NuovetecnologiewirelessdicomunicazioneperloSmartMetering.

Statodell'artetecnicaeBenchmarking

AlessandraFlammini(alessandra.flammini@unibs.it)EmilianoSisinni(emiliano.sisinni@unibs.it)UniversityofBresciaTel:+390303715445https://es3.unibs.it

Smart metering & IoT •  Smartmeteringisoneofthefirststepstodevelopingcity-widesmartgridsystems

thathelpaddresschallengesrelatedtoresourceconsumptionandusage.•  WithIoTsolutionsforsmartmetering,utilityproviderscanoptimizeresource

distributionwhereascustomerserviceandconsumerscanmakesmarterdecisionfrommeterdataanalysis.

•  Nowadays:multiutilitysmartmetering!

2

IoT definition

InternetofThingsStrategicResearchAgenda

3

4

•  IoTaimsoffering«services»,focusingondata:smartmeteringisanexampleusecase•  Internetisthetrunksupportingeverithing

Gartner2013

IoT Goals

Internet

The Smart City ICT horizontal platforms

The Connected City The Multi Utility Network

City Command & Control Centers

Net

wor

ks

Gas

Water

Heating

Waste

Public Lighting

Clo

ud C

ompu

ting

Vert

ical

App

licat

ion

Vert

ical

App

licat

ion

Vert

ical

App

licat

ion

TELCOs Domain

OTHER Vendors domain

CAPILLARY NETWORK

CLOUD IAAS & PAAS

COMMUNICATION NETWORK

M2M & IoT Management

IAASInfrastructureasaServicePAASPlatformasaService 5

The Connected City The Multi Utility Network

City Command & Control Centers

Net

wor

ks

Gas

Water

Heating

Waste

Public Lighting

Clo

ud C

ompu

ting

Vert

ical

App

licat

ion

Vert

ical

App

licat

ion

Vert

ical

App

licat

ion

TELCOs Domain

OTHER Vendors domain

CAPILLARY NETWORK

CLOUD IAAS & PAAS

COMMUNICATION NETWORK

M2M & IoT Management

The capillary network layer

A “new” communication layer for receiving/sending information from/to new types of sensors and actuators: Utility Metering (Gas, Water, Electricity), Waste Management, Pollution and traffic control, Smart Lighting, Heating Control in private and public building

Why ?

ü  Traditional infrastructure too expensive and energy consuming

ü  Meters should work several years without battery changes

ü  Million devices/very limited traffic

ü  Standard approach to enable easier service applications development

6

"Brescia Smart Living" project

•  Electricity meters for prosumers (PV, storage) and diagnostics •  Gas meters with services and sensors (e.g. seismic) •  LoRaWAN for Garbage Containers, parking and general purpose

metering •  WirelessHART for accurate metering in hot water distribution •  Wmbus for heat cost allocators and Z-Wave for in-home meters •  Free "touristic" WiFi for environmental and ambient assisted living use

Our experience:

https://elux.unibs.it/

Our living Lab: eLUX – energy Laboratory as University eXpo

7

Short range vs Long Range connectivity

•  Short range radio devices (SRD, e.g. ZigBee, BLE require using a gateway for long-range backhaul.

•  The gateway is typically hooked up to some on-site wired network which is not under control of the loT provider.

•  Long range connectivity allows direct access to field devices

•  The base station typically serves a large number of devices thus greatly reducing costs.

Short range radio connectivity:

Direct long range radio :

Connectivity technologies – compete, complement or combine?

8

Short range connectivity •  Mesh topology is generally used for covering (relatively) large areas. Examples are ZigBee

or Bluetooth mesh solutions

•  In particular, BT Mesh employs flood mesh, i.e. when a message is transmitted across the network, all devices (nodes) that are configured as relays will re-transmit the message. A message will only have a limited number of "hops", or re-transmissions, before it stops.

•  Relay Feature A relay is able to re-transmit messages it receives to the rest of the network through the advertisment bearer.

•  Low-power Feature A node that operates at significantly low power, requiring a "friend" node to store messages.

•  Friend Feature A node that stores messages for low-power nodes, and forwards these only when the low-power node requests them.

9

Direct long range solutions

Low Power Wide Area Netowrk (LPWAN) •  Optimized for IoT and Machine

to Machine (M2M) applications •  Trade throughput for coverage

(up to several kilometers) •  Star topology

Application can accept: •  Low throughput, application specific •  Very sparse datagrams Delays (Delay

Tolerant Network) •  Sleeping times

10

Short range vs Long Range connectivity

SRD(ZB,BT,WiFi…)

11

Link budget

The receiver sensitivity indicates how faint an input signal can be to be successfully received by the receiver

The link budget is an accounting of all of the gains and losses from a transmitter, through a medium (free space, cable, waveguide, fiber, etc.) to the receiver

12

Operating frequency Indoor

Outdoor Antenna

size Frequency

13

The Narrowband system dilemma

Narrowband have low rates, that could mean very long time on air, which will in turn reduce the battery lifetime. Having very long telegrams also increases the probability of interference and collisions with other wireless systems. … but narrowband systems offer better SENSITIVITY and SPECTRUM EFFICIENCY!

•  Capacity depends on the width of the channel in Hz, the received power and noise

•  The maximum range is determined by the energy per bit received, and depends on the effective transmitted power, receiver sensitivity, interference and data rate

14

Operating in the EU: the 868MHz region

Most of IoT-LPWAN solutions operate in the 868MHz unlicensed band, thanks to the good propagation characteristics. Limitations in terms of:

•  the used bandwidth, •  the Effective Radiated Power (ERP), •  and the spectrum access methods (which typically are LBT or

duty-cycle limitations).

Sub-band

Frequency Range [MHz]

PMAX,ERP [dBm]

Spectrum Access # LoRa Ch

h1.4 868.00 - 868.60 14 LBT+AFA d≤1% 3 h1.5 868.70 - 869.20 14 LBT+AFA d≤0.1% 2 h1.6 869.40 - 869.65 27 LBT+AFA d≤10% 1 h1.7 869.70 - 870.00 14 LBT+AFA d≤1% 1 h1.7 869.70 - 870.00 7 d≤100% 1

15

Gas

Water

Gas

Water

.

.

.

Multiservice/Multiprotocol Concentrator (BASE STATION)

Water/Gas

INTE

RN

ET

e.g. Wireless MBus 169MHz

e.g. Wireless MBus 169MHz

e.g. LoRaWAN

Heating Multiprotocol

Repeater

Heating

Waste

e.g. Wireless MBus 868MHz

Specific standard Protocol

Direct long range solutions: network architecture

Backed Servers

Capillary Network Infrastructure Elements

e.g. LoRaWAN

16

Technologies LoRaWAN SIGFOX Weightless NB-IoT LTE-M EC-GSM 5G

Range <15km <13km <5km <15km <11km <15km <15km

Spectrum Unlicensed433/868MHz(EU)915MHz(USA)

Unlicensed868MHz(EU)915MHz(USA)

W:470-790MHzN:868-915MHzP:169/433/470/780/868/915/923MHz

Licensed800-900MHz1800MHz

Licensed800-900MHz1800MHz

Licensed800-900MHz

LicensedSub6GHzmmWave

bandwidth <500kHz 100Hz W:5MHzN:Sub-GHzP:12,5kHz

200kHzorshared

1.4MHzorshared

2.4MHzorshared

Shared

DataRate <10kbps 100bps W:1kbits/sto10Mbits/sN:500bits/sP:100Kbitsto200Kbits

<150kbps

<1Mbps 10kbps <1Mbps

Batterylife >10years

Availability Today Today

Today Today(standard)

Today(standard)

Today(standard)

Beyond2020

Comparison

The diversity of IoT use cases requires multiple technologies, spanning wired and wireless, standards-based and proprietary, public and private, limited range and wide area, low and high bandwidth and unique and hybrid.

17

SIGFOX

•  Nettrotter is the only Italian operator. •  Currently, base station are deployed

on existing telco and TV broadcasing antenna

SIGFOX is a startup in France building a low cost network dedicated for loT (low throughput) Uses unlicensed spectrum - mostly sub-GHz band and patented ultra narrow band (UNB) communication •  Ultra low throughput: ~100bps •  Device can send between 0 and 140 messages per day, each message is up to 12 bytes •  Very limited support to downlink •  Up to 20 years of battery lite •  Long range - up to 30 miles in rural area and 2-6 miles in urban area Devices require a SIGFOX modem to connect to SIGFOX network Target applications: smart meter, pet tracking, smoke detector, agriculture etc... Have networks deployed in France, Netherlands, Russia and Spain; Launching 902 MHz network in San Francisco

18

SIGFOX: move the complexity into the concentrator

End nodes are as simple as possible: no frequency/channel management at all.

•  End nodes are free running!

•  As a consequence, mobility is not permitted

Ignore “Imperfections” of nodes, including oscillator frequency stability

•  The concentrator will solve them!

•  Adopt the SDR paradigm for the concentrator –  The whole available bandwidth is

simultaneously acquired –  Individual station demodulation is performed

in software –  High computational load only on the

concentrator sidea

19

LoRa: the radio technology of LoRaWAN

§  LoRaWAN is a Low Power Wide Area Network

§  LoRa modulation: a version of Chirp Spread

Spectrum (CSS) with a typical channel

bandwidth of 125kHz

§  High Sensitivity (End Nodes: Up to -137

dBm, Gateways: up to -142 dBm)

§  Adaptive data rate supported by means of

tunable SPREADING FACTOR SF

§  Long range communication (up to 15 Km)

§  Strong indoor penetration: With High Spreading Factor, Up to 20dB penetration (deep indoor)

§  Resistant to Doppler effect, multi-path and signal weakening.

20

BW

Chirp duration SF7

Chirp duration SF8

Chirp duration SF9

20

Adaptive Data Rate

Far object from the antenna with obstacles:

•  Better sensitivity required: the core network (network server) increases the SF (Spreading Factor)

§  Throughut decreases but the connection is maintained

End device close to the antenna:

•  High sensibility is not required

•  Decrease of SF, increase of useful flow

21

AdaptivethroughputADR:AdaptiveDataRate

21

•  The main advantage of pure ALOHA is the simplicity of its operation, whereas the major downside is the collision among data packets due to the absence of knowledge of channel states.

•  LBT techniques can be adopted

LoRaWAN MAC strategy: ALOHA

22

LoRaWAN Architecture

EndDevice

Modulation LoRaRF(SpreadSpectrum)

Range ~15Km

Throughput ~10kbps

TypeofTraffic DDaatapacket

Payload <243Bytes

Security AESEncryption

InternetIntranet

GW GW

fNS

sNS

hNS

AS

JS NSUser

data flow EndDevice

EndDevice

23

LoRaWAN device classes

•  LoRaWAN is focused on uplink •  Three different classes are defined by the specs •  Class A is the most diffused: minimizes power consumtpion

24

ription

è AnyLoRaWANobjectcantransmitandreceive

Classes Description IntendedUse Consumption ExamplesofServices

A(«All»)

Themoduleremainslistening

aftereachbroadcastfromthe

GTW

Moduleswithnolatencyconstraint

ThemosteconomiccommunicationClassenergetically..

Supportedbyallmodules.Suitabletomoduleonbattery

-  FireDetection-  EarthquakeEarly

Detection

B(«Beacon»)

Themoduleremainslisteningat

aregularlyadjustablefrequency

Moduleswithlatencyconstraints

concerningthereceptionof

messagesofafewseconds

Classofcommunicationproposingaconsumptionoptimizedbyreportto

theaimedapplication.Adaptedtomodulesonbattery

-  Smartmetering-  Temperaturerise

C(«Continuous»)

Modulealwayslistening

Moduleswithastrongreceptionlatencyconstraint(lessthanone

second)

Classofcommunicationadaptedtomodulesonsectororhavingno

constraintsofautonomy.

-Fleetmanagement-RealTimeTrafficManagement

LoRaWAN device classes

25