy for transporting the by-products and
dryingofthematerial.
Aquaculture is often criticised for using
morefishthanproducingfish(FIFO>1).The
re-introductionofPAPsprovidesachanceto
lowertheFIFOconsiderably.Apartfromsustainability,alsonutritionally,
PAPsarethefirstproteinssourcestobeused
toreplacefishmeal,foranumberofreasons:
High protein and amino acid contentPAPs are rich in most essential amino
acids except methionine. They are particu-
larlyhighinarginineandotherwatersoluble
amino acids (proline, glycine, and glutamic
acid),whichactasattractantandpalatantin
aquafeeds.
Digestible proteinsDigestibilityvariesalotbetweendifferent
PAPsandisaffectedbyqualityofrawmateri-
alsbeforedryinganddryingmethod.Wecan
observethatgoodqualityPAPsshowdigest-ibilitylevelswhichareashighasthehighest
qualityfishmeals.(Table2)
Partially soluble proteinsBothfishmealandPAPscontainimportant
amounts of water soluble proteins, in the
form of peptides or longer chains. These
water soluble proteins are highly digestible,
but also will improve the attractibility and
Table 1: Table of composition of feather meal, poultry meal and meat and bone meal in comparison with the
requirement of gilthead sea bream, rainbow trout and salmon
Fethermel
Poultry melMet ndbone mel
SlmonidsGilthed
se brem
Crude protein 85 63 50 35-45 38-46
amino cids (in % of CP)
arginine 7,0 6,7 6,9 3.3-5,1 5.0
Histidine 0,8 1,8 1,7 1,6-1,8
Isoleucine 4,9 3,5 2,8 2,0-2.3
eucine 8,2 6,3 5,3 3,6-4.0
Vline 7,4 4,9 3,7 2.9-5,3
ysine 2,4 5,7 5,0 4.0-5,0 5.0Phenyllnine 4,9 3,6 3,3 4,1-5,3
Meth+Cyst 4,9 3,0 2,1 2,4-4,0 4.0
hreonine 4,8 3,6 3,0 1,8-2,2
ryptophn 0,7 0,9 0,6 0,5-1.4 0.6
Nutritional benefits of using Processed AnimalProteins (PAPs) in European aquafeeds
by Eric De Muylder1 and Geert van der Velden2
14 | IntenAtIonA AquAFeed | March-April 2013
FEATURE
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Natural valuable ingredients for aqua feed
Phosterol: a unique combination of natural cholesterol and phospholipids,
an essential nutrient for shrimps
Hydrolyzed animal proteins for shrimp & fish feed: MucoPro & Gelko, highly digestible
Processed Animal Proteins for shrimp & fish feed: high protein alternative for fish meal
(Porc meal 65, Porc meal 58, Poultry meal 65)
Improvementby nature
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ingessentialunsaturatedfatty
acids(linolenic,EPAandDHA
for salmonids and EPA and
DHA for marine fishes) and
asenergysource.
For fish species that cantolerate higher amounts of
lipidsintheirdiet,likesalmo-
nids,seabreamandseabass,
acombinationofanimal,veg-
etableandfishoilcansatisfy
both requirements, without
alteringthefattyacidcontent
ofthefishflesh.
Presence of somenutrients whichstill need to be
investigatedDue to the ever-increas-
ingpricesandscarcityoffishmeal,researchis
continuouslysearchingforalternatives.Thisis
oftenpossibleuptoacertainlevel,buttotal
replacementoftenresultsingrowthloss,even
thoughdietswere formulatedto contain the
sameamountsofessentialnutrientsforwhichtherequirementsareknown.
Replac ing f ishmeal by PAPs gener-
ally results in better results than replacing
fishmeal by vegetable proteins. There are
probably some unknown nutrients still to
be discovered, which are present in ani-
malproteins butnot in vegetable proteins.
Hydroxyproline,taurineandnucleicacidsare
somenutrients that has attracted attention
recently by researchers, but their require-
ments still need furtherinvestigation.There
are probably more nutrients to be discov-
eredinthenearfuture.
ConclusionPAPs are high quality protein sources.
Their re-introductioninto European aqua-
feedswillfacilitate the formulationof high
proteins fish feeds, since their availability
is better than fishmeal.This will also help
the strive towards more sustainable aqua-
culture. PAPs contain a lot of interesting
nutrients and are a better alternative to
replace fishmeal than vegetable protein
sources.
Diets contained 17 % Fish oil, 12 % fishoil + 5 % poultry oil or porc bone oil. In
treatment Poultry oil/Fish oil, the fish receivefirst the diet with poultry oil and than the
diet with only fish oil
Table 2: Overview o Apparent Digestibility Coefcients (ADC) and Apparent Digestibility o Proteins (ADP) observed
or Rainbow trout and Gilthead seabream compared to other protein sources
inbow rou Gihed se brem
aDC aDP aDC aDP
lt fish me 72,6 90,5 71,8 87,5
Dnish fish me 95,8
Hydroyzed feher me 65,7-84 % 71,6-87 48,8 51,6-57,7
Me nd bone me 55,9-72 83-89 35-79Poury me 59,8-77 83-91 80-89,9
Soyben me 29,5-75,3 95,9 86-90,9
Soy proein concenre 53,2 90,4
Corn guen 80-95 74,5-89,5 90
"PAPs are high quality protein sources.
Their re-introduction into European
aquafeeds will facilitate the formulation
of high proteins fish feeds, since their
availability is better than fishmeal"
More InforMatIon:
Website: www.sonac.biz
1CreveTec, [email protected] BV, [email protected]
16 | IntenAtIonA AquAFeed | March-April 2013
FEATURE
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Transforming aquaculture
production using
oxygenation systems
Nutritional benefits of
processed animal proteinsin European aquafeeds
Towards aquafeeds with
increased food security
Bioenergetics application in aquaculture nutrition
Volume 16 I ssu e 2 2013 - mARC H | APR I l
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