Nuclear Basics

PRESENTED BY : HARENDRA SINGH (1102940048) MECHANICAL ENGG. IIIrd YEAR NUCLEAR REACTOR AN ENGINE TO NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

OVERVIEW OF PRESENTATIONBASIC OF NUCLEAR NUCLEAR REACTOR MECHANISM (NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION)TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTORNUCLEAR POWER DISTRIBUITIONNUCLEAR POWER IN INDIANUCLEAR PROBLEMADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGESNuclear Basics

Did you know...? Nuclear energy is used by more than 30 countries around the world. nuclear technologies have many uses, including powering mars rovers. Did you know...? nuclear power plants can generate electricity continuously for many months at a time, without interruption.Did you know...? Nuclear energy is used to generate around 11% of the world's electricity, with almost no greenhouse gas emissions.Did you know...? A single uranium fuel pellet contains as much energy as 480 cubic meters of natural gas, 807 kilos of coal or 149 gallons of oil.Nuclear reactor

A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction. Nuclear reactors are used at nuclear power plants for generating electricity and in propulsion of ships. Heat from nuclear fission is passed to a working fluid (water or gas), which runs through turbines. These either drive a ship's propellers or turn electrical generators. Nuclear generated steam in principle can be used for industrial process heat or for district heating. Some reactors are used to produce isotopes for medical and industrial use, or for production of plutonium for weapons. Some are run only for research.

Basic principle of nuclear reactor

MechanismFissionHeat generationCoolingReactivity controlElectrical power generationFission

NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION

Nuclear power reactor in common usePressurized water reactor (PWR)Boiler water reactor (BWR)Pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR or CANDU)Advanced gas-cooled reactor(AGR)Light water graphite-moderated reactor (RBMK)Liquid metal cooled reactorPressure water reactor

Nuclear Fission from Slow Neutrons and Water Moderator

Advantages of PWRCompactness.Isolation of radioactive from main steam system.Light water used as coolant & moderator. Disadvantages of PWRFormation of low temperature steam.High loses from heat exchanger.High power consumption from auxiliaries.Strong pressure vessel is required.

Boiler water reactor

Boiler water reactorFuel used rich in uranium oxideOrdinary water both used as moderator & coolantCant meet sudden increase in loadLow thermal efficiencyRadioactive steam passes through turbine.

Nuclear power in franceFrance derives over 75% of its electricity from nuclear energy. France is the world's largest net exporter of electricity due to its very low cost of generation, and gains over EUR 3 billion per year from this.France has been very active in developing nuclear technology. Reactors and fuel products and services are a major export.It is building its first Generation III reactor.

Nuclear power in indiaNuclear power is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India after thermal, hydroelectric and renewable sources of electricity.As of 2012, India has 20 nuclear reactors in operation in six nuclear power plants, generating 4,780MW while seven other reactors are under construction and are expected to generate an additional 5,300 MW. In October 2010, India drew up "an ambitious plan to reach a nuclear power capacity of 63,000 MW in 2032.Worldwide nuclear reactor

They produce a total of 351 gigawatts (billion watts) of electricity.

Nuclear Problems and SolutionsThree Mile Island 197950% core meltdown, stuck valve with no indicator released water, but containment vessel heldMore sensors added, better communication to experts in Washington, dont turn off emergency cooling28 year US safety record since accidentChernobyl 1986 Human stupidity turned off cooling systemPoor steam cooling reactor design allowed unstable steam pocket to explodeGraphite caught fireDesign not used in other countriesThree Mile Island

23March 28, 1979, 4:00 amSecondary cooling loop stops pumping. Rising temperatures caused emergency valve to open to release pressure, but indicator light malfunctionedDue to loss of steam, water level drops, water overheats and burns out pumpReactor core overheats and begins to melt (a meltdown)24Chernobyl Accident

world worst nuclear power plant accident.Flow of coolant water interrupted, insufficient control rods, core breach Graphite used to slow neutrons in reactor caught fire. Water sprayed on graphite, resulting in hydrogen gas formation- chemical combustion reaction and explosion 2H2O(l) + C(graphite) 2 H2(g) + CO2(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) Large amount of radioactive fission products dispersed into atmosphere for 10 days (about 100X greater than Hiroshima/Nagasaki) 150,000 people in 60 km radius permanently evacuated Toll: several workers immediately, about 30 firefighters/emergency workers from acute radiation exposure, and a smaller from effects (overall, about 60 deaths) About 250 million people exposed to radiation levels which may reduce lifespan.25

)Pathways Of Exposure To Man From Release of Radioactive Materials26Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

Following a major earthquake, a 15-metre tsunami disabled the power supply and cooling of three Fukushima Daiichi reactors, causing a nuclear accident on 11 March 2011. All three cores largely melted in the first three days.The accident was rated 7 on the INES scale, due to high radioactive releases over days 4 to 6.Generally emergency generators are placed in low lying rooms.Cutting of power to critical pump take place.

27The Main Advantages Of Using Nuclear Power

Modern nuclear power plants is that a single plant can generate a very high amount of electricity.Another important advantage is that the greenhouse gas emissions are very low.The running costs are relatively low in the long run.The plants almost never experience problems if not from human error, which almost never happens anyway because the plant only needs like 10 people to operate it.A nuclear aircraft carrier can circle the globe continuously for 30 years on its original fuel while a diesel fueled carrier has a range of only about 3000 miles before having to refuel. A truckload of Uranium is equivalent in energy to 10,000+ truckloads of coal. (Assuming the Uranium is fully utilized.)

The Drawbacks Of Nuclear Power

Nuclear plants are more expensive to build and maintain .Nuclear power plants are known to generate a lot of radioactive waste.In addition to the radioactive waste, building and running a nuclear power plant does involve some risks.Mishaps at nuclear plants can render hundreds of square miles of land uninhabitable and unsuitable for any use for years, decades or longer, and kill off entire river systems.Safety Public Remains Wary Of Nuclear Power Due To Chernobyl And Three Mile Island Accidents

Nuclear Plants Vulnerable To Terrorist Attacks

Safer, More Efficient, And More Secure Plants Planned For The Future

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