LINGUISTICS: Classroom tools to deconstruct and...

LINGUISTICS: Classroom tools to deconstruct and improve

students’ writing

Oregon Association of Latino Administrators (OALA) Winter Conference, Feb 2, 2013 Liliana Heller-Mafrica, Ed.D. Robert A. Troyer, Ph.D. Language Program Coordinator Assistant Professor of English Woodburn School District Western Oregon University

Outline

1. Welcome and Introduction

2. A little LING for teaching

3. Teacher Noticing Task 1: word parts in English

4. ELL students’ challenges

5. Teacher Noticing Task 2: prepositional phrases

6. ELL students’ challenges

7. Errors vs. Mistakes

8. Strategies for improving ELL’s reading and writing

9. Conclusion

Linguistics: tools to improve writing

Source: UCI – Scarcella; Linguistic Components of Academic Language

Linguistics: tools to improve writing

Language Understanding to Improve Student Achievement

Project LUISA

Acknowledgements

Title 3 grant for university & K-12 collaboration

Western Oregon University, Woodburn and Central SD

Dr. Maria Dantas-Whitney Dr. Carmen Caceda College of Education College of Education Western Oregon University Western Oregon University

What is Linguistics? • Phonology: the study of the sounds of a language

• Morphology: the study of words and parts of words

• Syntax: the study of the structure of sentences and the rules

that govern the formation of a sentence

• Semantics: the study of meanings of individual words and of larger units such as phrases and sentences

• Pragmatics: the study of language use in context

• Sociolinguistics: the study of how language differs among specific groups of users

• Applied linguistics: uses all of the above to deal with real-world issues involving language

Linguistics and ELL’s Writing

Teachers who have not been trained in methods of teaching ELLs are often overwhelmed by the challenges of their students’ writing.

Literacy Autobiography

In my earliest memorize, I was writing begin when I was in

primary school. At that time, we just write some basic

things such as explain our hometown or your family. As

time goes on, when I was just get in high school, my

writing of logical and organization become better. On that

time the teacher begins give us some deeply topic to

write.

What is Grammar?

The appropriate choice of words (semantics)

in the appropriate form (morphology)

for an appropriate sentence structure (syntax)

and (pragmatics).

In my earliest memorize, I was writing begin when I was in

primary school. At that time, we just write some basic things

such as explain our hometown or your family. As time goes

on, when I was just get in high school, my writing of logical

and organization become better. On that time the teacher

begins give us some deeply topic to write.

What teachers should be aware of • inflectional morphemes (do not change PoS)

in English, only suffixes • on nouns: plural marker (-s, -es), possessive (-’s, -s’) • on verbs: tense and aspect markers(-ed, -en, -ing) present tense, singular subject marker (-s) • on adj: degree markers (-er, -est)

• derivational morphemes (change PoS and/or meaning)

in English, prefixes and suffixes • re-, auto-, ex-, un-, dis-, mis-, co-, de-, pre-, in/im/ir/il-, etc • -er, -sion, -tion, -ist, -ful, -ness, -ity, -ly, -ment, etc.

• irregular nouns and verbs, root words, and combinations

Morphology: the study of word formation

At the edge of the market, I stopped. In a neat sparkling row

stood several big new bicycles. One of them was decorated all

over with red and blue.

That’s what I would buy!

For some time now, Murete, my father, had been teaching

me to ride his big, heavy bicycle. If only I had a bicycle of my

own.

“My Rows and Piles of Coins” Literacy by Design, Grade 3

Prefixes and Suffixes in fiction/narrative

Trees are mostly a renewable resource: in theory, if some get

cut down, others can be planted. But cutting down trees can be

tragic. Clear-cutting, removing all the trees in an area, causes the

soil to wash away. Trees can’t grow back on bare rock. Even if

new trees are planted, the forest and its inhabitants may still die

off. Sometimes only one type of tree is replanted. So, animals

that need other types of trees for food or shelter can no longer

live in the forest.

“How is Paper Made?” Literacy by Design, Grade 3

Prefixes and Suffixes in expository prose

Prefixes and Suffixes in English

Teacher Noticing Task 1: proficient use of English

• Read your text and then work together to:

• circle the inflectional suffixes.

• put a box around the derivational prefixes and suffixes.

• Fill out the prefix-suffix chart.

• Discuss your findings with a partner.

What teachers should be aware of • inflectional morphemes (do not change PoS)

in English, only suffixes • on nouns: plural marker (-s, -es), possessive (-’s, -s’) • on verbs: tense and aspect markers(-ed, -en, -ing) present tense, singular subject marker (-s) • on adj: degree markers (-er, -est)

• derivational morphemes (change PoS and/or meaning)

in English, prefixes and suffixes • re-, auto-, ex-, un-, dis-, mis-, co-, de-, pre-, in/im/ir/il-, etc • -er, -sion, -tion, -ist, -ful, -ness, -ity, -ly, -ment, etc.

• irregular nouns and verbs, root words, and combinations

Morphology: the study of word formation

Example

Many student consideration how to choosing

words but lacking sufficiently knowledgeable

of vocabularies in contextuous.

Prefixes and Suffixes in ELL students’ writing

Example

Many students consider how to choose

words but lack sufficient knowledge

of vocabulary in context .

Inflectional affixes

-s, -ies (plurality) -ing (progressive) -’s (possession) -s (3rd sing verb) -ed (past tense) -en (participle) -er, -est (adj degree)

Derivational affixes

-ation (verb to noun) -ly (adjective to adverb) -able (noun to adjective) -ual (noun to adjective) prefixes: un- (opposite), non- (not), etc., etc.


Examples

Some crimes, such as hi jack and rob are conducted using Airsoft guns.

hijacking and robbery

It accurately point_ that lots of farmlands losing is one factor which led to food lacking around the world.

points out, farmland, loss, a lack of food (or food shortage)


Prefixes and Suffixes in ELL’s Writing

ELL’s Use of English Morphemes

• Read your student writing sample:

• circle any mistakes with inflectional suffixes

• put a box around any mistakes of derivation pre/suffixes.

• Fill out the prefix-suffix mistakes chart.


Strategies for Instruction

• Select a page from your materials that your students should read independently (about 150 words).

• Circle the inflectional affixes.

• Put a box around the derivational affixes.

• For earlier grades/levels, make a ‘grammar suffix’ chart

base plural -s poss -s verb -ed verb -ing verb -en verb -s adj –er adj -est flower flowers plant plants plant’s plant planted planting plants tall taller tallest

• For upper grades/levels, make a ‘word forms’ chart

Verbs Nouns Adjectives Adverbs

contribute contribution prepare preparation survive survivor culture cultural culturally

method methodical methodically

period periodical periodically

Syntax: The internal structure of sentences

What teachers should be aware of • sentence types

declarative, question, imperative, exclamative • typical clause structures

subject + verb + object subject + verb + adjective or noun subject + verb + adverbial modifier alternative structures (there + verb, it + verb, changed order)

• conjunctions joining pieces inside phrases; joining clauses and sentences

• noun modification premodifiers (adjective, noun, ed-participle, ing-participle) postmodifiers (prepositional phrase, relative clause, participle clause,

appositive noun phrase) • adverbial modification

prepositional phrase, single adverb, adverbial clause, participle or infinitive clause, noun phrase

Prepositional Phrases

A preposition + a noun phrase

While some of its articles are technical, requiring an understanding of voice spectrograms, others are accessible to anyone.

1) post-noun modifier 2) sentence modifier Some Common Prepositions about above across after against along around at before behind below beneath beside besides between beyond by down during for from in inside into like near of off on onto opposite outside over past since through to toward/s under underneath until up upon with within without

Prepositional Phrases in non-fiction

Horses were unknown in North America until the 1500s,

when Spanish explorers began arriving. The explorers sailed

from Spain with horses onboard their ships. They used the

horses to explore the New World. During this exploration

many of the horses were lost.

5th Grade History text

Biber, Conrad, & Leech. 2002. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English.

Prepositional Phrases in English

Teacher Noticing Task 2: proficient use of English

• Read your text and then work together to:

• underline all of the prepositional phrases.

• Fill out the prepositional phrase chart.


Prepositional Phrases

A preposition + a noun phrase

While some of its articles are technical, requiring an understanding of voice spectrograms, others are accessible to anyone.

1) post-noun modifier 2) sentence modifier Some Common Prepositions about above across after against along around at before behind below beneath beside besides between beyond by down during for from in inside into like near of off on onto opposite outside over past since through to toward/s under underneath until up upon with within without

Syntax—ELL student

I Can Fly

I can Fly. When I was litle my

Mom teach to fly. I Fly every

where. I look for food. I have

friend when I was flying and

still looking at food. My

mom go looking the nother

food. I hate finger nails. I

have a big body. I have a

good food. I play with my

friend. My mom have a new

friend and we all play

together. we have a party.

I'm happy and I have a big

head. The next day. I com

back to my home. I go to

sleep at home. I like being a

bird.

sent #

words/ sent

Indep clauses/ sent

Dep clauses/ sent

Prep phrases/ sent

other modif/ sent

1 3 1 0 0 0

2 9 1 1 0 0

3 4 1 0 0 0

4 4 1 0 1 0

5 12 1 1 1 0

6 7 1 0 0 0

7 3 1 0 0 0

8 5 1 0 0 0

9 5 1 0 0 0

10 5 1 0 1 0

11 11 2 0 0 0

12 4 1 0 0 0

13 9 2 0 0 0

14 3 0 0 0 0

15 6 1 0 1 0

16 6 1 0 1 0

17 5 1 0 0 0

101 18 2 5 0

5.9 1.06 .12 .29 0

Prepositional Phrases in ELL’s Writing

ELL’s Use of Prepositional Phrases

• Read your student writing sample:

• underline all of the prepositional phrases.

• Fill out the prepositional phrase chart.


Syntax Helping students deal with information overload • English sentences are hierarchically organized, so

-teach students to focus their attention on the head noun of the subject, the main verb, complement, and conjunctions.

-modifiers add extra (less important) information The Drake stopped at Alexandria, Bengasi, Tripoli, Tunis and Algiers, passed the Rock of Gibraltar and turned north up the coast of Portugal. The Drake stopped at Alexandria, Bengasi, Tripoli, Tunis and Algiers, passed the Rock of Gibraltar and turned north up the coast of Portugal.

Syntax Helping students deal with information overload • English sentences are hierarchically organized, so

-teach students to focus their attention on the head noun of the subject, the main verb, complement, and conjunctions.

-modifiers add extra (less important) information Horses were unknown in North America until the 1500s, when Spanish explorers began arriving. Horses were unknown in North America until the 1500s, when Spanish explorers began arriving.

Analyzing and Describing ELL’s Grammar

proficiency vs. deficiency

The use of any prefix or suffix is demonstrates some knowledge of the rules of English morphology. He runned to the store. The only way to revise internal grammar rules is through making mistakes, noticing forms, and revising rules.

Error The result of an incomplete internal rule.

Mistake The result of incomplete time to process existing rules and apply them.

Thank You

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