Nuclear Energy for Electricity - American Nuclear Society · 56 nuclear units currently under...
Transcript of Nuclear Energy for Electricity - American Nuclear Society · 56 nuclear units currently under...
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Nuclear Energy for Electricity Ted Quinn, [email protected] Past President, American Nuclear Society November 8, 2014 Anaheim, CA
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Today’s Discussion • Background
-Electricity Supply -Fukushima -Uranium Fuel -Plant Design -Land Use -Public Safety -Plant Security
• Performance -Capacity Factor -Production Costs -Fuel Costs
• Status and Outlook -World Electricity Generation -Demand Growth -U.S. and California Generation -License Renewal for Existing U.S. Plants -Potential for New U.S. Plants
• Challenges
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DESPERATE ENERGY NEED
ACCELERATING GROWTH
ONGOING DEMAND
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U.N. Human Development Index
4,000 8,000 12,000 0.3
1.0
India
China
Pakistan
Russia
Germany Australia
Canada
UK France Japan
U.S.
Annual Electricity Use kWh/Capita
0.6
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World Net Electricity Generation By Region 1990-2035, trillion kilowatt-hours
Sources: Energy Information Administration’s 2011 International Energy Outlook , International Atomic Energy Agency
Updated: 9/11
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5
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1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Non-OECD countries 3.3% annual demand growth 56 nuclear units currently under construction
OECD countries 1.2% annual demand growth 12 nuclear units currently under construction
History Projections
“The number of people without access to electricity is 1.3 billion, around 20% of the world’s population.” - World Energy Outlook 2011
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World Overview Energy-related Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Global emissions Mainly from power
sector 14% increase in
emissions by 2020 19% increase in
emissions by 2030
United States ranked #1 contributor- now #2
China ranked #1 contributor
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Potential supply-side solutions to the Energy Problem (Steve Chu list) •Oil
•Coal, tar sands, shale oil, … • Gas • Fission (nuclear) • Wind • Solar photocells • Bio-mass
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Reactors Under Construction or Planned
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China
Russia
India
USA
Japan
S. Korea
UAE
Ukraine
China, Taiwan
Argentina
Iran
Pakistan
France
Slovakia
Brazil
FinlandSources: International Atomic Energy Agency and project sponsors for units under construction and World Nuclear Association for units on order or planned. *Chart includes only countries with units under construction. **Countries planning new units are not all included in the chart. Planned units = Approvals, funding or major commitment in place, mostly expected in operation within 8-10 years.
Totals: 68 units under construction* 160 units on order or planned**
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Tianwan
★Beijing
Daya Bay Ling’ao I,II
Shanghai
Taohuajiang
Xianning
Pengze
24 units under permission
17 units in operation
Fangjiashan
Changjiang
Ningde
Fuqing
Yangjiang Taishan (EPR)
Sanmen
Haiyang
Hongyanhe
Fangchenggang
28 units under construction
Jingyu
Luoyang
Peng’an
Fuling Changde
Baiyin
Xudabao Donggan
Xuyu
Wenzhou
Zhangzhou Lufeng
Wuhu
Jiyang
Sanming
Fengdu
More than 80 units proposed -9-
Overview NPPs Distribution in mainland China
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Unbalanced Energy Supply Structure Pressure from GHG Emission
Risks of Oil and Gas Supply
China - Challenge and Strategy
Sustainable increase of demand on electricity Public challenges of nuclear due to
the Fukushima accident
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Fuqing Plant Site in China (six units)
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Background -Uranium Fuel -Plant Design -Land Use -Public Safety -Plant Security
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Uranium Fuel – Processing
• Mining and Milling Uranium Oxide
• Conversion and Enrichment – Uranium Hexafluoride – Isotopes of Uranium U-238 and U-235 – U-238 – accounts for more than 99 percent – U-235 – less than 1% of uranium by weight (1% is
increased to 3-5%)
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Uranium Fuel – Ceramic Pellets
Contain as much energy as: - 17,000 cubic feet of natural gas - 1,780 pounds of coal - 149 gallons of oil
Quarter for scale purpose only
Uranium fuel pellets are the size of a fingertip.
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Uranium Fuel – Fuel Rods and Assemblies
• Pellets are placed and sealed inside metal tubes called fuel rods
• Rods are grouped in bundles and form a fuel assembly – 14 feet tall
• Multiple assemblies power a reactor for 36 to 54 months
• Refueling occurs about every two years
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Uranium Fuel – Nuclear Fission Process
The fission process occurs when atoms are split in a controlled reaction producing large amounts of heat.
The heat turns into steam which drives a turbine to produce electricity.
Neutron
Fission Fragment
Neutrons
Fission Fragment
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Uranium Fuel – Used Fuel Storage
Used fuel is a solid material safely and securely stored at nuclear plant sites.
Step 1 - Spent Fuel Pool
Step 2 – Dry Cask Storage
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Uranium Fuel – Availability
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Glenn T. Seaborg – Nobel Laureate from CA
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Madame Marie Curie --- 1st Nobel Prize 1911
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Background -Uranium Fuel
-Plant Design -Land Use -Public Safety -Plant Security
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Plant Design – How a Nuclear Plant Works
Pressurized Water Reactor
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Plant Design – Safety Systems
• Nuclear power plants have multiple back-up safety systems, including automatic shutdowns • Multiple safety barriers - containment
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Plant Design – Addressing the Environment
• Air – No emission of greenhouse gases – U.S. plants displace 680 million metric tons of CO2/yr – Equivalent to 131 million passenger cars/yr
• Water (once-through cooling) – Marine environment protective measures
• Solid Waste – Used fuel – safely and securely stored, fully contained – Long-lived
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Plant Design - Life Cycle CO2 Emissions Analyses
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Plant Design – U.S. Emission-Free Power Sources
Nuclear 72%
Hydro 21%
Renewables 7%
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Plant Design – Intake and Discharge Structures
“Marine environment effects are fully mitigated.” – Coastal Commission
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Plant Design - Environmental Care
Wheeler North Giant Kelp Reef 171-acre artificial reef off San Clemente Adds significant marine habitat Creates marine habitat for as many as 50 varieties of fish and invertebrates Increases recreational opportunities Cost - $46 million
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Plant Design - Environmental Care
Creates more than 150 acres of coastal wetlands
Restores tidal flows, natural habitat and vegetation
Protects the wetlands from flood-borne sediment buildup
Significantly increases fish and wildlife
Cost - $90 million
San Dieguito Wetland Restoration
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Fukushima Daiichi (Plant I) March 2011 Unit I - GE Mark I BWR (439 MW), Operating since 1971 Unit II-IV - GE Mark I BWR (760 MW), Operating since 1974
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Lessons Learned by Japan
• Earthquake design basis adequate
• Tsunami design basis and emergency planning insufficient for NPP and other key infrastructure
• Must diversify, increase and secure onsite power supply to avoid core damage
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U.S. Industry Post-Fukushima Actions
Plus Industry Response Capability and Filtering Strategy
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Perspective
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Background -Uranium Fuel -Plant Design
-Land Use -Public Safety -Plant Security
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Land Use – Requirements
Land required for 1000 megawatts:
-Nuclear … 1,000 acres (operates at 90% capacity factor)
-Solar … 10,000 acres -Wind … 50,000 acres
• Both wind and solar are intermittent resources (operate at approx. 30% capacity factor) • Need gas-fired back-up for grid reliability
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Background -Uranium Fuel -Plant Design -Land Use
-Public Safety -Plant Security
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Public Safety – Top Priority
• Power plants have multiple barriers
• Redundant and diverse plant safety systems
• NRC is effective regulator
• Additional industry oversight
• Highly-trained personnel and licensed operators
• Procedural compliance
Safety is highest priority for nuclear power plants.
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Background -Uranium Fuel -Plant Design -Land Use -Public Safety
-Plant Security
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Plant Security – Extensive Protective Measures
Nuclear plants are among the most secure and safest industrial facilities in the nation.
• Physical security measures – multiple access barriers • Armed security forces • Plant and perimeter surveillance • Intrusion detection systems • Access systems • Coordination with federal, state, local and intelligence authorities • NRC inspections and drills
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Performance -Capacity Factors (90% industry average) -Production Costs -Fuel Costs
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Performance – Fuel Cost Impact
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Status and Outlook - -Demand Growth -U.S. and California Generation -License Renewal for Existing U.S. Plants -Potential for New U.S. Plants
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Status – United States
Nuclear Power Plants
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Status – U.S. Portfolio Mix
Coal 49%
Renewables 3% Hydro 6%
Nuclear 20%
Natural Gas 21%
Oil 1% Source: Global Energy Decisions/Energy Information Administration 2008
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Status – California Portfolio Mix
Renewables 6%
Geothermal 6%
Coal 17%
Nuclear 15%
Natural Gas 44%
Large Hydro 12%
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Nuclear Generation
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Hydro Generation
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Fossil Generation
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Renewables: Solar, Wind, Geothermal, Biomass
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Outlook – New U.S. Plants
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New Reactor Projects In The U.S.
Vogtle 3 & 4 2,200 workers now on the project
3,000 during peak construction
600 to 800 permanent jobs when the new reactors are operating
V.C. Summer 2 & 3 1,000 workers now on the project 3,000 during peak construction 600 to 800 permanent jobs when
the new reactors are operating
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Challenges -Overview -High Capital Costs -Facts About Used Fuel
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Challenges - Overview
• High capital costs ($10-15 billion)
• Used fuel issue
• Availability of nuclear qualified components
• Availability of skilled personnel
• Lengthy licensing and construction schedule
• Cost and schedule performance
• Anti-nuclear resistance/concerns/misunderstandings
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Summary
Current plants:
• Operate safely
• Continued operation is cost-effective
• Baseload plants have a high-capacity factor
• Environmental benefits – essentially zero greenhouse gas emissions
• Used fuel fully contained and safely stored
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Summary Potential for new U.S. plants:
• Attractive attributes
-Avoids GHG emissions -Baseload power 24/7 with high
reliability -Relative security/stability of fuel
supply
• Significant challenges
-High capital cost -Understanding the used fuel
issue