NUCLEAR POWER - WordPress.com · ap1000 •in february 2012, the first nuclear power plants in the...
Transcript of NUCLEAR POWER - WordPress.com · ap1000 •in february 2012, the first nuclear power plants in the...
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NUCLEAR POWER
NEW NUCLEAR POWER
PLANTS IN 2012
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AP1000
• IN FEBRUARY 2012, THE FIRST NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IN THE US IN 35 YEARS WERE LICENSCED TO BEGIN CONSTRUCTION .
• TWO WESTINGHOUSE AP1000 NUCEAR REACTOR PRESSURIZED WATER POWER PLANTS ARE BEING CONSTRUCTED AT THE VOGLE SITE SOUTH OF ATLANTA, GEORGIA.
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OBJECTIVE
• WE WILL DISCUSS THE EVOLUTION
OF THE AP1000 WITH EMPHASIS ON
THE IMPROVEMENTS IN PLANT
DESIGN.
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Why Nuclear Power ?
• Greater fuel efficiency (energy release)
– Fossil fuel a few ev/ reaction
– Nuclear fuel 200 million ev/fission
No carbon emissions
No greenhouse gases
Baseline power for electricity grid
Plants capable of running 24hrs/day, 365 days/year for up to two years
Nearly unlimited fuel supply
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Fission
• One neutron activates a Uranium 235 atom
• The activated U235 breaks apart (splits) releasing on average 2.7 new neutrons and 200mev of energy
• The neutrons bang around, slow down, some escape, and one neutron activates another U235 atom (Chain Reaction)
• The energy released heats the coolant
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Basic Design
• PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR POWER PLANT
REACTOR
STEAM GEN
COOLING SYSTEM
TURBINE
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AP 1000 SPECIFICATIONS
• Produces 1154 MWe (net)
• Same Footprint as AP 600
• Reactor Power 3400 MWt
• Two Loop, Pressurized Water Reactor
Design
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Safety Features
• Passive Emergency Cooling
• Aggressive Design Simplification
• Probabilistic Risk Assessment
• Passive Containment System
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Sequence of Events
• AP 600 is designed with passive safety
features and simplified plant systems
• AP 600 is licensed by the NRC (1999)
• AP 600 is considered not competitive in
the US market at 4.1 to 4.6 cents/kwh
• AP 600 is scaled up to Ap1000 with cost
reduced (economies of scaling) to 3.0 to
3.5 cents/kwh
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Sequence of Events (cont'd)
• AP 1000 Design Certified by the NRC in December of 2005
• NRC questioned containment building integrity during severe external events such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and airplane collisions
• In response, Westinghouse prepared a modified containment design
• NRC approved the amended design certification in September 2011
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Sequence of Events (cont'd)
• NRC approve the construction of two
AP 1000 plants at the Vogtle plant site
in Georgia on February 12, 2012
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Design Simplification
The passive safety systems make
extensive use of gravity, natural
circulation, and other natural
phenomena to perform safety
related functions
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Design Simplification
• Passive emergency reactor cooling: requires no pumps, or operator action during an accident
• Passive emergency containment cooling: requires no pumps, sprays, or operator action during an accident
• In fact there are no pumps, fans, diesel generators or any rotating machinery required for the safety systems
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Design Simplification
• Since there is no rotating machinery in the safety related systems, there is no need for safety related AC power sources ( i.e. Diesel Generators)
• The Passive Cooling System uses multiple explosively operated and DC operated valves. No human operator action is necessary. Valves don’t rely on hydraulic or compressed air system
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Design Simplifications
• Reduced Components needed:
50% fewer safety
related valves
35% fewer pumps
85% less control cable
80% less safety related
piping
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Scaling: AP600 to AP1000
• The AP1000 design starts with the same footprint as the AP600. To allow or the increased power, the power plant and containment are scaled upward.
• The steam generators are taller, the containment building height is raised 25 ft, and the In-containment Refueling Water Storage Tank (IRWST) capacity is increased by increasing its height.
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Scaling (cont’d)
• Only minor changes had to be made
throughout the plant to accommodate
the increase to 1000 MWe
• The concept of the original AP600
passive safety system design was
maintained
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LOCA
• One of the important safety analysis performed is the Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA)
• We can use the response to a LOCA type leak in the primary (reactor) coolant system to illustrate the operation of the emergency core cooling system and the containment cooling system
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Emergency Core Cooling
• The first line of defense the event of a LOCA are the Core Make-up Tanks (CMT)
• As the reactor vessel depressurizes and the CMTs empty, the Accumulators begin draining
• After depressurization, the In-containment Refueling Water Storage Tank (IWRST) provides water to the reactor vessel to continue decay heat removal
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Containment Cooling
• After one hour the IWRST begins to boil, sending steam into the steel containment shell
• The steam is condensed by the shell and water is drained back in to the IRWST
• The shell is cooled by natural air circulation in the containment building and by water drained from a roof tank
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Construction
• Plant to be built using 270 pre-
manufactured modules, built in factories
and shipped to the site
• Construction planned to take 36 months
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China
• Six units planned in Zhejiang, two
under construction for operation in
2013
• Six units planned in Shandong, two
under construction for operation in
2014
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USA
Two units each planned at:
• Shearson Harris in North Carolina
• Lee III in South Carolina
• Summer in South Carolina
• Vogtle in Georgia (under construction)
• Levy County in Florida
• Turkey Point in Florida
• Bellefonte in Alabama
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Accident Perspective
• The plant is designed in every detail so that accidents can’t happen
• Probabilistic Risk Assessments (PRA’s) are done at integral with the design to reduce failure rates to near zero
• For Example: The PRA for the AP1000 risk of core melt is calculated to be 2,4E-7/yr
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Accident Analysis
• So nuclear reactor power plants are
designed so that the risk of an accident
is (near) zero.
• Then the consequences of the worst
kind of accident are analyzed anyway
• Then the safety systems are designed
to mitigate the consequences
assuming the accident occurs anyway
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