Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement
-
Upload
rafael-may -
Category
Documents
-
view
245 -
download
11
description
Transcript of Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement
![Page 1: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CHAPTER 5, CONCEPTUALIZATION, OPERATIONALIZATION, AND MEASUREMENT
![Page 2: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter Outline
Measuring Anything That Exists Conceptualization Definitions in Descriptive and
Explanatory Studies Operationalization Choices Criteria of Measurement Quality The Ethics of Measurement Quick Quiz
![Page 3: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Measuring Anything that Exists
Measurement – Careful, deliberate observations of the real world for the purpose of describing objects and events in terms of the attributes composing the variable.
![Page 4: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
How would you measure… political party affiliation? age? grade point average? satisfaction with college? religious affiliation?
![Page 5: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Conceptions, Concepts, and Reality How would you conceptualize…
prejudice? compassionate?
Conceptualization – The mental process whereby fuzzy and imprecise notions (concepts) are made more specific and precise.
![Page 6: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Concepts as Constructs Concepts are constructs derived by mutual
agreement from mental images. Conceptions summarize collections of
seemingly related observations and experiences.
![Page 7: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Conceptualization
Conceptualization – The process through which we specify what we mean when we use particular terms in research.
We cannot meaningfully answer a question without a working agreement about the meaning of the outcome.
Conceptualization processes a specific agreed-on meaning for a concept for the purposes of research.
![Page 8: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Indicators and Dimensions Indicator – An observation that we choose
to consider as a reflection of a variable we wish to study.
Dimension – A specifiable aspect of a concept.
![Page 9: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Identify appropriate indicators and dimensions for… religious affiliation college success political activity poverty binge drinking fear of crime
![Page 10: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Interchangeability of Indicators If several different indicators all represent
the same concept, all of them will behave the same way the concept would behave if it were real and could be observed.
![Page 11: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Real, Nominal, and Operational Definitions Specification – The process through which
concepts are made more specific.
A nominal definition is one that is simply assigned to a term without any claim that the definition represents a “real” entity.
An operational definition specifies precisely how a concept will be measured – that is, the operations we will perform.
![Page 12: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Creating Conceptual Order Conceptualization Nominal Definition Operational Definition Real World Measurement
![Page 13: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Conceptualization – Practice Anomie
![Page 14: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Definitions in Descriptive and Explanatory Studies Definitions are more problematic for
descriptive research than for explanatory research.
![Page 15: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Operationalization Choices
Conceptualization is the refinement and specification of abstract concepts.
Operationalization is the development of specific research procedures that will result in empirical observations representing those concepts in the real world.
![Page 16: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Range of Variation To what extent is the research willing to
combine attributes in fairly gross categories?
Variation between the Extremes To what degree is the operationalization of
variables precise?
Dimensions
![Page 17: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Defining Variables and Attributes An attribute is a characteristic or quality of
something (ex: female, old, student). A variable is a logical set of attributes (ex:
gender, age).
Every variable must have two important qualities.1. The attributes composing it should be
exhaustive.2. Attributes must be mutually exclusive.
![Page 18: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Levels of Measurement Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
![Page 19: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Levels of Measurement – Nominal Variables who attributes have only the
characteristics of exhaustiveness and mutually exclusiveness.
Examples: gender, religious affiliation, college major, hair color, birthplace, nationality
![Page 20: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Levels of Measurement – Ordinal Variables with attributes we can logically
rank order.
Examples: socioeconomic status, level of conflict, prejudice, conservativeness, hardness
![Page 21: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Levels of Measurement – Interval Variables for which the actual distance
between attributes has meaning.
Examples: temperature, (Fehrenheit) IQ score
![Page 22: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Levels of Measurement – Ratio Variables whose attributes meet the
requirements of a interval measure, and has a true zero point.
Examples: temperature (Kelvin), age, length of time, number of organizations, number of groups, number of As received in college
![Page 23: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Figure 5.1
![Page 24: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Implications of Levels of Measurement Analyses require minimum levels of
measurement Some variables can be treated as multiple
levels of measurement
![Page 25: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Single or Multiple Indicators
![Page 26: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Criteria of Measurement Quality Precision and Accuracy Reliability Validity
![Page 27: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Precision and Accuracy Precise measures are superior to imprecise
ones.
Precision is not the same as accuracy.
![Page 28: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Reliability – That quality of measurement method that suggests that the same data would have been collected each time in repeated observations of the same phenomenon.
Reliability is not the same as accuracy.
![Page 29: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Test-Retest Method To make the same measurement more than
once.
Split-Half Method Multiple sets of randomly assigned variables
should produce the same classifications
Established Measures
Reliability of Research Workers
![Page 30: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Validity – a term describing a measure that accurately reflects the concept it is intended to measure. Face Validity – That quality of an indicator that
makes it seem a reasonable measure of some variable.
Criterion-Related Validity – The degree to which a measure related to some external criterion.
Construct Validity – The degree to which a measure relates to other variables as expected within a system of theoretical relationships.
Content Validity – The degree to which a measure coves the range of meanings included within a concept.
![Page 31: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Figure 5.2
![Page 32: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
QUICK QUIZ
![Page 33: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
1. It is truly possible to measure the stuff of life.
A. TrueB. False
![Page 34: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Answer: A.It is truly possible to measure the stuff of life.
![Page 35: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
2. _____ refer to mental images.A. PerspectivesB. TheoriesC. ConceptionsD. Methods
![Page 36: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Answer: C.Conceptions refer to mental images.
![Page 37: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
3. The mental processes whereby fuzzy and imprecise notions are made more specific and precise is called:A. constructionB. reificationC. conceptualizationD. operationalization
![Page 38: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Answer: C.The mental processes whereby fuzzy and
imprecise notions are made more specific and precise is called conceptualization.
![Page 39: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
4. Which of the following are examples of nominal measures?A. genderB. religious affiliationC. political party affiliationD. birthplaceE. all of the above
![Page 40: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Answer: E.Gender, religious affiliation, political
affiliation, and birthplace are examples of nominal measures.
![Page 41: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
5. _____ is the degree to which a measure covers the range of meanings included within a concept.A. Construct validityB. Criterion-related validityC. Face validityD. Content validity
![Page 42: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Answer: D.Content validity is the degree to which a
measure covers the range of meanings included within a concept.
![Page 43: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
6. In social research, the process of coming to an agreement about what terms mean is:A. hypothesizing B. conceptualizationC. variable determinationD. operationalization
![Page 44: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Answer: B.In social research, the process of coming
to an agreement about what terms mean is conceptualization.
![Page 45: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
7. The _____ of concepts in scientific inquiry depends on nominal and operational definitions.A. specificationB. interchangeabilityC. functioningD. network
![Page 46: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Answer: A.The specification of concepts in scientific
inquiry depends on nominal and operational definitions.
![Page 47: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
8. A level of measurement describing a variable whose attributes are rank-ordered and have equal distances between adjacent attributes are _____ measures.A. ratioB. intervalC. nominalD. ordinal
![Page 48: Chapter 5, Conceptualization, Operationalization , and Measurement](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061402/56812cd3550346895d918d07/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Answer: B.A level of measurement describing a
variable whose attributes are rank-ordered and have equal distances between adjacent attributes are interval measures.