NURSING RESEARCH - World Health Organization · METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION OF ... management...
Transcript of NURSING RESEARCH - World Health Organization · METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION OF ... management...
April 1992
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NURSING RESEARCH
A WHO Study
Participation,
Productivity and
Prospects in Nursing
Research in the
Western Pacific
Region
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................... 1
PREFACE .................................................................................................................................. 6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................... , ................................................................ 8
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 9
1. TIlE OBJECTIVES OF lHE STUDY ....................................................................... 9
2. MElHODS ..................................................................................................................... 10
3. RESPONDENT'S PROFILE ...................................................................................... 12
4. FINDINGS ...................................................................................................................... 12
4.1 Status of nursing research in the Region ............................................................ 12 4.2 Utilization of nursing research outputs .............................................................. 15 4.3 The needs for nursing research development .................................................... 16 4.4 Priority areas for nursing research ...................................................................... 17
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................. 18
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 22
TABLES:
TABLE 1 - NUMBER OF QUESTIONNAIRES SENT AND RETURNED BY COUNTRIES AND AREAS IN lHE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION .................................................... 23
TABLE 2 - DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ......................................................................................... 24
TABLE 3 - PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF NURSES WIlH A NON-NURSING DEGREE AND LEVEL OF NON-NURSING DEGREE RECEIVED .............................................................................. 25
TABLE 4 - RESPONDENTS UNDERTAKING RESEARCH ACTIVITY AND MEAN FREQUENCY OF UNDERTAKING ACTIVITY, 1986-1990 ....................................................................................................... 26
TABLE 5 - PERCENT OF RESPONDENTS WHO DEVELOPED OR ASSISTED IN lHE DEVELOPMENT OF A NURSING OR HEALlH DATA BASE AND WHETHER DATA BASE WAS COMPUTERIZED .......................................................................... 27
TABLE6 - TYPESOFINFORMATIONINlHEDATABASES THAT NURSE RESEARCHERS DEVELOP OR HELP DEVELOP .................................................................................................... 27
TABLE 7
TABLE 8
TABLE 9
TABLE 10
TABLE 11
TABLE 12
TABLE 13
TABLE 14
TABLE 15
TABLE 16
TABLE 17
TABLE 18
TABLE 19
TABLE 20
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PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE NUMBER OF RESEARCH PROJECTS CONDUCTED OR PARTICIPATED IN BY NURSE RESEARCHERS, 1986-1990 .............................................................................................. 28
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE CATEGORIES OR AREAS OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS OR OBJECTIVES OF STUDIES CONDUCTED BY NURSE RESEARCHERS ................................................................ 28
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF AREA OF CONCERN OF STUDY/PROJECT .............................................. 29
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY PURPOSE OF STUDY/PROJECT ............................................... 30
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF NATURE OF PARTICIPATION OF RESPONDENTS IN STUDy/PROJECT ............................................................................ 31
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF PERSONNEL RESPONDENT WORKED WITH DURING LAST PROJECT 1986-1990 ........................................... 32
. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE OF STUDY /PROJECT ..................................................... .32
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE PRIMARY RESEARCH DESIGN USED IN THE STUDY /PROJECT ............................................................................ 33
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION OF STUDY /PROJECT ............................................................................ 33
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF COLLABORATION IN PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN BY NURSE RESEARCHER, LAST PROJECT 1986-1990 ............................. 34
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF MULTI-DISCIPLINARY PROJECTS BY NURSE RESEARCHERS, LAST PROJECT 1986-1990 ........................... 34
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF WHETHER PROJECT CONDUCED BY NURSE RESEARCHER IS BASIC OR APPLIED, LAST PROJECT 1986-1990 .............................................................................................. 35
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF LEVEL OF DATA ANALYSES MADE, LAST PROJECT 1986-1990 ...................... 35
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF COMMISSIONED RESEARCH DONE BY NURSE RESEACHERS, LAST PROJECT 1986-1990 .............................................................. 35
TABLE 21
TABLE 22
TABLE 23
TABLE 24
TABLE 25
TABLE 26
TABLE 27
TABLE 28
TABLE 29
TABLE 30
TABLE 31
TABLE 32
TABLE 33
TABLE 34
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PERCENT OF YES RESPONSE REGARDING OTHER QUALITATIVE ASPECTS OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT, LAST PROJECT 1986-1990 .............................................................................................. 36
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF RATING OF OVER-ALL QUALITY OF THE PROJECT, LAST PROJECT 1986-1990 .............................................................. 36
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF PROGRAMME TOWARD WHICH STUDY/PROJECT IS EXPECTED TO CONTRIBUTE .................................................... 37
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY PRIMARY AREA OF NURSING ........................................... 38
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF NURSES BY PRIMARY SPECIALTY .................................................................. 38
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY CURRENT POSITION OR RANK. ........................................ 39
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF NURSES WITH FORMAL TRAINING IN RESEARCH, STATISTICS AND COMPUTERS, AND MEAN HOURS OF TRAINING IN THESE AREAS ............................. .40
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON SELF-ASSESSMENT OF COMPETENCE IN DOING RESEARCH .................................................................. .41
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON DEGREE OF INTEREST IN DOING RESEARCH ........................................................................................ 42
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE PLACED ON RESEARCH ........................................................................................ 43
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF NURSES ON VARIOUS ASPECTS OF RESEARCH AT WORK ................................................................................................... 44
PERCENT OF RESPONDENTS WITH ACCESS TO RESEARCH CONDITION OR FACILITY AND MEAN RATINGS OF HOW CRITICAL CONDITION OR FACILITY TO FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING RESEARCH ................................................................... 45
WHETHER STUDY/PROJECT WAS FUNDED .................... .47
LEVELS OF PROJECT FUNDING ............................................. .48
TABLE 35
TABLE 36
TABLE 37
TABLE 38
ANNEXES:
ANNEXA
ANNEXBl
ANNEXB2
ANNEXC
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PERCENT OF RESPONDENTS USING RESEARCH OUTPUTS AND MEAN FREQUENCY OF USE OF RESEARCH OUTPUTS, 1986-1990 ............................................... 49
SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PARTICIPATION AND PRODUCTIVITY IN NURSING RESEARCH AND SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC, EDUCATION AND TRAINING, WORK-RELATED AND ATTITUDINAL VARIABLES: RESULTS OF CHI-SQUARE TESTS ........................................... 50
DEGREE OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PARTICIPATION AND PRODUCTIVITY IN NURSING RESEARCH AND SOCIO· DEMOGRAPHIC, EDUCATION AND TRAINING, WORK-RELATED, AND ATTITUDINAL VARIABLES: COEFFICIENTS .................................................... 52
STEPWISE MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSES RESULTS, REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS AND OTHER STATISTICS ............................ 53
INVENTORY OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS STUDIED BY NURSE RESEARCHERS BY CATEGORY OR AREA AND VARIABLE TYPE, 1986-1990 .............................................................................................. 57
NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF NURSE RESEARCHERS IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION - 1991 ................................................................................... 71
NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN NURSING RESEARCH IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION - 1991 .......................................... 83
LETTERS OF INVITATION AND DATA COLLECTION TOOL ....................................................................... 93
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION REGIONAL OFFICE FO~ TIlE WESTERN PAClff(::
NURSING RBSBARCH
PARTICIPATION, PRODUCTIVITY AND PROSPBCTS IN NURSING RESEARCH IN THE WESTERN PACIPIC REGION
SUKMARY
This is a report on the participation, productivity and prospects for nursing research in the Western Pacific Region, which has 2.5 million nurses. Nursing research includes research, creative work, and other related activities done by nurses. The report provides information on the the following:
(1) types, quantity, and quality of research projects/activities, human resources and facilities;
(2) availability and levels of funding for nursing research;
(3) individuals and institutions involved in nursing research;
(4) degree to which nursing research outputs are utilized;
(5) needs for nursing research development in the Region;
(6) factors that affect participation and productivity in nursing research;
(7) priority areas for nursing research; and
(8) recommendations.
Twenty-two of the 35 countries and area in the Region participated in the survey undertaken between May and August 1991. A questionnaire, developed, critiqued and pre-tested for the study, was sent to 514 nurses, 153 returned them. The period covered was 1986-1990.
Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the treatment of the data. The latter include frequency distributions, means and standard deviations, chi-square, product-moment correlation, and step-wise multiple repression. In addition, a registry of nurse researchers was compiled from published sources on the period covered by the survey.
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The typical nurse researcher is female, 46 years old, married, with a 3-year certificate or a bache~or degree; at least one in five with a master's or doctoral degree.
Sixty-three per cent of the nurses participated in research in the form of undertaking at least one project or study between 1986 and 1990. Participation was highest in the research-related activities like writing a paper on a completed research, writing proposals for funding, establishing a research network, having a paper published, and consultancy. Half participated in the development of a nursing or health data base. Very frequent participation was also reported in the review of manuscripts for a professional journal and research proposals f0r funding. The mean hours spent on research was 34 hours per month.
Average per capita productivity was 2.77 projects or studies over the five-year period.
Majority of the studies dealt with nursing practice, followed by nursing administration, nursing education, and theory and methodology. The most frequently studied concepts were care and caring, health needs, quality, management systems, organization, service operationalization, effectiveness of curricular programmes, needs, curricular development, scale development/validity/ reliability, and measuring phenomena.
The primary reasons for undertaking the projects were to gain more information, to decide between possible courses of action, and to solve a problem.
Eighty-two per cent of the respondents were directors, principal investigators, co-investigators or consultants of the projects.
Other qualitative aspects of the research projects include the following:
(1) the majority were local in geographic scope and one in five. was national;
(2) designs used were survey, field experiment and secondary data analysis;
(3) data collection.methods used were questionnaires, face-to-face interview, and observation;
(4) average sample size was 445 and average duration of the project was 15 months;
(5) research was multidisciplinary and applied in nature;
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(6) it was bivariate and multivariate in levels of analyses invqlving the use of computers;
(7) in at least seven out of ten cases reports were written and disseminated; 39% of these reports were published.
The projects were expected to contribute to more than one programme; these programmes are health service development, health personnel development, research promotion and development, and health information.
The human resources in nursing research came from nursing education, followed by administration and practice; by specialty they were in medical-surgical, community health, and maternal and child health nursing.
About three in five had formal training in research and statistics, and although only one in four had been trained in computers more than half knew how to use them.
Their interest in research was "high" and they considered research "very important". More than half claimed that research was part of their job description.
The conditions and facilities that are highly available for nursing research are interest in doing research, duplication and reproduction equipment, library assistance, computers and office space.
About six out of ten projects were funded and the level of this funding was usually from US$ 1000 to 9999 per project.
A total of 140 individuals and 93 institutions were identified in the survey as doing nursing research throughout the Region.
Dissemination of research fundings in the form of presentation to or discussion with various target groups ranged from 18% to 65%. Presentation to local peers was highest followed by programme implementors, national and international peers and administrative policy-makers. Dissemination was low to legislative policy-makers, lay people and the ministry of health.
High use of research outputs was reported in teaching administration and practice, solving problems in the work setting, and as reference.
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Availability of time and funds were rated as the two most critical conditions for the further development of nursing research. Other critical factors are availability of resource persons with research expertise and atmosphere conducive to research. Participation in research by the respondents would be significantly increased by making available more time and funds, as well as staff, administrative support, training and recognition. In addition to lack of time, funds and training, too much bureaucracy, and lack of administrative support and manpower were cited as significant constraints to increased participation.
Socio-demographic variables, as well as education and training, work-related, and attitudinal variables were related to participation and productivity in nursing research. The following factors were significantly related to participation: job description (workrelated); highest nursing degree; training in research, statistics and computers, and competence (education and training); and degree of interest and important place in research (attitudinal) were significantly related to with participation. Only formal training in research (education and training) was associated with productivity.
Job description and competence were the most important factors in predicting participation. Formal training in research/statistics/computers, age, job description, and level of research development in the work place were significant in predicting use of research outputs. Productivity, on the other hand, was determined only by formal training in research/statistics/ computers.
Eighteen percent of the respondents reported the presence of statements on nursing research priorities in their respective countries. The research priorities as indicated by the respondents in this survey are:
(1) care and caring;
(2) nursing manpower;
(3) role of nurses and nursing;
(4) nursing theories and methodologies;
(5) nursing interventions and outcomes; and
(6) primary health care.
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The following recommendations are made:
(1) To maximize the contribution of nursing research to health services development and health for all, qualified nurse researchers should be invited or appointed to policy-level health research bodies at the national and regional levels:
(2) Resource sharing and collaboration between countries should be encouraged with the WHO Collaborating Centres for Nursing Development in Primary Health Care taking the lead:
(3) Training in research, statistics, and computers should be integrated in the basic nursing curriculum:
(4) Health and nursing managers should allocate a specified percent of nursing positions or time for research activities:
(5) Opportunities and support for formal and continuing education training in research should be provided.
It is further recommended that WHO in the Western Pacific Region should do the following:
(1) create a Regional Advisory Committee on Nursing Research Development;
(2) allocate a proportion of the regional health research budget to support nursing research projects in accord with country-specific and regional priorities; and
(3) strengthen the WHO Collaborating Centres for Nursing Development in Primary Health Care through regional and international collaboration and cooperation.
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P R B PAC B
Background
This study was undertaken pursuant to the Forty-Second World Health Assembly resolution WHA42.27 on strengthening nursing and midwifery in support of strategies for health for all, which urges Member States to encourage and support the development of research on more efficient and effective methods of employment of nursing/midwifery resources, including training in research methodologies and requests the DirectorGeneral to promote and support the training of nursing/midwifery personnel in research methodology in order to facilitate their participation in health research programmes, including the development of information systems on nursing/midwifery.
Modern nursing, one of the main 'caring professions', has existed in most countries in the Region since the early 1900s. Yet by global standards the profession has still not been able to adapt satisfactorily to current needs. There are now over 2.5 million nurses in the Region, an order of magnitude enjoyed by no other health professional group. Nursing and other health planning experts are aware of the dearth of scientific knowledge on which to base nursing practice in the Western Pacific Region, although such knowledge is gradually accumulating. Therefore, the joint meeting of the fourteenth session of the Western Pacific Advisory Committee on Health Research (WPACHR) and Health Research Councils for Analogous Bodies (HRC/AB), which will meet on 10 to 14 August 1992, placed on the agenda this special report on the role of nursing research and nursing in health care in this Region.
Role of the Western Pacific Advisory Committee on Health Research (WPACHR) and Health Research Councils or Analogous Bodies (HRC/AB)
The role of the WPACHR is to advise the Regional Director on the following matters:
(a) definition of policies for the promotion of research in the Region with the framework of the global WHO policy;
(b) determination of regional priorities for research and establishment of mechanisms for this purpose;
(c) development of research capability in the Region, identification and maximum utilization of locally available talent, and better use of untapped talent;
(d) collection of data on institutions, facilities, personnel and projects in the Region with a view to ultimately developing a regional research information system;
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(e) by these and other means, stimulating research in the Region on problems whose solution is identified as being of priority importance for the health of the people, improvement of coordination among countries of the Region, and promotion of a sense of awareness and communications among all scientists wor~ing on common problems; and
(f) evaluation of the programmes in terms of stated objectives and the mechanisms for implementation.
The objectives of the HRC/AB are as follows:
(a) to review the present status of national systems for the organization, development, management and coordination of health research;
(b) to develop a mechanism for cooperation in health research to facilitate implementation of the strategies for health for all;
(c) to promote the establishment of a single national focal point for the effective management and coordination of health research; and
(d) to strengthen national research capabilities.
While the populations of the Region have been growing and health care technology has been modernized, nursing development has not been able to keep up with the demand. However, noting the concern of the two above-mentioned bodies, and their wish to place the topic of nursing and nursing research on the agenda for this meeting, new possibilities for strengthening this area of the health research are expected.
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ACKBOWLBDGKBBTS
The World Health Organization Western Pacific Regional Office gratefully acknowledges the enthusiastic response of nurses from Member States, without whose willingness to make the time to answer the questions, this study could not have been completed.
Also gratefully acknowledged is the work of Dr Leda Layo-Danao, Ph.D., Dean and Professor, and Director of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Development in Primary Health Care. College of Nursing. University of the Philippines, Manila, without whose expertise and dedication to nursing research the success of this study would not have been possible.
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NURSING RESEARCH PARTICIPATION, PRODUCTIVITY AND PROSPECTS
IN NURSING RESEARCH IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION
INTRODUCTION
This is a report on the study of the status of nursing research in the Western Pacific Region. The term 'nursing research'refers here to the systematic process of generating, testing, and applying knowledge. Not included in this study is the more general process of problem-solving or decision-making that nurses continually use in the practice of their profession.
The report consists of four parts. Part 1 states the objectives of the study. Part 2 describes the methods that were used. Part 3 deals with the respondents' profile. Part 4 presents the findings and Part 5 deals with the recommendations in support of nursing research and in strengthening the nursing research inputs to health service development and health for all in the Region.
1. THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study were as follows:
1.1 To assess the status of nursing research in the Region specifically:
1.1.1. the types, quantity, and quality of research projects/activities, human resources, and facilities
1.1.2. availability and level of funding
1.1.3. individuals and institutions involved in nursing research
1.2 To assess the degree to which the outputs of nursing research are
utilized;
1.3 To assess the needs for nursing research development in the Region;
1.4 To identify the priority areas for nursing research;
1.5 To identify the factors that affect participation and productivity in nursing research· and
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1.6 To recommend policies. directions. and/or mechanisms in support of nursing research and strengthening the nursing research inputs to health service development and health for all in the Region.
2. METHODS
Thirty-two countries and areas in the Region were divided into three groups according to the number of nurses in each. In the first group were ten countries with less than 200 nurses; in the second were 11 countries with 200 - 2000, and in the third group were 11 countries with 2000 or more.
Based on the objectives of the study, a questionnaire was developed, pretested, and presented to experts for critique. The questionnaire had four parts as follows: 1) participation and productivity in research and related ~ activities; 2) research environment and the conditions/facilities that are critical to nursing research development; 3) individuals and institutions involved in nursing research and priority areas for nursing research; and 4) socio-demographic, work-related, attitudinal and other information. A sample questionnaire is provided in Annex C.
The population of the study consists of nurses who are knowledgeable or active in research and related activities in their respective countries. At the time of the conduct of this study no listing of these nurses was available from which a random sample could be drawn. However, a list of nursing education and service leaders was available at WPRO, and a letter requesting the names of individuals who were actively involved in nursing research was sent to them.
On the basis of personal knowledge and judgment of the status of nursing research in the various countries in the Region, a decision was made that for the group I countries there would be seven respondents, and for groups II and III countries, nine and thirty respectively. The corresponding number of questionnaires were sent by mail or by personal delivery to the selected nursing education and service leaders. The instructions were for the leader to be a respondent herself if she was active in nursing research and to send or give the rest to an equal number of education and service nurses who were knowledgeable or active in nursing research. In addition, 50 questionnaires were sent to researchers, all from Group III, who were identified and referred to the investigators in response to the request letter sent to the nursing leaders.
A total of 514 questionnaires were sent to 32 countries and areas in the Region in May and June 1991. By the end of August 1991, 153 questionnaires from 22 countries had been returned. Questionnaires received after August 1991 were not included in the study. Details of the distribution of respondents by country are found in Table 1.
The response rate of 29.77% is low. The constraints of resources and time precluded call-backs. If we assume that those who responded were more highly motivated and more actively involved in research than those who did
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not, the responses in this study probably overestimate the participation, productivity, and quality of research being done.
It should also be noted that the rates of return of the questionnaires varied across the three groups of countries: Groups I and II had a questionnaire return rate of 22% while Group III had a rate of 33%. The questionnaires from these latter countries comprised 78% of the total questionnaires considered in this study. The over-representation of the information from these countries has biased the results in favour of the nursing research situation in these countries.
The questionnaire used in the study was written in English. Inaccuracies in the answers to some questions discovered during the examination of the data suggest that the range of understanding of the English language of the respondents in countries where this language is not a common medium of communication may be a factor to consider in assessing the validity and reliability of the information provided by these respondents.
The major variables used to measure research participation include: 1) whether the respondent undertook any of the research activities in the 18 - item research activity list, and if so how often; 2) whether the respondent developed or assisted in the development of a health/nursing data base; 3) whether the respondent conducted or participated in a research study/project; 4) the frequency of the respondent's dissemination and utilization of research outputs; and 5) the hours spent on research activities.
The variable used to measure productivity is the number of research studies/projects undertaken during the five-year period of the study. This was chosen because it is easily understood, measurable, and reflective of a tangible output or outcome.
The independent variables that were hypothesized to affect participation and productivity may be grouped into socio-demographic, education and training, work-related, and attitudinal variables. These were chosen on the basis of available literature showing these to be significant predictors of nurse performance (e.g. Schwirian, 1981; 1978; Layo-Danao, 1989; 1983).
The socio-demographic variables are age, civil status, and presence of children 0-5 years. The education and training variables are highest nursing degree, whether respondent had formal training in research, statistics and computers, whether respondent knows how to use computers and degree of competence in doing research. The work-related variables are whether the researcher is a salaried employee, whether research is part of the job description, whether research is done within regular working hours, position, rank, and primary classification of current nursing specialty. The attitudinal variables are degree of interest in doing research and importance placed on research.
Programme frequency distributions were generated using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer and, when appropriate, means and standard deviations of the variables, were generated. To determine the factors associated with research participation and productivity, the chisquare test was used. The degree of association between the relevant variables and the relative importance of the independent variables were
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determined with the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression, respectively.
In addition, a directory of nurse researchers and their respective projects was drawn up from published data sources covering the same period as the 1991 survey.
3. RESPONDENTS' PROFILE
Nine out of ten respondents were female. Their age ranged from 27 to 64 years with a mean of 45.68. About 62% were married and 31% percent were single. Of the married, 17% had children five years old and below.
About one in three respondents had a 3-year certificate (36%) while ~ slightly more than one in five had a BSN degree. Seventeen per cent held master's and 10% held doctoral degrees. Close to two-fifths (39%) had a nonnursing degree at the bachelor's (29%), master's (38%), and doctoral levels (33%). (See Tables 2 and 3).
4. FINDINGS
4.1 Status of nursing research in the Region
4.1.1 Types, quantity, and quality of research projects/activities
Participation of nurses is highest in the following research activities: writing a paper on a completed piece of research, conducting a study, writing research proposals for funding, developing or helping to develop a research network, having a paper published in a non-referred journal, and research ~
consultancy. On the other hand, participation is least frequent in research activities such as editing a published book or monograph, serving on the editorial board of a referred journal and writing a book or monograph.
Mean frequency of engaging in research activity is highest in reviewing a manuscript for a professional journal, reviewing a research proposal for funding, authorship of a paper published in a referred journal and research conSUltancy. It is lowest in developing a nursing theory or model that was published, publishing a book review, and writing a chapter of a book. (Table 4).
Half of the respondents developed or assisted in the development of a nursing or health database. The databases include information on nursing manpower, nursing schools or colleges, hospitals and other establishments, health indicators, nurse registries, and other information. (Tables 5 and 6)
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Over a five-year period, the respondents reported a total of 269 research projects that they conducted or participated in for an average of 2.77 research projects per capita. (Table 7).
More than half (56%) of the research projects conducted were in the area of nursing practice, one-fifth (21%) were on nursing administration, about 16% were on nursing education, and the remaining 7% were on nursing theory and methodology. (Table 8).
Under nursing practice the most frequently studied dependent variables include care and caring; health; needs; quality; knowledge, attitudes and behaviours; mental health and functioning; pain; aspects of primary health care; effectiveness; use. The elderly were the most frequent subjects, followed by chronic and cancer patients. Under nursing administration the more common dependent variables studied were aspects of nursing administration such as management systems, organization, and service operationalization; continuing education; needs of nurses; and work variables like history, routines, and relationships. Under nursing education the dependent variables were effectiveness of curricular programmes; needs; and other aspects of the curriculum such as construction, development and review. Under methodology the more frequent concerns were scale development, validity and reliability; measuring phenomena; and conceptualization. (Annex A).
Turning now to some indicators of the quality of the projects based on the last project conducted, Table 9 shows that the areas of concern more frequently mentioned were primary health care implementation (16%), policy (11%), manpower (10%), and operations (8%). As to the primary purpose of the study, the top three purposes mentioned are to gain more information about the phenomenon, get information that will help decide between courses of action, and help solve existing problems. (Table 10).
Indicating that the respondents were senior researchers, they were project directors or principal investigators in 60% of the projects. In 13% of the projects they were co-investigators and in 9% consultants. In the remaining 18% the respondents were interviewer/observers, research assistants, programmers, field supervisors and the like. (Table 11).
The categories of personnel that the respondents worked with in the projects by order of descending frequency are data collector, clerk, statistician, research assistant, consultant, and field supervisor. The least used were programmers, research associates, and librarians. (Table 12).
Seven out of ten projects were local in geographic scope, about one in five were national, and the remainder (3%) were regional and international. (Table 13). With respect to designs and data collection methods, the survey, field experiment, and secondary data analyses were favoured for the former, while these were questionnaires, face-to-face interview, and observation for the latter. (Tables 14 and 15). Mean sample size of the projects was 445.
The majority of the last research project of the respondents was done with others (67% ), multi-disciplinary (51%), applied in nature (55%) and multivariate in level of analysis. Twenty nine per cent of the projects were commissioned projects. (Tables 16-20).
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In 59% of these projects computers were used, in 78% reports were written, and 71% of the time these reports were disseminated. Thirty nine per cent of the reports were published. Self ratings of the overall quality of the project was a mean of 2.01 or "Good". (Tables 21 and 22).
Going back to the total number of projects and the programmes towards which these are expected to contribute, Table 23 reveals that 48% contributed to more than one programme; of the one-programme projects the highest expected contribution was to health services development, followed by health manpower development, research promotion and development, and health information.
4.1.2 Human resources in nursing research
Nurses who do research are likely to be in nursing education followed by nursing administration and far below are those who are in nursing practice and continuing education. Only 3.5% of the respondents classify their primary area of nursing as nursing research.
Of specialties, medical surgical nursing is the highest, followed by community and public health and maternal and child health. By position, the instructors are ahead of the professors and associate professors. It is the reverse in nursing service rank where the chief nurse or director is one of four nurse researchers, followed by the matron and the supervisor. Not too far behind are the head nurse and staff nurse. (Tables 24-26).
As regards training in research and statistics, 58% - 60% of the respondents had formal training in these areas; while only 26% had training in computers, more than half of the respondents (55%) know how to use them. Mean hours of formal training are highest in research which is roughly equivalent to 2.1 person months, followed by statistics (1.14 person months) and computers (21.44 person days). (Table 27).
Self-assessments of the respondents' competence to do research ranges from "quite competent" to "competent". On the average, interest in research was rated "high" and research was considered "very important" by the respondents. (Tables 28 - 30) .
Table 31 presents a picture of a working environment that is relatively conducive to research. It shows that 64% of the respondents spent part of their working time on research, usually within the regular work time, and that for more than half of these respondents (52%) research is a part of their job description. The table also shows that the mean time spent on research per month is 34.16 hours.
4.1.3 Conditions and facilities for nursing research
Access to and availability of conditions and facilities for nursing research are presented in Table 32. Interest in doing research is highest in the list, at 89%. Duplication and reproduction is likewise high at 81%, followed by library assistance, computers, office space, opportunities, and computer software. Lowest in the list are research space, research assistants, research funds, programmer assistance, and superiors who do research.
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4.1.4 Availability and levels of funding
Information on the availability and level of funding for nursing research is found in Tables 33 and 34. About six out of ten projects were funded and the modal category (at 52%) for the amount of funding is US$ 1000 to US$ 9999 US dollars per project.
It should be noted that of the 146 projects that were reported to have been funded, data on the amount of project funding was available for only 67, 46%, of the funded projects.
Twelve per cent of the projects were funded at 10 000 to 19 999 US dollars, and 7% each at the 20 000 to 29 999 and 30 000 to 39 999 levels. Four per cent had funds of less than US$ 1000 and the remaining 16% were funded at US$ 40 000 or more.
4.1.5 Individuals and institutions involved in nursing research
There were 140 researchers and 93 institutions reported to be doing nursing research throughout the Region. The names and addresses of these individuals and institutions are found in Annexes Bl and B2. The information is arranged alphabetically by country.
About 66% of the individuals doing nursing research are working in university or college settings. Of these educational institutions, slightly more than half (52%) have departments or schools of nursing. the other individuals are based in hospitals, professional nursing associations, government ministries or other types of agencies.
Of the 98 institutions reported to be doing nursing research, 52% are universities and colleges, 23% are hospitals and the remaining 24% are professional associations, government ministries, research institutes or other types of institutions. Fifty-nine per cent of the educational institutions had schools of nursing.
The researchers doing nursing research were paired with the titles of their respective projects and this directory is found in Annex C. A similar directory of researchers and their projects was culled from published sources such as research directories, research bulletins and other such listings covering the same time period as the 1991 survey. This is in Annex D.
4.2 Utilization of nursing research outputs
It can be seen from Table 35 that the utilization of nursing research outputs ranged from a low of 18% in the case of presentation of policies to legislative policy-makers implied by research findings and writing a popular version of the report for lay people to a high of 76% in the case of using research findings in teaching, administration or practice.
Frequency, was highest in the use of research findings in teaching, administration or practice, followed by use of results in solving problems in the work setting, paper presentation, and use of research output as reference.
- 16 -
4_3 The needs for nursing research development
The availability of time for research and the availability of research funds were rated as the two most critical conditions for the further development of nursing research. These were followed by availability of resource persons with research expertise and an atmosphere that is conducive to research. At approximately similar levels of criticalness are interest in doing research, attendance at research meetings, opportunities for doing research, and availability of computer software. The lowest ratings (least critical) went to other research space, programmer and research assistance, superiors who do research, clerical support, and rewards for doing research. (Table 32).
Results of the chi-square test, done to determine whether significant relationships exist between the independent variables and the dependent variables are found in Table 36.
The work-related variable of whether research is part of the respondents' ~ job description was signficantly related to the participation variables of whether they spent any working time in research, whether they conducted or participated in the conduct of a study, and the quality of their last research project. Also significantly related to participation were the education and training variables of highest nursing degree; training in research, statistics, and computers; and competence. The attitudinal variables of interest and degree of importance placed in research were likewise significantly related to participation. The only variable that was significantly related to productivity (number of research projects undertaken) was whether respondent had had a formal course on research.
These results suggest that job description, education, and training, and to some extent attitudes are important considerations in the participation and productivity of nurses in research.
To determine the degree of association between the variables referred to above, product-moment correlation coefficients were computed. The means and standard deviations of the variables in the correlation and regression analyses are found in Table 37.
The results show that the degree of association between whether the respondents spent any working time in research and job description was highest, followed, in the order of decreasing magnitude, by competence, interest, importance placed in research, and highest degree. (Table 38) As to whether the respondent conducted a study, correlation was highest with job description, then formal training, and then highest degree. Degree of use of research outputs was highly correlated with formal training. The latter variable was the only one with a high significant correlation with productivity (number of research projects undertaken).
The results of the stepwise multiple regression analysis, a procedure to determine the relative importance of the independent variables in explaining variance in participation and productivity are found in Table 39.
Job description and competence are two significant factors in influencing whether the respondent spent any work time in research activities. Formal training in research, statistics, and computers; age; job description; and
- 17 -
level of research development in the workplace were significant predictions of degree of use of research outputs. Productivity, on the other hand, was determined solely by formal training in research, statistics and computers.
To the specific question on the conditions on factors that will increase researchers' future participation in nursing research the, following were mentioned, in order of decreasing frequency:
(1) time and reduced workload;
(2) funding on budget;
(3) peer, manpower, and other administrative support;
(4) knowledge, training and interest; and
(5) recognition and equipment/suppliesfbuilding.
The top five conditions or factors existing at present that discourage or hinder researchers from participating in research, in order of decreasing frequency of mention, are:
(1) lack of time and heavy workload;
(2) lack of funds;
(3) lack of knowledge, training, experience, interest or opportunity;
(4) too much bureaucracy and lack of administrative support; and
(5) lack of manpower.
4.4 Priority areas for nursing research
Respondents were asked about whether there were statements from government or private sources on priority areas for nursing research in the country. Eighteen per cent responded 'Yes'. The steps or processes that were taken to generate these statements include: workshops and seminars conducted by the Ministry of Health; establishment of national action groups; survey of nursing needs; review of records and reports on quality of nursing care rendered; adoption of recommendations of nursing studies; and pilot testing mechanisms or strategies.
The priority areas for nursing research, based on the frequency of mention of the area or topic by the respondents, are:
Priority number
1 2 3 4
Area on topic
Care and caring Nursing manpower Role of nurses and nursing Nursing theories and methodology
Frequency of mention by researchers
45 41 29
26
Priority number
5
6 7
8
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
- 18 -
Area on topic Frequency of mention
by researchers
Nursing interventions and outcomes Primary health care, general Nurses attitud~s, beliefs and behaviours Curricular development and evaluation Health education Nursing processes and procedures Clinical practice, general nursing practice, general Health economics and nursing Health problems, specific Turnover of nurses Wellness and health Information systems Management of changes Quality assurance Working conditions of nurses Evaluation of college versus hospital graduates Family planning and population Relationships between education and practice Specialty nursing Ethical issues in nursing Health policy analyses Teaching methods Use and development of health services
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
23 20
13
13 12
10
9 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 6
5 5
5 5 4 4 4
4
There is a significant body of nurse researchers who are actively and productively engage in nursing research in the Region. In numbers, the study identifies 97 of them who conducted at least one research project within a five-year period. Of these, ·27 researchers conducted one project every year. Per capita productivity was 2.77 projects over a five-year period.
Participation and productivity are high as well in research-related activities such as writing research reports/articles, writing research proposals, consultancy, reviewing manuscripts for professional journals, and reviewing proposals for funding. Furthermore, nurse researchers participated actively in the development of a nursingfhealth data base.
The research problems investigated by nurse researchers reflect areas of common interest as well as wide diversity. These researchers focused first on
- 19 -
nursing practice, second on nursing administration, and third on nursing education. On nursing practice the more frequently recurring concepts are health; knowledge, attitudes and behaviours; needs; nursing activities and outcomes; primary health care; and quality of care.
On the whole, at least the majority of the projects may be considered of good quality; these are projects done with others, multidisciplinary projects, bivariate or mutivariate analyses projects, and projects where reports were written and disseminated. At least one-fourth to one-third of the projects are of high quality; these are commissioned projects and projects where reports were published. Self-ratings of the nurse researchers of the quality of their projects reveal similar results.
The primary reasons for conducting research are to gain more information, to decide between alternative courses of action, and to solve existing problems. The major areas of concern of these projects are primary health care implementation, policy, manpower, operations, and methods. The programmes to which the studies are expected to contribute include health services development, health manpower development, and research promotion and development.
Access to or availability of conditions or facilities conducive to participation and productivity in research was relatively good (at least half of the respondents had access) except in the following: research space other than office space, research assistants, research funds, programmer assistance, superiors who do research, formal and continuing education training in research and statistics, and attendance at research meetings.
Availability of research funds and time for research stood out as the two most critical conditions for the further development of nursing research. Also highly critical are resource persons with research expertise, atmosphere conducive to research interest in doing research, attendance at research meetings and computer software.
Funding was available in six out of ten projects. More than half of the funded projects were at the $ 9999 level or below.
On the whole, use of research outputs was relatively low, with the exception of findings being used in teaching, administration, or practice; to solve problems in work setting; presentation of results before a local meeting and as reference. This suggests that awareness and use of nursing research findings are usually confined to nursing.
Formal degree and training in research/statistics/computers; research as part of job description; and attitudinal variables where significantly associated with participation in research. Degree of participation was affected by attitudes. The correlate for productivity and use of research outputs was formal training in research/statistics/computers.
Competence, job description, and training in research/statistics/ computers were the significant predictors of participation. The last two were also the significant predictors of degree of use of research outputs plus age and level of research development in the workplace.
- 20 -
Awareness or knowledge of the existence of statements on priority areas of nursing research is very low. To begin with, there may be no statements. However, there is a consensus that priority areas for nursing research include studies on care and caring, nursing manpower, role of nurses and nursing, theories and methodology, interventions and outcomes, and primary health care.
The following recommendations are made:
(1) Qualified nurse researchers, by virtue of formal training and experience, should be invited or appointed to policy-level health research bodies at the national and regional levels. At the national level, these include bodies in the planning ministry, the health ministry, academic institutions, research institutions, and the like. The primary reasons for this are: (1) to contribute to the determination of the health and development research agenda; (2) to participate in the formulation of policies on health and development research; (3) for the nursing sector to align its research priorities more closely with the mainstream of health and development research considering the overall ~ national and regional priorities; and (4) to maximize the contribution and utilization of nursing research in the overall health services development;
(2) Countries with a higher level of nursing research development should serve as resources for the further development of nursing research in other less well-situated countries. In this regard, the WHO Collaborating Centres for Nursing Development in Primary Health Care should be tapped for technical support and assistance for region-wide nursing research development.
(3) Training in research, statistics, and computers should be integrated in the basic nursing curriculum. Attitudes regarding the importance of research, utilization of research outputs, and the other conditions that facilitate research are desirable competencies as well. Training materials in the form of modules, visuals, and. research apprenticeship programmes should be developed to facilitate implementation.
(4) Mechanisms for national and regional research collaboration should ~ be developed to encourage participation, productivity, and recognition.
(5) Nursing management should allocate a specified percent of nursing positions or time for research activities and projects.
(6) Opportunities and support for formal and continuing education training in research should be provided.
It is further recommended that WHO/WPRO should do the following:
(1) Create a Regional Advisory Committee on Nursing Research Development.
- 21 -
(2) Allocate a proportion of the regional health research budget to support nursing research projects taking into consideration countryspecific and regional priorities.
(3) Strengthen the WHO COllaborating Centres for Nursing Dev~lopmant in Primary Health Care through regional and international technical collaboration and cooperation.
- 22 -
REFERENCES
Commission on Health Research for Development. Health Research. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Layo-Danao, L. "Nurse Performance: Concepts, Methods, and Findings", College of Nursing, University of the Philippines, Manila, 1983. Unpublished paper.
Layo-Danao, L. "Nurse Performance: Professional and Administrative Considerations", College of Nursing, University of the Philippines, Manila, 1989. Unpublished paper.
Schwirian, P. "Toward an Explanatory Model of Nursing Performance" Nursing Research 30:4 (July - August 1981) 247-253.
Schwirian, P. "Evaluating the Performance of Nurses: A Multidimensional Approach" Nursing Research 27:6 (November-December 1978) 347-351.
UNDP. Human Development Report 1991. New York: Oxford University Press.
WHO. Forty-Second World Health Assembly WHA42.27. Geneva, 19 May 1989.
WHO. Forty-Fifth World Health Assembly WHA45.5, Geneva, 11 May 1992.
World Bank. World Development Report 1991. New York: Oxford University Press.
- 23 -
Table 1. Number or questionnaires sent and returned by countries and areas In the Westem pacmc: Region
Country
Countries with less than 200 nurses
Marshall Islands New Caledonia Cambodia Cook Islands Kiribati Northern Mariana Islands American Samoa Tokelau Palau Niue
Countries with over 200 and less than 2000 nurses
Tonga Guam Micronesia Solomon Islands Vanuatu Western Samoa Lao People's Democratic
Republic French Polynesia Macao Brunei Fiji
Countries with 2000 or more nurses
Papua New Guinea Singapore Hong Kong Philippines Malaysia New Zealand Korea Australia Viet Nam Japan China
TOTAL
Number of questionnaires sent
7 7 1 7 7 7 7 1 5 1
9 9 9 9 9 9 9
9 9 9
9
16 32 32 32 31 38 30 44 31 49 31
515
NUlllber of questionnaires returned
*
* 3 3 2
1 2
3 2 2 4
3
8
1 14 11
9 13 23
7 18
7 10
7
153
* Questionnaires from Cambodia and Marshall Islands were received after the deadline for data processing.
- 24 -
Table 2. Demographic and social characteristics or respondents
Age in years Percent
35 or less 10.7 36 - 40 15.7 41 - 45 22.1 46 - 50 22.9 51 - 55 17 .1 56 and above 11.4
Total 100.0
Number of cases 140
Sex Percent
Female 91.6 Male 8.4
Total 100.0
Number of cases 143
Civil Status Percent
Single 31. 2 Married 61. 7 Divorced, separated, widow 6.4 Others .7
Total 100.0
Number of cases 141
-
- 25 -
Table 3. Percent distribution of nurses with a non-nursing degree and level of non-nursing degree received
With non-nursing
Yes No
Total
Level of non-nursing degree
Bachelor Master Doctorate
Total
Percent
38.5 61. 5
100.0
29.1 38.2 32.7
100.0
Number of cases
135
55
- 26 -
Table 4. Respondents undertaldag research activity and mean frequency of undertaking activity, 1986·1990
Percent Mean frequency undertaking Number undertaking Number
Activity activity of Cases activity of Cases
Authored or co-authored article published 33.6 128 5.25 40 refereed journal
Authored or co-authored article published 35.9 131 4.57 45 non-refereed journal
Authored or co-authored -manuscript submitted for publication 32.0 128 3.63 38 refereed journal
Authored or co-authored publication, 27.4 124 3.32 34 non-refereed
Authored or co-authored paper of completed 51. 9 135 3.59 61 research
Authored or co-authored published book 25.0 124 1. 93 29 chapter
Authored or co-authored published book or 17.11 123 2.14 22 -monograph
Authored a published book review 21. 6 125 1.44 25
Edited a published book or monograph 13.8 123 3.69 16
Reviewed a manuscript for a professional 24.4 127 11.19 27 journal
Served on editorial board, refereed 17.9 123 2.05 20 journal
Written a research proposal for 47.3 131 3.00 58 funding
- 27 -
Table 5. Percent of respondents who developed or assisted In tbe development of a nursing or bealtb data base and wbetber data base was computerized
Respondent developed or help develop nursing(health data base
Whether data base is computerized
Number Percent of Cases
49.6 141
58.3 72
Table 6. Types of Information in tbe data bases tbat nurse researcbers develop or help develop
Information
Nursing manpower or workforce
Data on nursing schools and colleges
Data on hospitals and other health establishment
Health indicators
Nurse registries
Demographic and socio-economic data on households
Abstract of nursing studies
Migration of nurses
Total
Number of cases 93
Percent of data bases containing information
34.4
18.3
17.2
12.9
6.4
5.4
4.3
1.0
99.9
Table 7.
- 28 -
Pen:ent distribution of the number of research projects conducted or participated in by nurse researchers, 1986-1990
Number of research projects Percent of projects
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
36.06
23.79
17.10
13.01
10.04
Total 100.0
Number of cases 269
Hean
Note:
Table 8.
2.77
Haximum number of projects that could be listed was 5.
Percent distribution of the categories or areas of research problems or objectives of studies conducted by nurse researchers
Category Percent
Nursing administration 20.66
Nursing education 15.70
NurSing practice 56.20
Nursing theory and methodology 6.61
Other .83
Total 100.0
Number of cases 242
-
-
- 29 -
Table 9. Frequency distribution or ~ or mncem 01, study/project
Area of Concern
Operations
Technology
Manpower
Cost and finance
Policy
Methods
PHC implementation
Others
Total
Number of cases 252
Percent
7.9
6.0
9.5
.8
11.1
7.9
15.5
23
100.0
- 30 -
Table 10. Frequency distribution or primary purpose or study/project
Pu~ose Percent
Gain more information about selected phonemena
Determine presence of relationships between variables
Fulfill requirements for a course/ degree
Get into that shall help decide between courses of action
Help solve an existing problem
Suggest or support an administrative policy
Suggest or support a piece of legislation
Others
Total
Humber of case.
23.5
9.7
6.7
14.6
12.7
6.7
.4
25.7
100.0
268
-
--
Table 11.
- 31 -
Frequency distribution of qatore of participation of·respondents in study/project
Nature of participation Percent
Project Director 23.0
Consultant/advisor 9.3
Principal Investigator 36.8
Co-investigator 13.0
Research Associate .4
Research Assistant 2 .6
Field Supervisor 1.5
Interviewer/observer 5.2
Coder 0
Programmer 3.7
Others 4.5
Total 100.0
Number of ca.e. 269
- 32 -
Table 12. Percent distribution or types or personnel respondent worked with during Jut project, 1986-1990
Type of research personnel
Data collectors Clerk Statistician Research assistant Consultant Field supervisor Librarian Research associate Programmer Other
Total
Number of cases 252
Percent
16.27 12.70 12.30 11.90 11.51 10.71 7.54 6.75 5.16 5.16
100.0
Table 13. Frequency distribution of geographic:al scope or study/project
Geographical Bcope
Local National 2 or more countries involved
in 1 region Countries from several regions
Total
Number of cas •• 260
Percent
72 .3 24.2 2.3
1.2
100.0
-
-
- 33 -
Table 14. Frequency cHstribution 01 the primary research design used in the study/project
Research design
Secondary data analyses Survey Laboratory experiment Field experiment Historical
Percent
6.2 52.0 4.2
15.8 1.9
Comparative or Cross-cultural 1.9 Bthnographic 4.2 Cohort 2.3 Others 11.5
Total 100.0
Number of cases 260
Table 15. Frequency distribution 01 primary method 01 data colledion 01 study/project
Method of data collection
Observation Interviews, Face-to-Face Questionnaire Telephone interview Standardized tools/tests Others
Total
Number of casas 257
Percent
10.9 23.3 28.8
.4 9.3
27.2
100.0
- 34 -
Table 16. Percent distribution 01 collaboration in projects undertaken by nurse researdter, last project 19M-1M
Category Percent
Done by myself 33.3
Done with others 66.7
Tot.l 100.0
RWllber of e •••• 96
Table 17. Percent distribution 01 multidisciplinary projeds by nurse researchers, last project 1986-1990
Category Percent
One discipline 49.3
More than one discipline 50.7
Tot.l 100.0
Humber of e.ses 69 -
- 35 -
Table 18. Percent distribution or whether project conducted by nurse researcher is basic or applied, last project 1986-1990
Category
Basic Applied Both
Total
Number of cases 95
Percent
24.2 54.7 21.1
100.0
Table 19. Percent distribution or level or data analyses made, last project 1986-1990
Level of data analyses
One-variable Two-variable Three-or more variable
Total
Number of cases 90
Percent
23.8 23.8 52.5
100.0
Table 20. Percent distribution or commisioned research done by nurse researchers, last project 1986-1990
Category
None Yes
Total
Number of cases 91
Percent
71.4 28.6
100.0
- 36 -
Table 11. Percent of yes response regarding other qualitative aspeds of the research project, last project 1986-1990
Other qualitative Percent Number aspects of project Yes of cases
Did you write a report 78.2 101
Report reproduced for distribution 71.1 83
Was report published 38.8 85
Tablell. Percent distribution of rating of overall quality of the project, last project 1986-1990
Rating Percent
Very good 25
Good 50
Fair 24
Poor 1
Very poor 0
Tot.l 100.0
Numb.r of c •••• U
--
-
-
- 37 -
Table 23. Frequency. distrihution or programme toward which study/project is expected to contribute
Programme Percent
Research promotion and development 3.9
Health services development 15.6
Family health 1.6
Mental health 1.9
Prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic substances 1.2
Communicable diseases prevention and control 1.2
Non-communicable diseases prevention and control .4
Environmental health promotion 1.6
Health manpower development 10.5
Health information 3.5
Others 10.9
More than 1 programme 47.7
Total 100.0
Number of cases 256
- 38 -
Table 14. Percent distribution 01 respondents by primary area 01 nursing
Area of nursing
Nursing administration Nursing education Nursing practice Nursing continuing
education Nursing research Other
Total
Numb.r of c •••• 143
Percent
34.3 44 .8
6.3 4.9
3.5 6.3
100.0
Table 15. Percent distribution of nurses by primary specialty
Specialty Percent
MCH 7.7
Mental health psychiatric nursing
Medical-surgical Community health/
public health School health Other
Tot.l
Numb.r of c •••• 143
4.9 26.6
25.9 .7
34.3
100.0
-
-
- 39 -
Table 16. Percent distribution 01 respondents by current position or rank ",
Position Percent Number of cases
Instructor or less 35.0
Assistant professor 13.3
Associate professor 20.0
Professor 31.7
Total 100.0 60
Rank
Chief nurse/director 24.7
Principal of nursing 4.7
Matron 10.6
Supervisor 10.6
Head nurse 8.2
Staff nurse 7.1
Other 34.1
Total 100.0 85
- 40 -
Table 17. Percent distribution of nurses with formal training In research, statistics and c:omputen, and mean houn of training In these areas
Mean Percent Number hours of Number
Training in Yes of cases training of cases
Research 59.6 137 367.32 74
Statistics 58.6 140 200.68 66
Computers 25.9 139 171.53 34
Know how to use computers 55.3 141
.-
-
Table 28.
- 41 -
. Percent distribution or respondents on self-assessment or competence in doing research
Competence Percent
Very highly competent 9.1
Highly competent 16.1
Competent 37.8
Quite competent 18.9
Not competent 18.2
TOTAL 100.0
Mean 3.21*
Number of cases 143
* (Scale of 1 to 5: 1 Very highly competent 5 Not competent).
- 42 -
Table 29. Percent distribution of respondents on degree of Interest In doln. research
Degree of interest Percent
Very low 2.1
Low 2.8
Fair 27.1
High 36.1
Very high 31. 9
TOTAL 100.0
Mean 3.93*
Number of cases 144
* (Scale of 1 to 5: 1 Very low 5 Very high)
--
Table 30.
- 43 -
Percent diJtributlon of respondents 'on degree of importance placed on research
Degree of importance Percent
Extremely important 28.4
Very important 34.0
Important 27.0
Fairly important 6.4
Of little importance 4.3
TOTAL 100.0
Mean 2.24*
Number of cases 141
* (Scale of 1 to 5: 1 Extremely important 5 Of little importance)
- 44 -
Table 31. Percent distribution of nunes on various aspects of resean:h at work
Mean Percent Number hours Number
Item Yes of cases spent of cases
Spent working time on research activities 64.3 143
Was this within regular work time 81. 7 93
Is research part of your job descriptions 51. 8 139
Hours spent on research per month 34.16 75
-
- 45 -
Table 31. Percent or respondents with ..xess to research condition or r&emty ud mean ratings or bow critical cendition or radlity to further development or nursing research
Research condition/ facility
Formal training in research
Percent of respondents with access
and statistics 46.2
Continuing education training in research and statistics 47.6
Training in computers and software 61.4
Resource persons with research expertise 57.6
Technical assistance for data analyses
Programmer assistance
Research assistants
Clerical support
Computer assisted library assistance
Other types of library assistance
Superiors who do research
Peers doing research
53.1
4l. 7
31.7
59.3
54.5
75.4
46.1
60.6
Mean rating of how critical
Number to nursing of research Number
cases deve1opment* of cases
145 4.64 124
145 4.57 125
145 4.57 122
144 4.88 120
143 4.54 120
144 4.27 118
142 4.30 117
145 4.33 117
143 4.63 118
142 4.40 119
141 4.32 120
142 4.54 119
* Scale of 1 to 7: 1 not at all critical 7 very highly critical
- 46 -
Table 31. Percent or I'eSponcients with access to research condition or facility and mean ratings of bow critical condition or facility to further development of nursing research (Continuation)
Research condition/ facility
Computers
Computer software
Duplication/reproduction facility
Office space
Other research space
Attendance at research meetings
Research funds
Time for research
Opportunities for doing research
Interest in doing research
Rewards for doing research
Encouragement from administration
Atmosphere conducive to research
Percent of respondents with access
70.4
66.2
80.6
69.0
27.9
48.3
39.0
54.3
68.3
88.7
50.4
62.6
54.7
Number of
cases
142
139
139
142
140
143
141
81
139
142
141
139
137
* Scale of 1 to 7: 1 not at all critical 7 very highly critical
Mean rating of how critical to nursing research Number development* of cases
4.62 116
4.72 116
4.52 119
4.52 119
4.10 115
4.75 116
5.10 117
5.58 76
4.71 116
4.79 118
4.34 119
4.60 199
4.85 120
-
- 47 -
Table 33. Whether study/project was funded
Yes
No
Total
Number of cases 246
Percent
59.3
40.7
100.0
- 48 -
Table 34. Levels of project funding
Amount of funds for project (US dollars) Number of projects Percent
Less than 1 000 3 4.48
1 000 - 9 999 35 52.24
10 000 - 19 999 8 11.94
20 000 - 29 999 5 7.46
30 000 - 39 999 5 7.46
40 000 - 49 999 3 4.48
50 000 - 59 999 1 1.49
60 000 or more 7 10.48
Total 67 100.03
-
--...
- 49 -
Table 35. Percent or respondents disseminating using research outputs and mean rrequency or use or research outputs, 1986-1990
Type of use
Published work cited by another author
Cited a report or paper of a nurse in the Western Pacific Region
Used research results in solving problems in work setting
Presented a paper, local meeting
Presented a paper, national, region or international meeting
Developed patient care protocol based on research results
Used research findings in teaching administration or practice
Presented research findings to programme implementors
Written a popular version of paper for lay people
Presented to administrative policy-makers policies implied by research findings
Presented to legislative policy-makers policies implied by research findings
Discussed research findings with personnel at Ministry or Department of Health
Percent Use of
respondents
39.5
51. 5
65.9
64.9
42.3
29.1
75.6
47.7
18.5
41. 9
18.0
30.0
Mean of Number frequency Number
of cases of use of cases
124 2.69 49
132 3.88 68
129 3.75 85
131 2.86 85
130 2.25 55
127 2.14 37
135 4.43 102
130 2.37 62
130 2.00 24
129 1.83 54
128 1.30 23
130 2.18 39
Table 3'.
Dependent Variable
Whether respondent spent any working time in research 1986-1990
Whether respondent conducted or participated in the conduct of a study 1986-90
- so -
SignUkant relationships between partidpation and productivity in nursing research and soclo-delllOp'llphlc, education and training, work-related aad attitudinal variables: results 01 chi-square tests
Independent Variable
Chi-square Value
Number Degrees of of cases Freedom
Significance level
Highest nursingl midwifery degree received 14.17 135 4 .0068
Had formal course in research 9.28 135 1 .0023
Had formal course in statistics 22.95 138 1 .0000
Had formal course in computer science 6.67 137 1 .0098
Whether respondent knows how to use computers 10.36 139 1 .0013
Degree of competence in doing research 23.71 141 4 .0001
Whether research is part of respondent's job description 23.81 138 12 .0000
Degree of interest in research 19.31 142 4 .0007 -Degree of importance placed on research 16.46 139 4 .0025
Whether respondent had formal course in research 11.11 137 1 .0009
Whether respondent had formal course in statistics 6.35 140 1 .0118
Whether research part of respondent's job description 11.32 139 1 .0008
Table 36.
Dependent Variable
Whether respondent developed or helped develop nursing or ~alth database
Hours respondent spent on research per month
Quality of research, last project, self-ratings
Number of research projects undertaken 1986-90
- 51 -
Signiftcant relationships between participation and productivity in nursing researc:h and socio-llemographic, education and training, work-related aDd attitudinal variables: results of chi-square tests (Continuation)
Independent Variable
Highest nursing degree
Primary C1assi-fication of specialty
Degree of interest in research
Degree of importance placed on research
Whether respondent is salaried employee
Rank
Whether research part of respondent's job description
Degree of competence in doing research
Whether respondent had formal .course in research
Chi-square Value
12.13
15.88
35.16
46.73
10.14
46.75
8.17
28.36
16.12
Number Degrees of of cases Freedom
128 4
135 5
75 12
73 16
94 3
57 18
92 3
93 8
137 5
Significance level
.0164
.0072
.0004
.0001
.0174
.0002
.0426
.0004
.0065
Table 37.
Dependent
- 52 -
Degree or relationships between participation and productivity in nursing research and socio-demographic, edueation and training, work-related, and attitudinal variables: coeft1cients
Independent Variables Variables ---------------------------------------------------------
Age Highest Whether Formal Compe- Interest Importance degree research training in tence in in of
in respon- research, research research research dent's job statistics, description computer
~
Whether respondent spent any work time in research acti-vities 1986-90 - .131 -.270** - .431*** - .018 -.386*** -.347*** .328***
(134) (138) (141) (142) (139)
Whether respondent conducted a study 1986-90 .117 .214** .301*** .282*** - .112 .056 - .143
(135) (139) (153)
Degree of use of research outputs .116 - .027 -.168 -.456*** .020 -.075 .055
(153)
Number of research projects undertaken 1986-90 -.055 -.036 .013 .341*** -.006 -.054 .093 -(153)
Number of cases in parenthesis
* significant at p ~ .05 ** significant at p ~ .01
*** significant at p ~ .001
- 53 -
Table 38. Stepwise multiple regression analyses results, regression coefficients and other statistics
Dependent Variable: Whether respondent spent any work time in re ••• ~ch activities 1986-90
Regression coefficients (standard error)
Independent variables Step 1 Step 2
Whether doing research part of respondent's job description
Degree of respondent's competence in doing research
Multiple R
R square
Adjusted R square
Standard error
F
Constant
N
* significant at p ~ .05 ** significant at p ~ .01
*** significant at p ~ .001
-.435*** -.344***
- .125*** ( .033)
.449 .537
.201 .289
.194 .277
.436 .413
29.729*** 23.766***
1.607 1.169
119 119
Table 38.
- 54 -
Stepwise multiple regression analyses results, regression coemcients and other statistics (Continuation)
Dependent variable: Degree of use of research outputs/findings
Regression coefficients (standard error) Dependent Variable:
Variables
Whether respondent had formal training in research, statistics and computers
Age of respondent
Whether research is part of respondent's job description
Level of research development in respondent's workplace
Multiple R
R square
Adjusted R square
Standard error
F
Constant
N
* significant at p ~ .05 ** significant at p ~ .01
*** significant at p ~ .001
Step 1
.281
.079
.071
3.331
10.436***
123.
Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
2.323*** 2.278*** 1.912** (.673) (.662) (.675)
.413* .455* .479* (.198) (.196) (.193)
-1. 323* -1.278* (585) (.577)
.166* ( .078)
.333 .384 .422
.111 .147 .178
.096 .126 .151
3.286 3.232 3.185
7.539*** 6.898*** 6.462***
.756 .822 1. 929
123 123 123
-
- 55 -
Table 38. Stepwise multiple regression analyses results, regression coeIIlcients and other statistics (Continuation)
Dependent variable: Respondent's total participation in research activities, 1986-90
Regression coefficients (standard error)
Independent variables Step 1
Whether respondent had formal training in research, statistics, and computer
MUltiple R
R square
Adjusted R square
Standard error
F
Constant
N
* significant at p $ .05 ** significant at p $ .01
*** significant at p $ .001
3.119* (1.082)
.252
.064
.056
5.306
8.297*
3.432
123
- 57 -
ANNEXA
INVENTORY OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS STUDIED BY NURSE RESEARCHERS BY CATEGORY OR AREA AND VARIABLE TYPE,
1986-199()
Nun .... Administration
Independent InterveDing Dependent Variables Variables Variables Subjects, Setting
Accountability in the wards, scope and importance Nursing officers
Administration
Audit packages for quality of care services Elderly
Change of behaviours Nurses
Changes in the workplace Industrialization Nurses
Chlorine disinfectant use 20 hospitals
Continuing education Nursing practice Chief nurses and programme administrative
nurses
Continuing education as requirement for licensure Practice nurses
Continuing education needs
Continuing education policies
Cost benefit analysis of home versus inpatient care
Data base determination at the local level
Effectiveness Inservice management First line nurse managers programmes in government hospitals
Effectiveness Outpatient programme
Equipment assessment
Food wastage Factors that contribute Third class adult wards in hospitals
Home care services Recruitment of health manpower
Immunization competence Health belief model Hours of control Mothers
Infection control implementing guidelines Ward operating leadership
- 58 -
AnnexA
Nursing Administration
Independent Intervening Dependent Variables Variables Variables Subjects, Setting
Job satisfaction Staffmg level Nursing qualification
Knowledge and need for a nursing information system
Knowledge, attitudes and behaviours on policy development
Legislation implementation Social forces
Migration behaviour Health manpower
Morbidity and welfare Predictors Households
Nature of work Level of nurse Hospital setting
Needs for education Public health nursing workforce
Needs for nurses in unit
Needs of professional nurses
Nursing hours needed by patients Disease or illness
Nursing management system creation -Nursing organization development
Nursing profession responses
Nursing services operationa1ization Community setting
Performance Intellectual and non- Motivation and parental Nursing students intellectual factors views on achievement and graduates
Policies of government Issues on multi-culturalism and health
Policies on human health research development
NuniDg Administration
Dependent Variables
Practice of nursing
PrimaIY nursing issues
Skills, knowledge and attitudes on use of information
""' system
Staffmg methodology development
Staffmg of nurses
Stress and job satisfaction
Turnover of nursing staff
Utilization of administrative personnel
Utilization of ICU properly
Ways of improving management of changes in practice
Work history
Work routine changes
Work relationships between general practitioners and staff
- 59 -
Independent Variables
Standards of practice
Average patient care hours required
Continuing education certification
Reasons
Intervening Variables
AnnexA
Subjects, Setting
Hospital setting
Nurses
CoUegeof Nursing
Graduates of nursing programme
Hospital wards
Community setting
- 60 -
AnnexA
NunlDg Education
Independent Intervening Dependent Variables Variables Variables Subjects, Setting
Access to audio, video, and computer facilities Students
Background of entrants to nursing school
Behaviour changes Nursing education
Changes in preparation of nurses for teaching -Clinical training for nursing grade
Competence, intellectual and multiple Curricular developmen Students
Curriculum construction
Curriculum on nursing science, nature and Higher education development settings
Curricular review
Differences in teaching problems 4, 3, and 2-year Teachers programmes
Effectiveness and use Computer assisted instruction -Effectiveness for diffusion of skills Nursing education
Effectiveness for preparing teachers Diploma course Hospital-based programme settings
Effectiveness in preparing for workforce Work life Post-basic education Graduates career plans
Information for curricular development, and evaluation
Information useful in developing a nursing curriculum
Introduction of a part-time degree course
" Knowledge and attitudes towards nursing Time Nursing students
Management effectiveness development Diploma course Middle nurse managers
- 61 -
AnnexA
Nunl ... Educatloa
Iadependent Intervening Dependent Variables Variables Variables Subjects, Setting
Methods of teaching therapeutic human relations
Need and interest to establish College of Midwifery
Needs for development Faculty
Needs of baccalaureate nursing education
Nursing education
Nursing education
Processes of student selection Nurse colleges
Promotion of comprehensive ability . Students
Psychological problems Interventions Students
Similarities and differences in nursing students Several countries
Sociodemographic characteristics University students
Strengthening nursing education
Strengths and weaknesses in the Board Examination School ownership and region
Stress of college-based students
Success Biology and English Nursing students performance
Success in nursing course Previous degree study
Teaching PHC and transcultural nursing: Content and Method
Transition from student to practitioner/employee Factors that aid on hinder transition
Undertaking advance diploma in nursing Styles of decision- Nurses making
UseofOSCE Nursing students
NurslDa Practiee
Dependent Variables
Ability to meet health needs
Achievement in remote areas
Activities
Acuity levels, 3 days post op
Alcohol prevention
Assessment and initial planning, anemias and worms
Assessment of patients in high and low uncenainty situations
Asthma of children after discharge from hospital
Availability and consumption of nutritious foods
Behavioural and psychiatric disorders of HIV I AIDS patients
Blood pressure control
Body composition cardiopulmonruy functions and blood cholesterol
Body weight, sleeping patterns and behavioural changes
Cancer as a health problem
Cardiopulmonruy function
Cardiopulmonruy function and blood constituents
Care of the body
Care and delivery system
- 62 -
Independent Variables
Knowledge, attitudes, practices
Expenise (expen vs. novice)
Promotion of nutritiou foods
Nursing interventions
Aerobic dance training
Dementia
Step exercise
Step exercise
Social infrastructure
Intervening Variables
Type and number of heuristics used
25-64 years
AnnexA
Subjects, Setting
Nurses
Elderly
Patients
Fetus
Midwives
Parents
Independent food outlets
Blue-collar workers,
Young men
Elderly
--
-
- 63 -
AnnexA
NurslDg ..... dice
Independent Interveniag Dependent Variables Variables Variables Subjects, Setting
Care for Elderly with dementia
Caring behaviours, structures and principles
--- Changes in maternal and child health practices Deployment of commu Rural community nity health practitioner
Communication weaknesses between nurses and patients
Community development Nurses' contribution Literacy Maternal and child health outcomes
Community organization as substructure for PHC services
Competence in delivery of individualized care Nurses
Condition of patient Education of patient
Consultation model to support nurses General hospital
Coping mechanisms Experiences in Stress intensive care units
r---,
Counselling attitudes and behaviours Midwives
Couvade syndrome Urban and rural husbands
Delivery of excellent nursing care Positive and negative factors
Device of nursing technique
Diarrhea management Knowledge, attitudes Mothers
and practices Other determinants
Domiciliary care Increase in elderly
Drawings, identification of Chronic illness Children
- 64 -
AnnexA
NunlDg PractIce
Independent Intervening Dependent Variables Variables Variables Subjects, Setting
Effectiveness Healthy lifestyle Workplace programme nurses
Effectiveness Use of muscle relaxa-tion and music therapy
Effectiveness of diplomate Clinical practice --Experience of women who had hysterectomy
Family planning devices and continuing acceptance
Family planning knowledge, attitudes and practices
Fatigue Circadian type
Healing practices of Maori families for Parents hospitalized babies
Health, nutrition and fertility Health inputs Use of health, nutrition and family planning setvices
Health, nutrition and population Integrated health -project
Health of babies Breast feeding
Health promoting lifestyles
Health promotion programme
Health status Elderly
Health views of Maoris, 1850-1880
Heart Disease effects Sex
Home care after hospital discharge Chronic patients
Home health care versus hospital care Patients
- 65 -
AnnexA
Nunlq Practice
Independent Intervening DependeDt Variables, Variables Variables Subjects, Setting
Mental health of care givers Social support Care givers of elderly
Mental health of nurses Working conditions
Models of healing for AIDS, cancer and Senior nurse schizophrenic patients clinicians
Muscular contraction Glutamate levels Lactate levels
Needs for health Elderly
Needs for health care Elderly in farms
Needs for health care Patients
Needs for nursing
Needs of consumers Experiences in role Midwives
Needs of patients Henderson's theory
Needs, spiritual MIIlticultllre role setting
Noise effects Presence of noise Post-op patients
Nosocotnial infection rate
Nursing practice descriptions , Nurse and clients
Nursing practice improvements
Nursing process and activities Factors that affect
Nursing process awareness Nurses
Nursing strategies Needs of carers Nurses
Outcomes, 6 months after Health screening general public
Pain evaluation
- 66 -
AnnexA
IDdependent Intervening Dependent Variables Variables Variables Subjects, Setting
Hypertension treatment Psychological care
Hypothermia Causes Newborn
Incidence of work related back injury --Infection control
Injury prevention In farms
Injury prevention Swedish safe cities model
Interaction of nurse with patients Surgical areas
Knowledge and attitudes on sexuality Nursing students and nurses
Knowledge, attitudes and behaviours IV drug users
Knowledge, attitudes and behaviours on AIDS General population
Knowledge, attitudes and practices Health education Workplace -programme
Knowledge, attitudes and practices IV drug users
Knowledge, expectations before consent to operation
Lived experiences of nurse-patient relationships
Malnutrition Cauaes under condition Infants of food availability
Meeting nursing needs TmninaIIy-ili patients
, Mental function changes Pregnancy Pregnant mothers
Nuni .. Practice
Dependent Variables
Pain relief
Pain relief and stress management
~
Perinatal longitudinal study
Personal care
PHC activities and co-workers
PHC competencies
PHC in nursing practice
Physical performance
Post-op pain management
--- Practices for health protection
Prevention of and coping with pregnancy
Psychiatric liaison nursing model
Quality assurance mechanisms
Quality of care, cost effectiveness and utilization patterns
Quality of life and facilities
Quality of nursing care
Quality of nursing care
Quality of nursing care
- 67 -
Independent Variables
Rellillation and mental imagery
Methods
Taekwando training
Perceptions of post-op pain
Community structure
Intervening Variables
AnnellA
Subjects, Setting
Cancer patients
Acute pain patients
Pregnant women
Clients general practice
Nurses
Public health nurses
Nurses
Pre-schoolers
Nurses and patients
Women
Immigrant teen-agers
Terminally iU
patients
Hospital setting
- 68 -
AnnexA
NursiDg Practice
Independent Intervening Dependent Variables Variables Variables Subjects, Setting
Recording and reporting system Hospital setting
Recording improvements of nurses
Relationships of nurses with clients
Resuscitation outcomes Teaching of mothers Infants
.-Rheumatic fever incidence High risk areas
Risk of heart disease Cholesterol screening Community setting
Role of the nurse Knowledge of PHC
Safety Positioning: lateral Pre-term versus prone infants
Satisfaction of patients PrimaJ)' care givers Patients
Self-care Nursing model Psychiatric patients
Self care promotion Public health work Chronic disease patients
Sexual and birth control practices Knowledge and attitud ~ about family planning -
Side effects of rubella immunization Campaign on immuni- School girls zation
Sleep pattern variations Factors affecting
Stability of sexual relationships Pregnancy Heterosexual partnerships
Stressors perceived Nurses and children
Pediatric lCU
Support system carers Nurses and patient relatives
NursiDg Practice
Dependent Variables
Teen-age pregnancy incidence
Temperature
'""'" Towel bath, reasons for liking it
Treatment of bilateral breast engorgement
Use of health services
Use of post-operative analgesics
Use of safety vest by children
Uptake of rubella immunization
- 69 -
Illdependent Variables
Methods of giving sponge bath
Use of cabbage leaves and ultrasound
Illness and disability
Age
Intervening Variables
AnnexA
Subjects, Setting
Febrile patients
Breast-feeding mothers
Parents Hospital setting
Teen-age girls
Nuni ... theory, research, and methodolOlY
Dependent Variables
Conceptual framework development
Conceptualize phenomenon of caring
Development. validity. reliability of mood scale
Grounded theory study
Interactive nursing diagnosis expert system prototype development
Longitudinal survey implementation
Measuring health status
Measuring patterns of growth and disease
Measuring quality and quantity of pain
Measuring quality of nursing care
Nursing theory in the curriculum
Priority areas for research
Testing a pain assessment tool
Use of nursing literature in developing criteria
Validating a pain rating scale
Validating the JAG vocational guidance tool
Validity and reliability of oral assessment tool
- 70 -
Independent Variables
Intervening Variables
AnnexA
Subjects, Setting
Nursing graduates
Elderly
Aboriginal children
Undergraduate and graduate programmes
Community health nursing
Nursing practice in acute care
Elderly
.-
-
- 71 -
ANNEX B1
NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF NURSE RESEARCHERS IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION - 1991
Name of Nurse Researcher
Barcelo, Teresita (Dr)
Barclay, Lesley
Bartu, Ann
Bennett, Margaret
Boddy, Julie
Cameron-Traub, Elizabeth
Chan, F. (Mr)
Chan Kum Sum
Chen, Jing
Address
College of Nursing University of the Philippines Padre Faura, Manila Philippines
Flinders University of South Australia GPO Box 2100, SA 5001 Australia
W.A. Alcohol & Drug Authority 7 Field St., Mt. Lawley W.A. 6050 Australia
School of Nursing Phillip Institute of Technology Victoria Australia
Department of Nursing Studies Massey university Palmers ton North New Zealand
Norther Territory University P.O. Box 40146 Casuarina NT Australia 0811 Australia
Department of Health Sciences Hong Kong Polytechnic Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong
Advanced Nursing Education Programme University Hospital 59100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
Burning Department Second Hospital Affiliate to Kunming Medical College People's Republic of China
Annex Bl
Name of Nurse Researcher
Chen-Sho, Jan
Cheng, Anne (Ms)
Chick, Norma
Cho Ja Kim
Christensen, J (Dr)
Christiansen, Judith
Chung, Joshua (Mr)
Clare, Judith
Corcega, Thelma
Coulon, Lyn
Dodd, Joan
- 72 -
Address
Coordinating Medical University in Peking People's Republic of China
Chinese University Shatin, New Territory Hong Kong
Nursing Department, Massey University Palmers ton North New Zealand
College of Nursing Yonsei University Seoul Republic of Korea
c/o Wellington Polytechnic Private Box 756 Wellington New Zealand
School of Health Studies Wellington Polytechnic Wellington, New Zealand
Management Training Unit Queen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong
Department of Nursing Studies Massey University Palmers ton North New Zealand
College of Nursing University of the Philippines Padre Faura St. Manila Philippines
University of Western Sydney Kingswood Campus Kingswood, NSW 2750 Australia
c/o Aukland Area Health Board Private Bag, Auckland New Zealand
-
-
Name of Nurse Researcher
CEnden, Carolyn
Eun-Ok Lee
Fielding, Richard (Dr)
Forbes, Heather
Gau, Lan Jun
Gibb, Heather
Glover, Pauline
Grant, Jan
Hamilton, Charmain
Harsburgh, Maryann
Hart, Gail (Prof)
- 73 -
Address
Flinders University Adelaide Australia
Annex B1·
28 Yundeundong, Chongno-ku Seoul National University Seoul, Korea 110-460 Republic of Korea
University of Hong Kong Pofu1am Road Hong Kong
Canterbury University Education Department Christchurch New Zealand
Nursing Department Tienjing Medical College Tienjing People's Republic of China
Deakin University Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds Victoria 3217 Australia
School of Nursing Studies Sturt Buildings, Flinders University Sturt Road, Bedford Park, S.A. Australia
Charters & Funding Ministry of Education Box 1-666, Wellington New Zealand
Wellington Area Health Board Private Bag, Wellington New Zealand
Auckland Institute of Technology Private Box, Auckland New Zealand
Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, Queensland Australia
Annex Bl
Name of Nurse Researcher
Hawkins, Laura
Hayama, Yumiko
Hayashi, Shigeko
Higuchi, Yasuko
Hirayama, Asako
Hoo, Ah Soo (Ms)
Hunt, Esther (Ms)
Hwa Choong Kim
Hyun-Sook Kangs
Idour, Margaret
- 74 -
Address
Nelson Area Health Board Nelson New Zealand
School of Health Sciences 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan
School of Nursing Kitazato University 2-1-1 Kitazato, Sagamihara Konagawa 228 Japan
Japanese Red Cross College of Nursing, 4-1-3 Hiroo Shibuya-ku, Tokyo Japan
Department of Nursing Chiba University 1-8-1 Inohana, Chia City Japan
Advanced Nursing Education Program Medical Center University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
Teomang Hospice Private Bag, Lower Hutt Wellington New Zealand
28 Yunkeundong, Chongnogu School of Public Health Seoul National University Seoul, Korea
Department of Nursing College of Medicine Kyung-Hee University Republic of Korea
Nursing Studies Department Massey University Palmers ton North New Zealand
-
Name of Nurse Researcher
Inaoka, Fumiaki
Jin Soon Kim
John, Rebecca (Hs)
Jones, Faith H.
Jung Ho Park
Kanai, Kazuko
Kanda, Katuya
Kanewaka, Katsuko
Katada, Noriko
Keith, Jocelyn
- 75 -
Address
Japanese Red Cross 4-1-3 Hiroo Shibuya-ku Tokyo 150 Japan
Annex B1
Korean Institute of Health and Social Affairs Republic of Korea
Pejabat Kesihatan Sibu Sarawak Halaysia
School of Nursing Centre for Nursing Research University of Western Sydney Australia
Korean Nurses Association Republic of Korea
Inohana Chibashi Chibaken Japan
Tokyo Hedical & Dental University Hospital Division of Nursing & Administration Yushima, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
Kanagawa Junior College of Nursing 5-11-80 Kotateno Kanagawa City Japan
St Luke's College of Nursing 10-1 Akashi-cho, Cbuo-ku Tokyo 104 Japan
Department of Nursing Studies Victoria University Private Bag, Wellington New Zealand
Annex Bl
Name of Nurse Researcher
Kermode, Stephen
King, Bernie (Dr)
Kiuross, Nau
Kojima, Michiyo
Kuan, Letty (Dr)
Lawler, Jocelyn
Layo-Danao, Leda (Dr)
Leong, S.G. (Mr)
Li, Ju Ying
Litchfield, Merian (Ms)
- 76 -
Address
Faculty of Health Sciences UNE - Northern Rivers P.O. Box 157 Lismore 2480 Australia
Health Department 133 Molesworth St. Wellington New Zealand
Business Studies Massey University Palmers ton North New Zealand
Nursing Service Department University Hospital Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Japan
College of Nursing University of the Philippies Padre Faura St., Ermita Manila, Philippines
Faculty of Education University of New England Mossman St., Armidale, N.S.W. 2356 Australia
College of Nursing University of the Philippies Padre Faura St., Ermita Manila, Philippines
Advanced Nursing Education Programme University Hospital 59100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
Nursing Association in China in Peking People's Republic of China
Department of Nursing Studies Victoria University P.O. Box 600 Wellington New Zealand
-
-
Name of Nurse Researcher
Lu, Mai-Xi
Lu, Se Wen
Lumby, Judy
Madj ar, I rene
Mae-Ja Kim
Maglaya, Araceli
Martin, Margie
McGowan, Sunita
Mei-zhu, Yin
Minami, Hiroko
- 77 -
Annex B1
Address
Nursing Research Unit Sha-No Medical University People's Republic of China
Ti-Shei-Tan Hospital in Peking People's Republic of China
University of Technology P.O. Box 123, Broadway 2007, NSW Australia
Department of Nursing Studies Massey University Palmers ton North New Zealand
Department of Nursing College of Medicine Seoul National University 28 Yunkeun-Dong, Chongno-gu Seoul Republic of Korea
College of Nursing University of the Philippies Padre Faura St., Ermita Manila, Philippines
Victoria University Wellington New Zealand McCrae, Jane Auburn Hospital Norval Street Auburn, NSW 2144 Australia
Freemantle Hospital Freemantle W.A. Australia
Chenzhou Railway Station Hospital Zhengzhou, He Nan, China People's Republic of China
St Luke's College of Nursing 10-1 Akeishi-cho, Chuo-ku Tokyo Japan
Annex Bl
Name of Nurse Researcher
Minamisawa, Hiromi
Mitoh, Takako
Myung Ae Choi
Nadakuitaruki, Rigieta (Mrs)
Nakanishi, Mutsuko
Nestel, Deborah
Nik Safiah Nik Ismail
Noguchi, Miwako
Nojima, Sayumi
O'Mullan, James
Oh, Kasil
- 78 -
Address
School of Health Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo
School of Health Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo
28 Yunkeundong, Chongnogu Seoul National University Seoul, Korea 110-460 Republic of Korea
Ministry of Health Tamavua, Suva Fij i
College of Red Cross Nursing 4-1-3 Hiroo Shibuya-ku Tokyo 150 Japan
Department of Community Medicine 5 Sasoon Road, Li Shu Fan Bldg. Hong Kong University Hong Kong
University Kebangsaan Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
Faculty of Nursing Chiba University 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba Japan
Kochi Women's University 5-15 Eikokugi-cho Kochi City 700
Department of Health Science Hong Kong Polytechnic Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong
134 Shinchondong, Seodaimoongu Yonsei University Seoul, Korea 120-752 Republic of Korea
-
-
Name of Nurse Researeber
Paltridge, Paddy (Ks)
Pang, Samantha
Parker, Judith
Parsons, Claire
Peason, Alan
Pincombe, Jan
Pitman, Elizabeth
Plymat, Kay
Puan Esah Bt. Ali
Pybus, Karion
Rabikhatun Kohd Zair
- 79 -
Annex Bl
Agdress
12 The Povade, Paekakariki New Zealand
Department of Health Sciences Hong Kong Polytechnic Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong
Department of Sociology La Trobe University, St. Heliers St. Abbotsford Campus, Victoria 3067 Australia
Centre for Research in Public Health Nursing La Trobe University, St. Heliers St. Abbotsford Campus, Victoria 3067 Australia
Deakin University Pigdons Rd., Waurn Ponds Victoria 3221 Australia
University of Wollongong Box 1144, Wollongong 2500 Australia
Lincoln School of Health Sciences Abbotsford Campus, St. Helliers Abbotsford, Victoria 3067 Australia
The University of Sydney Cumberland College of Health Sciences P.O. Box 170 Lidcombe, NSW 2141 Australia
Institute Kesihatan Umum 59200 Jalan Bangsar, Kuala Lumpur Selangor Kalaysia
Kassey University Palmers ton North New Zealand
Advanced Nursing Educatin Programme University Hospital 59100 Kuala Lumpur Kalaysia
Annex Bl
Name of Nurse Researcher
Recio, Dolores (Dr)
Rice, Verna
Rodgers, Jan
Russel, Lynette
Salmin, Diosenides (Dr)
Samisoni, Mere (Ms)
Shaw, Sally (Ms)
She-Ya, Fen
Slotes, Pat
So-Woo Lee
Speedy, Sandra
Stark, Ruth (Dr)
- 80 -
Address
College of Nursing University of the Philippies Padre Faura St., Ermita Manila, Philippines
Cumberland College of Health Lidcombe, NSW Australia
Department of Nursing Studies Massey University, Palmers ton North New Zealand
Charles Sturt University (Mitchell) Bathurst, NSW 2795 Australia
Philippin Union College Pasay City Philippines
Fiji School of Medicine Suva, Fiji
Wanakatane Hospital Private Bag, Wanakatane Bay of Plety New Zealand
Hangzhou No. 1 Hospital People's Republic of China
La Trobe University Melbourne Australia
Department of Nursing College of Medicine Seoul National University 28 Yunkeun-dong, Chongno-gu Seoul Republic of Korea
University of Wollongong Wollongong Australia
World Health Organization YWCA Building Suva, Fiji
-
Name of Nurse Researcher
Su-zi Kim
Sukhdev Kaur Sidhu
Sung Hee Koh
Takeo, Keiko
Tiang Siew Giong
Usui, Hiroko
Valderrama, Deogracias M. (Mrs)
Vudiniabola, Alisi T. (Ms)
Wang Tian-Fu
Wang Xiou Ying
Whang, Ae Ran
- 81 -
Address
College of Nursing Ewha Women's University Republic of Korea
Annex Bl
Advanced Nursing Education Programme University Hospital 59100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
College of Nursing Chun Buk National University Seoul Republic of Korea
School of Health Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, Japan
Advanced Nursing Education Programme University Hospital 59100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
Department of Nursing Chiba University 1-8-1 Inohana Chiba City Japan
Department of Nursing Philippine General Hospital Manila
Fiji School of Nursing Tamavua, Suva Fij i
Ti-Nang Navy Nursing School People's Republic of China
Medical University in Capital Peking People's Republic of China
College of Nursing Yonsei University Seoul Republic of Korea
Annex 11
Name of Nurse Researcher
Wong, Frances (Ms)
Wong, Ruth
Wong, Thomas (Mr)
Yasuko Higuchi
Yeo-shin Hong
Young Hee Choi
Yuko Minami
- 82 -
Address
Nursing Studies Section Hong Kong Polytechnic Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong
Hong Kong Polytechnic Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong
Department of Health Sciences Hong Kong Polytechnic Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong
2-32-7 Minamiogikubo Suginami-ku Tokyo Japan
Department of Nursing College of Medicine Seoul National University 28 Yunkeun-Dong Chongno-gu, Seoul Republic of Korea
College of Nursing Ewha Women's University Seoul Republic of Korea
St Luke's College of Nursing 10-1 Akeishi-cho Chuo-ku, Tokyo Japan
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ANNEX B2
NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN NURSING RESEARCH
IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION - 1991
Nage of Institution
A.T.I. (NurSing Studies)
Advanced Nursing Education Programme
Auckland Institute of Technology School of Nursing & Midwifery Faculty of Health Sciences
Bach Mai Hospital
Baptist College
Busan National University Nursing Department Medical College
Catholic Medical School Department of Nursing
Centre for Nursing Research, Inc.
Charles Sturt University
Charles Sturt University - Riveria Nursing Research Unit
Address
Northshore, Auckland New Zealand
University Hospital 59100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
Private Box Auckland New Zealand
Hanoi, Viet Nam
Waterloo Road Kowloon Tong Hong Kong
Seo Gu, Ami dong 1-10 Busan Republic of Korea
505 Banpo-dong Seochogu Seoul 137-701 Republic of Korea
Flinders University Bedford Park, South Australia 5042 Australia
Mitchell, Panorama Avenue Bathurst NSW 2795 Australia
P.O. Box 588, Wagga Wagga NSW 2650 Australia
Annex B2
N.p. of Institution
Chiba University School of Nursing
Chiba University Faculty of Nursing
Chinese University
Cho-Ray Hospital
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Cumberland College of Health Sciences
Curtin University Department of Nursing
Deakin University School of Nursing
Deakin University Institute of Nursing Research
Deakin University
Department of Health Workforce Development
Ehwa Women's University Nursing College
Fiji School of Nursing
Flinders Medical Centre Centre for Nursing Research
Flinders University School of Nursing
Address
1-8-1 Inohana Chiba City 200 Japan
1-8-1 Inohana Chiba City 200 Japan
Shatin, New Territory Hong Kong
Ho Chi Minh Ci ty Viet Nam
East St., Lidcombe, NSW
Bentley, Perth, W.A. Western Australia Australia
Geelong, Victoria 3217 Australia
Geelong, Victoria 3217 Australia
Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds Victoria 3221 Australia
Wellington New Zealand
11-1 Daehyun-Dong Seo Tae Mun Gu Seoul 120-750 Republic of Korea
Tamavua, Suva Fiji
Bedford Park South Australia 5042 Australia
Bedford Park, South Australia 5042 Australia
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Name of Institution
Flinders University
General Hospital
General Hospital
General Hospital
General Hospital
Gerontological Nursing Research Network
Health Research Council
Hong Kong Chinese University
Hong Kong Nurses Association
Hong Kong Polytechnic Health Care Science Studies
Hong Kong University Department of Community Medicine
Hospital Matron
Hospital Services Department
Hospital Viet Nam Swedish for Children
Address
GPO Box 2100 Adelaide 5001 Australia
Alor Star, Kedah Malaysia
Annex B2
Johore Baru, Johore Malaysia
Kuling Sarawak Malaysia
Malacca Malaysia
4 Bundoora Repatriation Hospital, P.O. Box 72 Bundoora, Victoria 3083 Australia
Department of Health Wellington New Zealand
Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong
221 Gloucester Road 12/7, Hyde Centre Wanchai, Hong Kong
Kowloon, Hong Kong
5 Sasson Road Li Shu Fan Building Hong Kong
Hospital Tengku Aapuan Rahiaah, Kelang Selangor Malaysia
Sunning Plaza, Causeway Bay Hong Kong
Hanoi, Viet Nam
Amex B2
NaM of Institution
Institute for the Protection of Children's Health
Institute Keaihatan Umua
Japan Nurses Association Survey and Research Section
Japanese Red Cross College of Nursing
Kitasato University
Kitasato University Hospital
Kitazato University School of Nursing
Korea University Department of Nursing College of Medicine
Kyung Buk University Nursing Department Medical College
Kyung Hee University Department of Nursing
La Trobe University Centre for Research in Public Health and Nursing
Lincoln School of Health Sciences
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Address
Giang Vo Street Hanoi, Viet Nam
59200 Jalan Bangsar Kuala Lumpur Halaysia
5-8-2 Jingumae Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150 Japan
4-1-3 Hiroo Shibuya-ku Tokyo 104 Japan
1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara Kenagawa, Japan
1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara Kanagawa, Japan
2-1-1 Kitazato, Sagamihara Kanagawa 228 Japan
2-4 Myoungyon Dong Chongno-gu Republic ofKorea
Dong in dong 2-101 Jung Ku, Tae Ku City Republic of Korea
Seoul Republic of Korea
St HeHers St. Abbotsford, Victoria 3067 Australia
Carlton Campus 625 Swanston St. Carlton, Victoria 3053 Australia
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U .. , of InstitutioD
Hassey University Department of Nursing Studies
National Action Group
National Coordinating Centre for Nursing Research
National Institute"of Public Health Faculty of Nursing
New Zealand Nurses Association
New Zealand Nurses Union
New Zealand Nursing Council
NSW College of Nursing
Nursing Education and Research Foundation
Nursing Institute in Han Yang University Hospital
Nursing Research Committee
Nursing Research Institute of Western Australia
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Address
Private Bag Palmers ton North New Zealand
Annex B2
Department of Health Box 5013, Wellington New Zealand
2 Slater St., He1bourne Victoria 3004 Australia
4-6-1 Shirokane-dai Hinato-ku, Tokyo Japan
P.O. Box 2128 Wellington New Zealand
P.O. Box 27088 Wellington New Zealand
P.O. Box 6240 Wellington New Zealand
55 Hereford St. Glebe, NSW 2037 Australia
P.O. Box 2128 Wellington New Zealand
Republic of Korea
Hospital Services Department Sunning Plaza, Hong Kong
Edith Cowan University Perth, Western Australia Australia
Annex B2
Ng. of IDltitutloD
Nursing Research Society in Korean Nurses Association
Nursing Section Ministry of Health
Nursing Working Group
Otago Polytechnic
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Peking Union Medical College Hospital
Philippine General Hospital Department of Nursing
Philippine Nurses Association
Philippine Union College
Philippine Union College College of Nursing
Psychiatric Research Institute of Tokyo Nursing Department
Psychiatric Research Institute of Tokyo Department of Health Care and Nursing
Public Health Institute
Queen Elizabeth Hospital
Address
Nursing Department Medical College Seoul National University Yun-gun dong 28 Chong-rogu, Seoul Republic of Korea
138 Giang Vo Street Hanoi, Viet Nam
Ministry of Health 138A Giang Vo Street Hanoi, Viet Nam
Donedin
Beijing People's Republic of China
Taft Avenue, Manila Philippines
1663 F.T. Benitez St. Malate, Manila Philippines
Pasay City Philippines
Silang, Cavite Philippines
2-1-8 Kaaikitazawa Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156 Japan
2-1-8 Kamikitazawa Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156 Japan
Bangsar, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
Woodville Road Woodville. SA Australia
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Name of Institution
Queen Victoria Hospital
Royal College of Nursing
School of Health Science
Seoul National University Department of Nursing College of Medicine
Seoul National University Graduate School of Public Health
Siliman University
St Luke's College of Nursing
Sydney Nursing Research Centre
The Institute of Public Health Nursing Department
The University of Tokyo Department of Nursing School of Health Sciences
Tienjing Medical College Nursing Department
Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Neuroscience
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Address
160 Fullarton Road Rose Park, SA 5067 Australia
AMex B2
Slater Street Melbourne, Victoria Australia
Tokyo University 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113, Japan
28 Yunkeun-Dong Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-460 Republic of Korea
28 Yunkeun-Dong Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-460 Republic of Korea
Dumaguete City Philippines
10-1 Akeishi-cho, Chuo-ku Tokyo 104 Japan
Faculty of Nursing University of Sydney P.O. Box 170 Lidcombe, Sydney NSW 2141 Australia
4-6-1 Shirogane-dai> Kinato-ku, Tokyo 108 Japan
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
Tienjing People's Republic of China
Nursing Research Section 2-6 Masashidai, Fuchu-shi Tokyo 183, Japan
Annex B2
Nage of Institution
Tokyo Metropolitan I08titute of Gerontology
University of Guam
University of Hong Kong
University of New England
University of Santo Tomas
University of South Pacific
University of Sydney Institute of Nursing Studies
University of Sydney School of Nursing Centre for Nursing Research
University of Sydney Department of Nursing
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Cumberland College of Health Sciences
University of Technology
University of the Philippines College of Nursing
University of Western Sydney
Victoria University Department of Nursing
Wellington Polytechnic School of Nursing and Health Education
Address
Nursing Research Section 35-2 Sakae-cho Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173 Japan
Pofulam Road Hong Kong
Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
Espana St., Sampaloc Manila, Philippines
Suva, Fiji
P.O. Box 170 Lidcombe, Sydney NSW 2141 Australia
P.O. Box 170 Lidcombe. Sydney NSW 2141 Australia
Broadway, Sydney Australia
Padre Faura St. Ermita, Manila Philippines
Kingswood Campus Kingswood NSW 2750 Australia
Wellington New Zealand
Private Box 756 Wellington New Zealand
-
NIJR of Institution
WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Nursing Development in PHC
Wollongong University
Yonsei University School of Nursing
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Addre,s
Yonsei University Seoul 120-752 Republic of Korea
Annex B2
Northfields Avenue Wollonggong NSW 2500 Australia
134 Shinchon Dong Seo Tae Hun Gu Seoul Republic of Korea
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ANNEXC
LETfERS OF INVITATION AND DATA COLLECflON TOOL
- 94 -
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION .1 ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE
REGIONAL OFFICE FOR mE WESTERN PACIFIC BUREAU REGIONAL DU PACIFIQUE OCCIDENTAL
Tel.: 5112041·5113721
In reply pasc refer to :
Priere de r.ppclcr I. rtf'trencc:
Dear __________ _
The Western Pacific Region of the World Health Organization has been formulating strategies, developing and implementing mechanisms to achieve the goal of health for all by the year 2000. In order to achieve this goal, valid scientific health research is essential. The Forty Third World Health Assembly in its resolution No. WHA 43.19 specifically mentions nursing as a critical field in which scientific and institutional research capability must be strengthened.
As a response to this need, we are planning to conduct a study on nursing research which would require procurement of data from member states of the WHO Western Pacific Region. We would greatly appreciate your assistance and cooperation in providing us with the following information at country level which will help us in effectively planning this study:
1. List of nursing schools and addresses
2. List of teaching hospitals and addresses
3. List of professional nursing associations and addresses.
4. List of other research institutions/bodies with concentration on nursing and addresses
... /
United Nations Avenue. P.O. Box 2932. MANILA 2801, Philippines Tel.gr.: UNISANTE. Manila Telex: 63260·27652·40365 Fax: 632/5211036 United Nations Avenue, B.P. 2932, MANILLE 2801, Philippines TeIOgr.: UNISANTE, Manille Telex: 63260·27652·40365 Fax: 632/5211036
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Of the foregoing institutions, please indicate, following the format below, the five which you would consider as most active in nursing research at present and the 'names of the key nurse researchers.
1- Nursing school
a. b. c. d. e.
2. Teaching hospital
a. b. c. d. e.
3. Professional associations
a. b. c. d. e.
3. Other research institutions
a. b. c. d. e.
Name of one most active researcher
Name of one most active researcher
Name of one most active researcher
Name of one most active researcher
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We would.be grateful if you can send these information to us before the end of • either through the WHO office in your country or by direct mail.
Thank you for your kind cooperation and assistance.
Best regards and hoping all is well in spite of the crisis that is besetting us today due to the Gulf war.
Yours sincerely.
Ms Theresa Hiller Regional Nursing Adviser
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REGIONAL OFFICE FOR mE WESTERN PACIFIC 8J ..,~
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE
BUREAU REGIONAL DU PACIFIQUE OCCIDENTAL
Tel.: 592041·593721
In reply please refer to :
Prierc de rappc:ler I. uftrcnce:
Dear
The Western Pacific Region of the World Health Organization has been formulating strategies, developing and implementing mechanisms to achieve the goal of health for all by the year 2000. In order to achieve this goal, valid scientific health research is essential. The Forty Third World Health Assembly in its resolution No. WHA 43.19, (see attached) specifically mentions nursing as a critical field in which scientific and institutional research capability must be strengthened.
Since its inception, the Western Pacific Advisory Committe on Medical Research has emphasized the need to facilitate the development of biomedical .research. However, during its 1990 meeting, the members noted the need for appropriate nursing research to develop health systems based on primary health care, and proposed that this issue be discussed at its next meeting (1992). The information you give will be utilized as background information for this meeting and more importantly, in planning WHO activities in this area.
The Regional Office in this study also wishes to gather information on the kinds of nursing research being done in the Region, the nurses and institutions doing research, the uses of nursing research, priority areas for nursing research, and the status of nursing research development in the various countries. The term "nursing" in this document refers to nurse/midwifery research. The value of the study will depend on the information that you and your colleagues will povide us. We are sending you 5 copies of the Nursing Research Questionnaire for collecting data in your country. Kindly complete one copy and collect data from 2 persons working in service and 2 persons working in the field of education, of your choice. It is requested that said questionnaires be given to respondents who are qualified nurses, midwives, or nurse midwives and of those who have 3 years or more of formal education in nursing.
. .. / ENCL.: As stated.
United Nations Avenue, P,O. Box 2932, MANILA 2801, Philippines Telegr.: UNlSANTE, Manila Telex: 63260·27652·40365 Fax: 632/5211036 1Jn;'tc-d Nationc; Avenue B P 2912 MANILLF ?ROI Phm~'Jines Tele'llr • lJN'SANTF y .. ""~I'(S Tplp'I" I'i""l'in _ "'1~~". J.\",.c::~ -':; .. y. ,,"')''H4'''P .,...,'"
- 98 -
Kindly return the five (5) co.pleted questionnaires to me either through the WHO office in your country or by direct mail at this address:
Hs Theresa Hiller Regional Adviser in Nursing World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific United Nations Avenue P.O. Box 2932 Manila 2801 Philippines
It would be appreciated if the completed questionnaires could be returned within two weeks after you receive them.
Thank you for your kind cooperation.
Yours sincerely.
Hs Theresa Hiller Regional Adviser in Nursing
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION Regional Office for the Western Pacific
NURSING RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE
DIRECTIONS
The target population of this study are Nurses in the Western Pacific Region of the World Health Organization.
The questionnaire divided into four parts:
Part A requests information about your participation in research activities;
Part B requests information about selected aspects of your research environment and how critical these are to nursing research development;
Part C asks about priority areas of nursing research and other nurses and institutions involved in nursing research; and
Part D requests demographic and other work-related information.
Please answer all the questions. If there is a question you are unsure of, give your best estimate. Send this questionnaire by mail to Ms Theresa Miller, Regional Nursing Adviser, World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 2932, Manila 2801, Philippines, or through the WHO Representative office in yolir country.
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Part A
PARTICIPATION IN RESEARCH
Part A has questions on your participation in research activities, the kinds of research you conducted, and the uses you made of nursing research from ~ to !2.2n.
1. From January 1986 to December 1990, did you undertake any of the foUowing activities? (Circle one number In Column 1.) If yes, how many times did you undertake the activity? (Answer in Column 2.)
If yes, no. Undertook of times
Activity Activity? activity was Yes No undertaken
(1) (2)
I. Authored or co-authored a published manuscript in a refereed* international/regional/national journal 1 2
2. Authored or co-authored a published manuscript in a non-refereed journal 1 2
3. Authored or co-authored a manuscript submitted for publication in a refereed journal 1 2
4. Authored or co-authored a manuscript submitted for publication in a non-refereed journal 1 2
5. Authored or co-authored a paper on a completed research study you conducted or participated in 1 2
6. Authored or co-authored a published book chapter 1 2
7. Authored or co-authored a published book or monograph 1 2
8. Authored a published book review 1 2
9. Edited a published book or monograph 1 2
10. Reviewed a manuscript for a professional journal 1 2
II. Served on an editorial board for a refereed journal (Each time appointed to a board = 1 time) 1 2
12. Written a research proposal for funding 1 2
13. Written a research proposal which was granted funds 1 2
14. Reviewed a research proposal for a funding agency (Each review = 1 time) 1 2
* Refereed means that the manuscript was sent by the journal to experts in the field who, in turn, made recommendations about the publication of the manuscript.
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If yes, no. Undertook of times
Activity Activi~ activity was Yes 0 undertaken
(1) (2)
15. Served as principal investigator of a research study (Each study = 1 time) 1 2
16. Served as a consultant of a research study (Each study = 1 time) 1 2
17. Developed a published, practice based nursing theory or model 1 2
18. Developed or helped develop a professional network for research with colleagues possessing similar interests and who are external to your agency (Each total network = 1 time) 1 2
2. From January 1986 to December 1990, did you develop or assist in developing a nursing and/or health data base?
1 Yes 2 No (Go to Question 3)
If yes:
2.1 Was this data base computerized?
1 Yes 2 No
2.2 What types of information are in the data base? (Circle all data in the data base.)
1 Nursing manpower or workforce 2 Data on nursing schools and colleges 3 Hospitals and other health establishments 4 Nurse registries 5 Migration of nurses 6 Abstract of nursing studies 7 Health indicators 8 Demographic and socio·economic data from households 9. Others. Please specify __________ _
3. From January 1986 to December 1990, did you conduct/participate in a research study/project?
1 Yes 2 No (Go to Question 5)
FOR EACH STUDY/PROJECT, PLEASE PROVIDE INFORMATION IN TABLE I. (STUDIES/PROJECTS, JANUARY 1986 TO DECEMBER 1990). WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON THE ANSWER SHEET PROVIDED AT THE BACK PORTION OF THIS BOOKLET. REPORT ON FIVE STUDIES/PROJECTS ONL Y.
Column
(1) What was/is the name or title of the study/project? Answer in Column 1.
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Column
(2) Please indicate if study/project is: Answer in Column 2.
1 Completed 2 Ongoing
(3) What was/is the mlijor question/problem/objective of the study? Answer in Column 3.
(4) What was/is the primary purpose for undertaking the study/project? Select one number and write in Column 4.
1 Gain more information about selected phenomena 2 Determine presence of relationships between variables 3 Fulfill requirements for a course/degree 4 Get information that shall help decide between several courses of action 5 Help solve an existing problem 6 Suggest or support an administrative policy 7 Suggest or support a piece of legislation 8 Others. Please specify in Column 4.
(5) What was/is the nature or your participation in the study/project?
(6)
Select one number and write in Column 5.
1 Project Director 2 Consultant/Advisor 3 Principal Investigator 4 Co-investigator 5 Research Associate 6 Research Assistant 7 Field Supervisor 8 Interviewer/observer/data collector 9 Coder 10 Programmer 11 Others. Please specify in Column 5.
What was/is the geographic scope of the study/project? Select one number and write in Column 6.
1 Local 2 National 3 Involved two or more countries in one region 4 Involved countries from several regions
(7) What was/is the sample size or the study/project? Answer in Column 7.
(8) What research design was/is primarily used in the study project? Select one number and write in Column 8.
1 Secondary data analyses 2 Survey 3 Laboratory experiment 4 Field experiment 5 Historical 6 Comparative or cross-cultural 7 Ethnographic 8 Cohort 9 Others. Please specify in Column 8.
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Column
(9) What was/is the primary method of collecting data? Select one number and write in Column 9.
1 Observation 2 Interview, face-to-face 3 Questionnaire 4 Telephone Interview 5 Standardized tools/tests 6 Others. Please specify in Column 9.
(10) Was/Is the study/project computer assisted? Select one !lumber and write in Column 10.
1 Yes 2 No
(11) What was/is the duration ofthe study/project in months? Answer in Column 11.
(12) Was/Is the study/project funded?
(13)
(14)
Select one number and write in Column 12.
1 Yes 2 No
If yes: What was/is the amount of funds for this study/project in US dollars and in local currency at the time of the grant? Answer in Column 12.
In what programme or programmes do you expect this project to contribute? Select all numbers that apply and write in Column 13; please separate e.ach number with a comma.
1 Research promotion and development 2 Health services development 3 Family health 4 Mental health 5 Prophylactic, diagnostic, and therapeutic substances 6 Communicable disease prevention and control 7 Non-communicable disease prevention and control 8 Promotion of environmental health 9 Health manpower development
10 Health information 11 Others. Please specify in Column 13.
Under what areas of concern would you classify this project? Select one number and write in Column 14.
1 Operations 2 Technology 3 Manpower 4 Management 5 Cost and finance 6 Policy 7 Methods 8 PHC implementation 9 Others. Please specify in Column 14.
For the last project, please go to Question 4.
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4. The following are additional questions about the last study/project that you completed in January 1986 to December 1990.
4.1 Was the study/project conducted by yourself or with other researchers?
1 Myself (Go to Question 4.3) 2 With others
4.2 Did the study involve one or more discipline?
lOne discipline 2 More than one discipline
4.3 Was the study/project mainly basic research, applied research or both?
1 Basic· 2 Applied" 3 Both
4.4 Was the study/project a commissioned--- research?
1 Yes 2 No
4.5 Aside from the principal researchers or investigators, which of the following types of research personnel participated in the study/project? (Circle all who participated.)
1 Consultant 2 Statistician 3 Field supervisor 4 Programmer. 5 Research associate 6 Research assistants 7 Data collectors 8 Clerk 9 Librarian 10 Others. Please specify ________ _
4.6 What was the highest level of data analyses made?
lOne-variable analyses 2 Two-variable analyses 3 Three-or-more variable analyses
*The main purpose of the study was to understand a phenomenon and/or the relationships between phenomena.
**The main purpose of the study was to use the information generated to understand better or resolve an identified administrative, practice, education, and or policy issue/problem/question .
•• "The research was undertaken in response to the initiative or request of an outside agency that defined the terms of reference of the research project.
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4.7 What uses of the computer were availed or?
1 None 2 Word processing 3 Data collection/entry 4 Data storage/retrieval 5 Generation of data base 6 Others. Please specify _____________ _
4.8 Did you write a research report on the study/project?
1 Yes 2 No (Go to Question 4.11)
4.9 Was the written report reproduced for distribution?
1 Yes 2 No
4.10 Was the written report published in a proressionaljoumal?
1 Yes 2 No
4.11 On the whole, how would you rate the quality of the study {project?
1 Very good 2 Good 3 Fair 4 Poor 5 Very Poor
S. From January 1986 to December 1990, how many times have you: (FREQUENcy) (Circle one number opposite each item.)
Six Times
Three Four Five or None Once Twice Times Times Times more
l. Been cited in a published work by another author 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2. Cited a published or unpublished research report/paper of a nurse based in your country or another country in the Western Pacific Region 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3. Introduced results of research in the solution of a problem you encountered in your work 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
:"; -'.. '" . .;.
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Six Times
Three Four Five Or None Once Twice Times Times Times More
4. Presented a paper on a completed research study/project at a local meeting or seminar 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5. Presented a paper on a completed research study/project at a national, regional, or international meeting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
6. Developed a protocol for patient care based on research results 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
7. Used research findings in teaching. administration. or nursing practice 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
8. Presented your research findings to program implementors 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
9. Written a popular version of your research paper for lay people 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
10. Presented to administrative -policy-makers the policies implied by your research findings 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
11. Presented to legislative policy-makers the policies implied by your research findings 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
12. Discussed your research fmdings with personnel at the Ministry or Department of Health 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
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PAR:r B
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT and
NEEDS FOR NURSING DEVEWPMENT
6. Part B has questions on the research conditions or facilities that are currently available to you, the conditions that facilitate and constrain your participation in research, and your perceived needs for nursing research development in your institution.
6.1 Now, in the table below, please indicate whether the following conditions or facilities are present or available to you: (Circle one number opposite each condition/facility in Column 1.)
6.2 How critical are the following conditions or factors in the development or further development of a nursing research capability in the institution where you are currently employed? (Circle one number opposite each condition/factor in Column 2.)
(1) (2) Present or Not at Very
Condition/factor available all highly Yes No critical critical
1. Formal training in research and statistics of personnel 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
2. Continuing education training in research and statistics for personnel 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
3. Training for use of computer software and hardware 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
4. Availability of resource persons with research expertise 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
5. Technical assistance for data analyses 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
6. Programmer assistance 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
7. Research assistant 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
8. Clerical support 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
9. Computer assisted library assistance 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
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(1) (2) Present or Not at Very
Condition/factor available all highly Yes No critical critical
10. Other types of library assistance . 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
11. Copies of research journals in last 5 years 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
12. Superiors who do research 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
13. Peers doing research 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
14. Availability of computers 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
15. Availability of computer software 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
16. Duplication/reproduction facility 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
17. Office space 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
18. Research space other than office 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
19. Attendance at regional! international research meetings 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
20. Funds for research 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 -21. Time to do research
22. Opportunities for doing research 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
23. Interest in doing research 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
24. Material and non-material rewards/recognition for doing research 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
25. Encouragement from administration 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
26. An overall work atmosphere conducive to research 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
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7. Name three (3) conditions or factors that will increase your doing or participating in research in the future.
1., ________________ ------------
2., _________________________________________________ __
3. _____________________________________________ __
8. Name three (3) conditions or factors existing at present that discourage or constrain you from doing or participating in research.
1. ___________________________ __
2. ______________________________________________ __
3. ______________________________________________ __
PARTC
RESEARCH PRIORITIES, NURSE RESEARCHERS AND
INSTITUTIONS
Part C has questions on your priority areas or topics on nursing research, the top nurse researchers, and nursing research institutions in your country. .
9. What are the top five (5) priority areas/topics/issues that nurse researchers ought to do research on now?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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10. Are there statements, from the government or private sources, that identify priority areas for nursing research In your country?
1 Yes 2No (Go to Question 11)
If yes:
10.1 What are these priority areas for nursing research?
10.2 As far as you know, brieny describe the steps or processes that were taken to generate these priority areas for nursing research.
1. ________________________________________________ _
2. ________________________________________________ _
3. ________________________________________________ _
4. ---------------------------------------------------5. ________________________________________________ _
11. Name the top five (5) nurse researchers in your country. Please provide their full names and addresses:
1. Name: ------------------------------------------------Address: -----------------------------------------------
2. Name: -------------------------------------------------------Address: -----------------------------------------------
3. Name: ------------------------------------------------Address: -----------------------------------------------
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4. Name: ------------------------------------------------Address:
----------------------~----~----~----------
5. Name: -----------------------------------------Address: _______________________ _
12. Name the top five (5) nursing institutions in the field of nursing research in your country. Please provide the complete name and address of the institution.
1. Name: ------------------------------------------------------Address: _________________________ ___
2. Name: -----------------------------------------Address: ________________________ ___
3. Name: -----------------------------------------------Address: ____________________________________________ _
4. Name: -------------------------------------Address: ------------------------
5. Name: -------------------------------------Address: _________________________________________________ _
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PARTD
PERSONAL and
WORK·RELATED INFORMATION
Part D has questions on demographic and other work·related inrormation.
13. What is your year or birth? ________ _
14. Sex
1-.1 Male
15. What is your civil status?
1 Single 2 Married 3 Divorced/separated/widowed 4 Others
1 I Female
16. Do you have children 5 years old and below?
1 Yes 2 No
17. What is the highest nursing/midwifery degree you received?
1 3-year certificate 2 3-year diploma 3 BSN 4 Master 5 Doctorate
18. Do you have a non-nursing degree?
1 Yes 2 No (Go to Question 19)
If yes:
18.1 What is the highest non-nursing degree you received?
1 Bachelor 2 Master 3 Doctorate
18.2 In what field is your non-nursing degree? __________ _
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19. Did you ever attend a formal course in research?
1 Yes 2 No (Go to Question 20)
If yes:
19.1 What level was the course? (Circle all that applies.)
1 Certificate/Diploma 2 Bachelor 3 Post Graduate 4 Master 5 Doctorate
19.2 How many hours was the course? (If more than one level, give total hours for all levels.)
number of hours -------20. Did you ever attend a formal course in statistics in fields like education, the social
sciences, biostatistics, epidemiology and the like?
1 Yes 2 No (Go to Question 21)
If yes:
20.1 What level was the course? (Circle all that applies.) .
1 Certificate/Diploma 2 Bachelor 3 Post Graduate 4 Master 5 Doctorate
20.2 How many hours was the course? (If more than one level, give total hours for all levels.)
number of hours -----21. Did you ever attend a formal course in computer science?
1 Yes 2 No (Go to Question 22)
If yes:
How many hours was the course?
number of hours -----
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22. Do you know how to use computers?
1 Yes 2 No (Go to Question 23)
If yes:
What sollware do you use or know how to use?
23. Are you a salaried employee?
1 Yes 2 No
24. In what area of nursing may your present work be primarily classified?
1 Nursing administration 2 Nursing education 3 Nursing continuing education 4 Nursing practice 5 Nursing research 6 Others. Please specify _______________ _
25. What is your current position/rank?
1 Instructor or lower in a university/college
2 Assistant Professor in a university/college
3 Associate Professor in a university/college
4 Professor in a university/college
Chief Nurse/Director of Nursing/ Assistant Director of Nursing
2 Principal Nursing Officer 3 Matron 4 Supervisor 5 Head Nurse 6 Staff Nurse 7 Others. Please specify
26. What is the primary classification of your specialty?
1 MCH 2 Mental health/psychiatric 3 Medical-surgical . 4 Community health/public health/primary health care 5 School health 6 Others. Please specify _______________ _
-.
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27. In January 1986 to December 1990, did you spend any of your working time in research activities?
1 Yes 2 No (Go to Question 28)
If yes:
27.1 Was this time within your regular working hours?
1 Yes 2 No
27.2 On the average, how many hours per month did you spend on research activities?
-----number of hours per month
28. Is doing research a part of your job deSCription?
1 Yes 2 No
29. What degree of interest do you have in doing research?
1 Very low 2 Low 3 Fair 4 High 5 Very high
30. On the whole, what is your assessment of your competence in doing research?
1 Very highly competent 2 Highly competent 3 Competent 4 Quite competent 5 Not competent
31. How important is doing research to you?
1 Extremely important 2 Very important 3 Important 4 Fairly important 5 Of little importance
32. What is your mailing address, telephone, and fax number?
Name __________________________________________________________ __
Mailing Address
Telephone and Fax Number
THANK YOU VERY MUCH !!!
Table I. STUDIES/PROJECTS, JANUARY 1986 TO DECEMBER 1990 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Name S!. Ma/or question Purpose Particl· Googra. Sample Dosign Method Iproblem /ob/octlve pallon phlc Scope aile
Study/Project 1
Study/Project 2
Study/Project 3
Study/Project 4
!
Study/Project 5
I
I
I
Please refer to pages 2-4 for alternatives/options/answer codes_
) )
ANSWER SHEET FOR QUESTION NO.3
(10) (11) (12) (13) (14)
Compu- Duration Fundedl Contrl- /Vuo! terlled Nnount bullon concern
I ,
,
... ... a.