NUCLEAR ENERGY : A THRUST TO

INDIA’S FUTURE

SOP 14

Sonia Susan Oommen

Kiran P

Anosh Anand

Robin Korah

Jomon Thomas

Davika Vijayan

NUCLEAR ENERGY

Nuclear power is our gateway to a prosperous future

Every single atom in the universe carries an unimaginable battery in its heart called Nucleus

This form of energy often called Type 1 fuel

NEED FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY

Energy is the most fundamental requirement of every society or nation as it progresses through the ladder of development

Distinct and categorical relation between the energy consumption and income of a nation

HOW NUCLEAR ENERGY IS PRODUCED ?

Nuclear energy is derived from Nuclear reactions.

Nuclear reactions are of two types

FISSION REACTION

FUSION REACTION

FISSION FUSION

NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTIONS

If each neutron releases two more neutrons, then the number of fissions doubles each generation. In that case, in 10 generations there are 1,024

fissions and in 80 generations about 6 x 10 23 (a mole) fissions.

WHAT’S A NUCLEAR REACTOR

A nuclear reactor is a device in which

nuclear chain reactions are initiated,

controlled, and sustained at a steady rate, as

opposed to a nuclear bomb, in which the

chain reaction occurs in a fraction of a

second and is uncontrolled causing an

explosion.

TYPICAL NUCLEAR REACTOR DESIGN

TYPES OF REACTORS

Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor ( PHWR)

Light Water Reactor (LWR)

Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR)

Fast Breeder Reactor

ADVANTAGES

Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low

amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2).

This technology is readily available, it does not have to

be developed first.

It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical

energy in one single plant

The production of electricity is very cost competitive

compared to the other existing energies

Nuclear plants are also very efficient and produce constant energy without interruption for a long lifecycle

DISADVANTAGES

The problem of radioactive waste is still an

unsolved one.

High risks: It is technically impossible to build a

plant with 100% security.

The energy source for nuclear energy is a scarce

resource

INDIAN NUCLEAR PROGRAMMES - HISTORY

India entered into the nuclear age in 1948 by establishing AEC- Homi Bhabha as chairman.

Later on Dept of Atomic Energy was created under the office of then P.M. Jawaharlal Nehru.

Initially the AEC & DAE received International cooperation

TARAPUR Atomic Power Station-First Nuclear Power Plant -1962

After the defeat with China and China’s nuclear testing , in 1974 India performed a peaceful nuclear explosion ( 15kt)- Western powers considered it nuclear weapons proliferation & cut off all financial & technical help.

India used existing infrastructure to build nuclear power reactors & exploded both fission & fusion devices- May 11 & 13, 1998.

International Community viewed- a serious road block to Non Proliferation Treaty & Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.

• In 2008, Ind0-U.S. nuclear deal signed and reinstated all financial & technical help.

1st Stage: Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors using Natural Uranium as fuel and producing Plutonium which is recovered in reprocessing plants for initiating the 2nd stage

2nd stage: Fast Breeder Reactors using Pu as fuel and breeding Pu.

3rd Stage: Thorium-233 based reactors

THE THREE STAGE INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME

INDIA’S NUCLEAR COOPERATION

U.S.A.

Russia

France

Mangolia

Namibia

Argentina

Canada

Kazakhstan

South Korea

NUCLEAR FACILITIES IN INDIA

POWER STATION

OPERATOR

STATE TYPE UNITS TOTAL CAPACITY

(MW)

Kaiga NPCIL Karnataka PHWR 220*4 880

Kakrapar NPCIL Gujarat PHWR 220*2 440

Kalpakkam NPCIL Tamil Nadu PHWR 220*2100*1

440

Narora NPCIL Uttar Pradesh

PHWR 200*1220*4

1180

Rawatbhata

NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 100*1200*1220*4

1180

Tarapur NPCIL Maharashtra

BWR(PHWR)

160*2540*2

2400

TOTAL 4780

POWER STATION

OPERATOR

STATE TYPE UNITS TOTAL CAPACIT

Y(MW)

Kudankulm NPCIL Tamil Nadu

VVER-1000 1000*2 2000

Kalpakkam BHAVINI Tamil Nadu

PFBR 500*1 500

Kakrapar NPCIL Gujarat PHWR 700*2 1400

Rawatbhata NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 700*2 1400

Banasware NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 700*2 1400

Total 9 6700

NUCLEAR FACILITIES IN INDIA- UNDER CONSTRUCTION

MAJOR INCIDENTS REGARDING NPPSCHERNOBYL THREE MILE

ISLANDKASHIWAZA

KIFUKUSHIMA

Reactors used

•A high-power, boiling water type reactor (RBMK)

•TMI-2 reactor •BWR •Light water reactor

The main causes of the accident

•The operators violated plant procedures and were ignorant of the safety requirements needed by the RBMK design.

•The sequence of certain events - - equipment malfunctions, design related problems and worker errors.

•Earthquake •Tsunami

consequences

•The Ukrainian Ministry of Public Health in April 1995 said 125,000 already dead.•Economically, the consequences have been staggering: at least $300 Billion and more.

•None people died. There were no environment pollution

•None died. No environmental pollution.

•Environmental problems& death toll very high

NUCLEAR RISKS –INDIAN SCENARIO

Radiation Fallout

Nuclear Accidents

Water Temperature Increases

Terrorist Attack

Radioactive Wastes

BENEFITIALS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY OVER OTHER ENERGY SOURCES-

INDIAN SCENARIONuclear power can be considered a clean source of energy despite the waste it produces

It does not contribute to global warming as it gives less carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.

Reduction of air pollution is furthered as, unlike other sources of energy, nuclear power has no mercury or smog, acid rain, and soot causing emissions.

Comparing with other energy power plants the CO2 emission per electricity produced is very low

Cost of electricity per unit is comparably very low

Nuclear medicine uses radiation to provide diagnostic information about the functioning of a person's specific organs, or to treat them. Diagnostic procedures are now routine. 

Radiotherapy can be used to treat some medical conditions, especially cancer, using radiation to weaken or destroy particular targeted cells.

 

Tens of millions of nuclear medicine procedures are performed each year, and demand for radioisotopes is increasing rapidly. 

FUTURE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY- INDIAN SCENARIO

Largest Thorium reserve in the World

India’s plan for advanced heavy water reactor (AHW) is an important step to launch early commencement of Thorium utilization in India

INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME TILL 2020

2005-05-27 (Delhi, Petrofed) RKS - India's Energy Security - The Role of Nuclear Energy 23

REACTOR TYPE AND CAPACITIES CAPACITY (MWe)

CUMULATIVE CAPACITY

(MWe)

13 reactors at 6 sites under operation Tarapur, Rawatbhata, Kalpakkam, Narora,

Kakrapar and Kaiga

3,260 3,260

5 PHWRs under construction at Tarapur (1x540 MWe),Kaiga (2x220 MWe), RAPS-5&6(2x220 MWe)

1,420 4,680

2 LWRs under construction at Kudankulam(2x1000 MWe)

2,000 6,680

PFBR at Kalpakkam under construction (1 X 500 MWe)

500 7,180

Projects planned till 2020 PHWRs(8x700 MWe), FBRs(4x500 MWe), LWRs(6x1000 MWe), AHWR(1x300 MWe)

13,900 21,080

CONCLUSION

Clean and affordable source of energy

It will enable us to meet the twin challenges of energy security and environmental sustainability

It have major spin offs for the development of our industries

We cant compromise our energy requirements with simple arguments against nuclear power plants

Our safeguard features is as par with international standards.