Describing spoken English From research to classroom materials
NUT Workshop 2016 Corpus Linguistics in the Classroom Linguistics in the classroom... · –the...
Transcript of NUT Workshop 2016 Corpus Linguistics in the Classroom Linguistics in the classroom... · –the...
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NUT Workshop 2016 Corpus Linguistics in the Classroom
Neill Wylie & Denise McAllister Maastricht University Language Centre
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Language Centre
Who we are…..
Neill Wylie -MA TESOL
-Socio Linguistics -Male v female communication -Blended Learning in Academic English
Denise McAllister -MA TESOL
-Academic Writing course coordination -Intercultural Studies -International Classroom, IntlUni
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Language Centre
Format of workshop
• Activate your knowledge!
• Definition of Corpus Linguistics
– Types of corpora
– Why use corpus informed methods?
– Student benefits
– Application of corpus to classroom
• Constructing a specialised corpus
• Summary: How can using a corpus benefit your institution?
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Language Centre
On your smartphone / laptop / tablet:
Go to
app.gosoapbox.com
Enter access code:
nut
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Language Centre
What is Corpus Linguistics?
• The study of language as expressed in samples of ‘real world’ text
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Language Centre
What is Corpus Linguistics?
”…a method for finding out about language use which involves the interrogation of large, electronically-stored
and rapidly-searchable collections of texts”
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Language Centre
What is Corpus Linguistics?
Types of corpora:
1. General Corpora – 100 million to a billion
words.
Big and diverse to be representative of language as a whole
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Language Centre
What is Corpus Linguistics?
Types of corpora :
1. General Corpora – 100 million to a billion
words.
Big and diverse to be representative of language as a whole
Typical book contains around 100,000 words (academic text or novel)
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Language Centre
What is Corpus Linguistics?
Types of corpora :
1. General Corpora – 100 million to a billion
words.
Big and diverse to be representative of language as a whole
2. Specialised Corpora
Purpose built to focus on a particular type of text, writer or speaker
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Language Centre
What is Corpus Linguistics?
Additional Types of corpora :
3. Multilingual Corpora
English & Spanish; American English & Indian English
4. Parallel corpus
English & Spanish translated (CRATER)
5. Learner Corpus
International Corpus of Learner English
6. Historical corpus
Helsinki corpus 1.5 million words of text from 700AD – 1700AD
7. Monitor corpus
Continuation e.g. Bank of English
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Language Centre
Important English Corpora Websites
• British National Corpus (BNC) 100 million words
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Language Centre
Important English Corpora Websites
• Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) 520 million words
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Language Centre
Example of Foreign Language Corpora
• Corpus del Español 100 million words
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Language Centre
Additional Corpora of Interest
• Hansard corpus:
– British parliament 1803 – 2005, 1.6 billion words
• Wikipedia corpus:
– -2014, 1.9 billion words
• Global Web-Based English (GloWbE):
– 2012-2013, 1.9 billion words across 20 countries
• Corpus of American Soap Operas:
– 2001 – 2012, 100 million words
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Language Centre
Why use a corpus?
• Discover tendencies
– what’s normal/typical in real-life language?
• Rare or exceptional cases
– Reveals what we wouldn’t know from looking at single texts or from introspection
• Speed and accuracy
– Human researchers make mistakes and are slow
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Language Centre
Application to the classroom
• Suitable for both EAP and general English contexts
• Syllabus design
• Materials development
• Classroom activities
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Language Centre
The benefit of such student-centred discovery learning:
• Access to facts of authentic language use
– comes from real contexts not constructed for pedagogical purposes
• Challenges students
– to construct generalizations
– note patterns of language behaviour
• Make students more aware of language use
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Language Centre
The benefit of such student-centred discovery learning:
Students may be able to determine:
– different meanings and uses of common words
– useful phrases and typical collocations
– the structure and nature (written and spoken discourse)
– where certain language features are more typical
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Authentic Examples of the use of Corpus Linguistics in the Classroom
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Language Centre
Examples of classroom application (1)
Student Example:
Use of ‘Aftermath’ by PhD Student
“In the aftermath of the Vatican Council, the Catholic
Church began to restructure its hierarchy of bishops..”
Sentence seems correct in aspects of language, structure, grammar….
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Language Centre
Examples of classroom application
Student Example:
Use of ‘Aftermath’ by PhD Student
“In the aftermath of the Vatican Council, the Catholic
Church began to restructure its hierarchy of bishops..”
Sentence seems correct in aspects of language, structure, grammar….
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Language Centre
Examples of classroom application
“In the aftermath of the Vatican Council, the Catholic
Church began to restructure its hierarchy of bishops..”
However, a native speaker might think the inclusion of aftermath to be somewhat out of place…
….but may not know exactly why.
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Language Centre
Using COCA to Explain
• Search for aftermath
• Choose Academic context
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Language Centre
‘Aftermath’
• Instances in ACADEMIC in COCA
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Language Centre
‘Aftermath’
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Language Centre
Using COCA to Explain
• Nearly every line contains a negative situation suggesting that aftermath is used in close proximity to:
• Catastrophe
• Disaster
• Misfortune
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Language Centre
Examples of classroom application (2)
“James was not looking forward to his impending birthday”
Is there something wrong here?
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Language Centre
Examples of classroom application (2)
“James was not looking forward to his impending birthday”
Is there something wrong here?
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Language Centre
Search for ‘Impending’ in COCA
• Frequency: 2584
• Most common collocates?
• Words which occur most frequently together (commit a crime, back – front)
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Language Centre
Search for ‘Impending’ in COCA
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Language Centre
Search for ‘Impending’ in COCA
• Frequency: 2584
• Most common collocates?
• danger
• doom
• anniversary
• famine
• suicide mission
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Language Centre
What can Corpus Linguistics tell us about the use of ‘impending’?
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Language Centre
Use of ‘Impending’
Impending
• carries a negative semantic prosody
• is normally followed by a noun
• looks out of place next to an otherwise neutral / positive noun such as birthday.
• can be used in the grammatical context of the example
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Language Centre
Examples of classroom application (3)
‘Barrier to learning’ vs. ‘Barrier for learning’
“…which plays a deactivating role and might be a barrier for learning”
What does COCA say?
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Language Centre
Examples of classroom application
Choose prepositions
Search word
Choose academic
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Language Centre
Examples of classroom application
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Language Centre
Examples of classroom application
Barrier + to
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Language Centre
Examples of classroom application Barrier + for
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Language Centre
Example of classroom application (4)
‘Aims at’ vs ‘aims to’
Both have very similar functions in similar contexts…
…..so they are interchangeable, right?
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Language Centre
Example of classroom application
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Language Centre
Example of classroom application
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Language Centre
‘Aims at’ vs ‘aims to’
What does this tell us?
• 10 times more likely to use/come across ‘aims + at’
• Doesn’t make ‘aims + to’ wrong
• Descriptive method of investigation – not prescriptive
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Language Centre
‘Aims at’ vs ‘aims to’
Aims + at + -ing form
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Language Centre
‘Aims at’ vs ‘aims to’
Aims + to + verb/adverb + verb/noun/adjective + noun
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Language Centre
Example of classroom application (5)
“Stress is a risk factor of several psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder and
depression.”
Anything amiss here?
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Language Centre
Example of classroom application (5)
“Stress is a risk factor of several psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder and
depression.”
Anything amiss here?
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Language Centre
Search query: risk + prep ALL Academic settings
Factor + of = 802 Factor + for = 621
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Language Centre
Factor + prep
What do you notice about what comes after factor + of?
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Language Centre
Factor + prep
What do you notice about what comes after factor + of?
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Language Centre
Factor + prep
What do you notice about what comes before and after factor + for?
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Language Centre
Now it’s your turn….
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Language Centre
Now it’s your turn….
Search for prepositions used with ‘welcome’
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Language Centre
Now it’s your turn….
Search for the most common lexical verb in spoken English
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Constructing a specialised corpus
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Language Centre
Corpus Building Tools
• Wordsmith Tools
– http://www.lexically.net/wordsmith/
• MonoConc Pro
– http://monoconc.com/
• AntConc
– http://www.laurenceanthony.net/software.html
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Language Centre
Corpus Building Tools
• Wordsmith Tools
– http://www.lexically.net/wordsmith/
• MonoConc Pro
– http://monoconc.com/
• AntConc FREE!!!!!
– http://www.laurenceanthony.net/software.html
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Language Centre
AntConc
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Language Centre
AntFileConverter
(Converts texts from PDF and Word to text file)
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Language Centre
Open AntFileConverter
Click File
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Language Centre
In AntFileConverter
Select folder where files are stored
![Page 62: NUT Workshop 2016 Corpus Linguistics in the Classroom Linguistics in the classroom... · –the structure and nature (written and spoken discourse) –where certain language features](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043004/5f87d6d02b150f197f0c4a80/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Language Centre
In AntFileConverter
Change
file type
(e.g. to
PDF, Word,
All files)
![Page 63: NUT Workshop 2016 Corpus Linguistics in the Classroom Linguistics in the classroom... · –the structure and nature (written and spoken discourse) –where certain language features](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043004/5f87d6d02b150f197f0c4a80/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Language Centre
In AntFileConverter
Select the files you want to
convert
![Page 64: NUT Workshop 2016 Corpus Linguistics in the Classroom Linguistics in the classroom... · –the structure and nature (written and spoken discourse) –where certain language features](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043004/5f87d6d02b150f197f0c4a80/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Language Centre
In AntFileConverter
Click Start
![Page 65: NUT Workshop 2016 Corpus Linguistics in the Classroom Linguistics in the classroom... · –the structure and nature (written and spoken discourse) –where certain language features](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043004/5f87d6d02b150f197f0c4a80/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Language Centre
In AntFileConverter
Files convert to .txt
![Page 66: NUT Workshop 2016 Corpus Linguistics in the Classroom Linguistics in the classroom... · –the structure and nature (written and spoken discourse) –where certain language features](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043004/5f87d6d02b150f197f0c4a80/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Language Centre
In Folder
New txt sub-folder is created containing the converted .txt files
![Page 67: NUT Workshop 2016 Corpus Linguistics in the Classroom Linguistics in the classroom... · –the structure and nature (written and spoken discourse) –where certain language features](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043004/5f87d6d02b150f197f0c4a80/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Language Centre
In txt sub-folder
Converted .txt files
![Page 68: NUT Workshop 2016 Corpus Linguistics in the Classroom Linguistics in the classroom... · –the structure and nature (written and spoken discourse) –where certain language features](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043004/5f87d6d02b150f197f0c4a80/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Language Centre
Constructing the corpus
Run AntConc and
click File
![Page 69: NUT Workshop 2016 Corpus Linguistics in the Classroom Linguistics in the classroom... · –the structure and nature (written and spoken discourse) –where certain language features](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043004/5f87d6d02b150f197f0c4a80/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Language Centre
Constructing the corpus
Select Open File
![Page 70: NUT Workshop 2016 Corpus Linguistics in the Classroom Linguistics in the classroom... · –the structure and nature (written and spoken discourse) –where certain language features](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043004/5f87d6d02b150f197f0c4a80/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Language Centre
Constructing the corpus
Open the txt sub-folder
![Page 71: NUT Workshop 2016 Corpus Linguistics in the Classroom Linguistics in the classroom... · –the structure and nature (written and spoken discourse) –where certain language features](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043004/5f87d6d02b150f197f0c4a80/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Language Centre
Constructing the corpus
Choose the
.txt files that
you want to
include in the
Corpus and
click Open
![Page 72: NUT Workshop 2016 Corpus Linguistics in the Classroom Linguistics in the classroom... · –the structure and nature (written and spoken discourse) –where certain language features](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043004/5f87d6d02b150f197f0c4a80/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Language Centre
Constructing the corpus
Your corpus is complete!
![Page 73: NUT Workshop 2016 Corpus Linguistics in the Classroom Linguistics in the classroom... · –the structure and nature (written and spoken discourse) –where certain language features](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043004/5f87d6d02b150f197f0c4a80/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Language Centre
Constructing the corpus
Now start your search!
![Page 74: NUT Workshop 2016 Corpus Linguistics in the Classroom Linguistics in the classroom... · –the structure and nature (written and spoken discourse) –where certain language features](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043004/5f87d6d02b150f197f0c4a80/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Language Centre
More uses..?
Teacher’s role as researcher facilitator
![Page 75: NUT Workshop 2016 Corpus Linguistics in the Classroom Linguistics in the classroom... · –the structure and nature (written and spoken discourse) –where certain language features](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022043004/5f87d6d02b150f197f0c4a80/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Language Centre
How can Corpus Linguistics benefit your institution?
• Tailored-approach to language learning
• Create authentic learning materials
• Aids in syllabus design
• Student-centred approach to learning
• Promotes autonomous learning
• User-friendly
• Cost-effective