Nsn Sdh Dwdm Ethernet Training

SDH TechnologyBhavik JoshiSenior Engineer Technical SupportEmail: [email protected]: +91-9821448943

PDH - Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

© 2008 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION3

Plesio means = nearly

Chronous means= Timing

Plesiochronous –“Almost synchronous, because bits are stuffed into the frames as padding and the calls (signal) location varies slightly - jitters - from frame to frame"

PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)


PDH Systems Worldwide

2048 kbit/s2048 kbit/s

64 kbit/s64 kbit/s

x 4

x 30/31x 24

x 3

x 7x 5

x 3

Japan USA Europe

primary rate

2. order

3.

4.

5.


x 3


397200 kbit/s397200 kbit/s

x 4

x 4


139264 kbit/s139264 kbit/s

x 4

564992 kbit/s564992 kbit/s

x 4



274176 kbit/s274176 kbit/s

x 6



x 4


PDH Multiplex / Demultiplex

139264 kbit/s (+/-15ppm)

64 kbit/sData Signals

15 kHzSound ProgramSignals

1

2048 kbit/s (+/-50ppm)

8448 kbit/s (+/-30ppm)

34 368 kbit/s (+/-20ppm)

64 Channel Capacity:64 x 30 = 1920

0.3 to 3.1 kHzAF signals

DSMX34/140

DSMX8/34

DSMX2/8

1

30

DSMX64k/2

1

30

PCMX 30

1

PCMX 30

5

1

30

4

1

4


OLTU

34 - 140

8 - 34

2 - 8

OLTU

34 - 140

8 - 34

2 - 8

OLTU

34 - 140

8 - 34

2 - 8

OLTU

34 - 140

8 - 34

2 - 8

main

stand-by

140 Mbit/s 140 Mbit/s

Line TerminatingUnit

Line Terminating Unit

Drop & Insert Station

1,2 ................. 64 1,2 ................. 64

Plesiochronous Drop & Insert


Plesiochronous Hierarchy based on 2Mbps primary rates permits multiplexing up to 140Mbps respectively.

� Changing from one hierarchical level to anobher requires additional equipment.� Transmitting a multiplexed signal (34/140 Mb, etc) requires specialized equipment.� Redirection (cross-connection) of channels must be done by hand on DDFs.� Administrative connections require separate equipment to support Supervision and protection switching.� Compatibility of transmission and administrative signals between different vendor may give trouble.

Disadvantages of PDH

SDH – Synchronous Digital Hierarchy


� Need Extensive network management capability within the hierarchy.

� Standard interfaces between equipment.

� Need Inter-working between north American and European systems.

� Facilities to add or drop tributaries directly from a high speed signal.

� Need Standardization of equipment management process.

Needs of SDH


Why SDH ?

� Simple Drop & Insert of traffic channels(direct access to lower level systems without synchronization)

� Simpler multiplexing(low SDH level can be directly identified from higher SDH level)

� Allows mixing of ANSI and ETSI PDH systems

� SDH is open for new applications (It can carry PDH, ATM, HDTV, Ethernet, MAN, IP...)

� SDH provides TMN (ECCs)(for centralized network control)


Synchronous Network Structure

2Mbit/s34Mbit/s

140Mbit/sSTM-1

STM-4

STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET

TM

DXC

ADMADMATMSwitch

STM-4/-16/-642Mbit/s

34Mbit/s

140Mbit/s

STM-1

LAN

2Mbit/s

ADM

STM-1

STM-1, STM-4

2Mbit/s

8Mbit/s34Mbit/s

140Mbit/s

ADM : Add Drop MultiplexerDXC : Digital Cross ConnectTM : Terminal MultiplexerDSC: Digital Switching CenterLAN: Local Area Network

DSC


Path Denominations

VC-2VC-1

VC-4VC-3VC-12

VC-4VC-3

VC-2VC-1

VC-4 VC-3 VC-12

VC-4VC-3

RegS

M X

S M

X

MultiplexSection

RegeneratorSections

Higher Order Path

Lower Order Path

STM-nRSOH

STM-nRSOH

STM-n MSOH

VC-4/3 POH

VC-1/2/3 POH


Bit Rates, Frame Structure and Interfaces in SDH

P

O

H

RSOH

Pointer

MSOH

Payload


E4: 139.264 kbit/s

DS3: 44.736 kbit/sE3 : 34.368 kbit/s

AUG C-4

TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3

C-3AU-3

x1

x3

x7

x7

x3

x1

STM-NSTS-3N

AU-4STS-3C

VC-4STS-3C

SPE

STS-1

VC-3STS-1SPE

TUG-2VT

group

x3

xN

x1

x4

DS1: 1.544 kbit/sTU-11 VC-11

C-11VT-1.5 VT-SPE

E1: 2.048 kbit/sTU-12 VC-12

C-12VT-2 VT-SPE

SDH

SONET

ITU-T G.707

BELLCORE GR.253ANSI T1.105

ATM: 149.760 kbit/s

ATM: 48,384 kbit/s

DS2: 6.312 kbit/sTU-2 VC-2

C-2VT-6 VT-SPE

x1

STM-0STS-1

SDH and SONET are International Standards


RSOH: Regenerator section overheadMSOH: Multiplex section overheadPayload: Area for information transport

Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/sFrame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/sFrame repetition time: 125 µs

1

3

5

9

4

270

270 Columns (Bytes)

1 9transmitrow by row

RSOH

MSOH

AU Pointer Payload(transport capacity)

STM-1 Frame Structure


PAYLOAD CONTAINERPOH

RSOH

POINTER

MSOH

1 9 10 2701

3

4

9

PAYLOAD CONTAINER: 9 (Rows) * 260 (Columns) * 64Kbps = 149.76 Mbps

POH: 9 (Rows) * 1 (Column ) * 64 Kbps = 0.576 Mbps

RSOH: 3 (Rows) * 9 (Columns) * 64 Kbps = 1.728 Mbps

MSOH: 5 (Rows) * 9 (Columns) * 64 Kbps = 2.880 Mbps

SDH Frame Structure

Frame Repetition Time is 125us


CC--44



VCVC--44

CC--44

VC

VC

-- 4 P

OH

4 P

OH



AUAU PointerPointer

AUAU--44

VCVC--44

CC--44

VC

VC

-- 4 P

OH

4 P

OH



1

3

5

9

4

270270 Columns (Bytes)

1 9

RSOHRSOH AUAU--44

MSOHMSOH

AUAU PointerPointerVCVC--44

VC

VC

-- 4 P

OH

4 P

OH

CC--44



ContainerContainer

Virtual ContainerVirtual Container

Administrative UnitAdministrative Unit

Synchronous Transport ModuleSynchronous Transport Module

Path Overhead

Pointer

Section Overhead

Plesiochronous signal 140Mbit/s

C4

VC-4

AU-4

STM-1

The way of integrating PDH signals into STM-1


12341234123412 . . . .

11111

22222

33333

44444

STM-1 #1

STM-1 #2

STM-1 #3

STM-1 #4

STM-4

�The STM-4/16/64 bit rate is obtained as integer multiples of the STM-1 tributary bit rate.

�Clock offset at the tributary side is taken into consideration by pointer adaptation on the STM-n output signal.

B1B2

B1B2

SOH termination New SOH

Higher SDH Bitrates


STM-4 SOH

A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 Z0 X X X X X X X X

B1 E1 F1 X X X X X X X X X X X X

D1 D2 D3 X

D4

B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D7

D10

S1 M1 E2 X X X X X X X X X X X X

D5

D8

D11

D12

D9

D5

36 bytes

B1 and B2 bytes are being recalculatedBytes E1, F1, K1, K2, D1 to D3 and D4 to D12 are taken from tributary #1

A U Pointers

Payload

#1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4



Basic Elements of SDH


J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1

V5J2N2K4

AU - PTR

VC-3/4 POH

VC-11/12/ 2 POH

STM-1 SOH

Media dependent bytesX Reserved for national use

SOH: Section overheadPOH: Path overhead

The overheads (SOH, POH) are used for maintenance and supervision of the SDH transmission network.

RSOH

MSOH Payload

P O

H

Pointer

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X

D1 D2 D3

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12 S1 M 1 E2 X X

B1 E1 F1 X X

H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

Embedded Overhead Bytes


� Parity check(B1 calculated by regenerator and multiplexers)

� Data communication channels(D1...D3, F1 between regenerators)

� Voice communication channels(E1 between regenerators)

� Frame Alignment(A1, A2)

� Section Trace(J0 Identfication of regenerator source)

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 B1 E1 F1D1 D2 D3

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2D4 D5 D6D7 D8 D9D10 D11 D12S1 M1 E2

AU - Pointer

Functions of Regenerator Section Overhead


� Parity check (B2)

� Alarm information (K2)

� Remote error indication (M1,K2)

� Automatic protection switching(K1, K2 Bytes)

� Data communication channels(D4 to D12 between multiplexers)

� Clock source information (S1)

� Voice communications channels(E2 between multiplexers)

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 B1 E1 F1D1 D2 D3

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2D4 D5 D6D7 D8 D9D10 D11 D12S1 M1 E2

AU - Pointer

Functions of Multiplexer Section Overhead


�Parity checkB3, V5/ BIP-2 calculated by path terminating point

�Alarm and performance information(V5, G1)

�Structure of the VCSignal label C2

� Multiframe indication for TUs (H4)

� User communications channelbetween path elements (F2, F3)

� Identification of the Path Source(Path Trace J1, J2)

J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K4N1

V5J2N2K4

VC-3/4 POH

VC-11/12/2 POH

Functions of Path Overhead


Higher-Order POH Functions (VC-3, VC-4)

Path error monitor (B3) BIP-8Path status report (G1) REI (Remote Error Indication)

count of error (BIP-8 results)RDI (Remote Defect Indication)

receiving path AIS, signal failurepath trace mismatch

Path trace (J1) verification of VC connectionuser programmable, 15 characters

Signal label (C2) indication of VC compositionunequipped, equipped-non-specific,TUG structure, locked TU, ATM,async. 34M or 45M, async. 140M,MAN (DQDB), FDDI

Path user channels (F2, F3) 64 kb/s clear channelsAPS signaling (K3) automatic protection switching at the

higher order path levelPosition indicator (H4) multiframe position for the VC-1, VC-2Network operator byte (N1) for tandem connection maintenance

REI; formerly FEBE (Far End Block Error), RDI; formerly FERF (Far End Receive Failure)

J1

B3

C2

G1F2

H4

F3

K3N1

VC-3 / VC-4payload

VC-3 / VC-4


Functions of Lower Order POH (VC-1x, VC-2)

K4

N2

J2

V5

500µs

125µs

REI RFI RDI1 2 4 5 6 7 83

Signal LabelBIP-2

V5 byte

Path error monitor (V5) BIP-2Path status report (V5) REI (Remote Error Indication)

count of error (BIP-2 results)RFI (Remote Failure Indication)RDI (Remote Defect Indication)

receiving path AIS, signal failure

Signal label (V5) indication of VC compositionunequipped, equipped-non-specific,asynchronous, bit synchronous,byte synchronous, equipped-unused

Path access point identifier (J2) verification of VC connectionuser programmable, 15 characters

Network operator byte (N2) for tandem connection maintenanceAPS signaling (K4) automatic protection switching at the

lower order path level

REI ; former FEBE (Far End Block Error)RDI ; former FERF (Far End Receive Failure)RFI ; formerly this bit was assigned to Path Trace

VC

-1x

/VC

-2


Frame Areas Covered by Parity Bytes

RSOH

MSOH

Payload

B1:- Supervision of the whole STM-1 frame

- Covers the regeneratorsections of a trans-mission system

B2:- Covers the multiplexsections (from networknode to network node)

B3:- Covers the transmissionpaths from beginning tothe end (tributary totributary)

RSOH

MSOH

PayloadPayload

RSOH

MSOH

Parity bytes providing a means to supervise the transmission quality of a life STM-N signal !

PayloadAU-PTR


The pointer technology provides a means to accommodate timing differences at SDHnetworks.The pointer indicates the start of the payload within a STM-1frame.

AU-Pointer

1

9

TU-PTR

VC

-4 P

OH

VC-12POH

VC-12

VC-4

STM-1

Pointers


H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

Opportunity fornegative stuffing(more capacity)

Pointerinc/decIDIDIDID

NDF,mapping struc,pointer inc/dec

J1

C4 payload

N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D

H1 byte H2 byte

0 1 1 01 0 0 1

1 00 1

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

1 0 0 1 S S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Opportunity forpositive stuffing(less capacity)

Pointer interpretation :

New data flag (NDF) disabled :New data flag enabled :AU/TU type AU-4/TU-3 :AU/TU type AU-3/TU-3 :AU-4 pointer 0...782 :TU-3 pointer 0...764 :Null pointer indication (NPI)

Use of the AU-4 Pointer Area, Coding


Negative Justification

Pointer with inverted D bits

RSOH

MSOH

H1 H2 H3

RSOH

MSOH

H1 H2 H3

RSOH

MSOH

H1 H2

RSOH

MSOH

H1 H2 H3

125µs

250µs

375µs

500µs

Start of VC-4

negative justification byte (data)

New pointer

Actual pointer


Pointer justification

frame n-1

AU-Pointerframe n

AU-Pointerframe n+1

SDH Network Elements


IP

SDH Layer Model

PDHATMSDHSDH

multiplexermultiplexer

SDHSDHRegeneratorRegenerator

##CrossCross--connectconnect

SDHSDHmultiplexermultiplexerSDH SDH SDH

PDHATMIP

Regenerator Section

Regenerator Section

Multiplex SectionMultiplex Section

Path

General view of Path Section designations


Elements of SDH Network

� Regenerator (Reg.)

� Terminal Multiplexer (TM)

� Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

� Digital Cross Connect (DXC)


SDH Regenerator

STM-N STM-NApplications: Line Signal Regenerationin Point-to-Point and RingNetworks

Terminal Multiplexer

STM-NPDH & STM-MTributariesM<N

Applications:Point-to-Point, TransmissionSystems (STM-1, STM-4, STM-16, STM-64)

SDH Network Elements

Regenerator, Amplifies the optical signal after converting back to electrical and generates a new optical signal of the same format Reshaping & timing of data stream


STM-1/4STM-1/4

Tributary Ports : n x 2 Mbit/s ( 34 Mbit/s)

ADM

......

WEST EAST

Add Drop Multiplexer

The Add And Drop Multiplexer (ADM) passes the (high rate) STM-n through from his

one side to the other and has the ability to drop or add any (low rate) tributary. The

ADM used in all topologies


16x16x

4x 4x

VC11

34

2

SDH Multiplexer

VC 4VC 3

VC 12

2.4 Gbit/s

622 Mbit/s

2.4 Gbit/s

622 Mbit/s

140 Mbit/s

34 (45)Mbit/s

2 (1.5)Mbit/s

140 Mbit/s

34 (45)Mbit/s

2 (1.5)Mbit/s

155 Mbit/s155 Mbit/s

VC12

VC3

140VC4

VC12

VC3

1402

2VC12

VC122

2140

VC12

22

3434

22

VC12

140 Mbit/s

34 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s

140 Mbit/s

VC4140

155 VC4

155 Mbit/s

Synchronous Cross Connect


Digital Cross Connect:

�A digital cross connect is an equipment which has the capability of interconnecting tributaries

�An Agg to Agg connection, a trib to aggregate connection and a tributary to tributary connection is also possible in case of a Digital Cross Connect

Digital Cross Connect (DXC)


SDH Network Topologies

PointPoint--toto--Point NetworkPoint Network

Chain Network Chain Network

TerminalMultiplexer

(TM)

TerminalMultiplexer

(TM)Regenerator

Trib

utar

ies

Trib

utar

ies

TerminalMultiplexer

(TM)

TerminalMultiplexer

(TM)

Add DropMultiplexer

(ADM) Trib

utar

ies

Trib

utar

ies


Ring Network

Add DropMultiplexer

(ADM)

Add DropMultiplexer

(ADM)

Add

Drop

Mul

tiple

xer

(ADM

)

Add DropMultiplexer

(ADM)

Add DropMultiplexer

(ADM)

Add DropM

ultiplexer(ADM

)

Trib

utar

ies

Trib

utar

ies

Tributaries Tributaries

TributariesTributaries


2Mbit/s34Mbit/s

140Mbit/sSTM-1

STM-4SDH

STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET

TM

DXC

ADMADMATM

Switch

STM-4/-162Mbit/s

34Mbit/s

140Mbit/s

STM-1

LAN

2Mbit/s

ADM

STM-1

STM-1, STM-4

2Mbit/s

8Mbit/s

34Mbit/s

140Mbit/s

ADM : Add Drop MultiplexerDXC : Digital Cross ConnectTM : Terminal Multiplexer

Hybrid Networks Connect Old and New Technologies


LOS Loss Of Signal LOS Loss Of Signal TSE Test Sequence Error (Bit Err.) TSE Test Sequence ErrorLSS Loss of Sequence Synchron. LSS Loss of Sequence Synchr.LTI Loss of incoming Timing Ref. LTI Loss of inc. TimingRefOOF Out Of Frame OOF Out Of FrameLOF Loss Of Frame LOF Loss Of FrameB1 Regenerator Section BIP Err. B1 Section BIP ErrorsB2 Multiplex Section BIP Err. B2 Line BIP ErrorsMS-AIS Multiplex Section AIS AIS-L Line AISMS-RDI Mux Sect. Remote Defect Ind. RDI-L Line remote Defect Ind.MS-REI Mux Sect. Remote Errro Ind. REI-L Line Remote Error Ind.AU-LOP Loss Of AU Pointer LOP-P SP Loss Of PointerAU-NDF New Data Flag AU Pointer NDF-P SP New Data FlagAU-AIS AU Alarm Ind. Signal AIS-P SP AISAU-PJE AU Pointer Just. EventB3 HO Path BIP Errors B3 SP BIP ErrorsHP-UNEQ HO Path Unequipped UNEQ-P SP UnequippedHP-RDI HO Path Remote Defect Ind. RDI-P SP Remote Deect. Ind.HP-REI HO Path Remote Error Ind. REI-P SP Remote ERrro Ind.

PDI-P SP Payload Defect Ind.HP-TIM HO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch TIM-P SP Trace Ident. MismatchHP-PLM HO Path Payload Label Mism. PLM-P SP Payload Label MismatchTU-LOP Loss Of TU Pointer LOP-V VP Loss Of PointerTU-NDF New Data Flag TU Pointer NDF-V VP New Data FlagTU-AIS TU AIS AIS-V VP AISTU-LOM Loss Of Multiframe LOM Loss Of MultiframeBIP-2/B3 LO Path BIP Errors UNEQ-V VP UnequippedLP-RDI LO Path Remote Defect Ind. RDI-V VP Remote Defect Ind.LP-REI LO Path Remote Error Ind. REI-V VP Remote Error Ind.LP-RFI LO Path Remote Failure Ind. RFI-V VP Remote Failure Ind.

PDI-V VP Payload Defect Ind.LP-TIM LO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch TIM-V VP Trace Ident. MismatchLP-PLM LO Path Payload Label Mism. PLM-V VP Payload Label Mism.

Mux

Sec

tM

ux S

ect ..

Phy

sP

hys .

/./ Reg

Reg

..S

ect

Sec

t ..H

ighe

rH

ighe

r Ord

erO

rder

Pat

hP

ath

Low

erLo

wer

Ord

erO

rder

Pat

hP

ath

Line

Line

(L)

(L)

STSSTS

Pat

hP

ath

(SP

)(S

P)

VTVT

Pat

hP

ath

(VP

)(V

P)

Phy

sP

hys .

/./ Sec

tion

Sec

tion

LCD Loss of Cell Delineation I.610HCOR Correctable Header ErrorsHUNC Uncorrectable Header ErrorsVP-AIS Virtual Path AIS I.610VP-RDI Virtual Path Remote Defect Indication I.610VC-AIS Virtual Channel AIS I.610VC-RDI Virtual Channel Remot Defect Indication I.610Vx-AIS Virtual Channel AIS & Virtual, Path AIS simultan. (O.191)Vx-RDI Virtual Channel RDI & Virtual, Path RDI simultan. (O.191)LOC Loss Of Continuity I.610

ATM

ATM

Pat

hP

ath

EVENTS SDHEVENTS SDH EVENTS SONETEVENTS SONET


LOS/LOFRS-TIMBIP Err.

"1"AIS

MS-AIS "1"

MS-BIP Err.MS-REI

MS-RDI

AU-AISAU-LOP

AIS

"1"

HP-UNEQ

HP-TIMHP-BIP Err.

HP-REI

HP-RDI

"1"AIS

TU-AISTU-LOP

LOM

HP-PLMLP-UNEQ

LP-TIM

LP-BIP Err.

LP-REILP-RDI

LP-PLM

"1"

"1"

"1"

AIS

AIS

RegeneratorSection

MultiplexSection

Higher OrderPath

Lower OrderPath

(J0)(B1)(K2)

(B2)(M1)

(K2)

(C2)(J1)

(B3)

(G1)

(G1)

(H4)(C2)(V5)

(J2)(V5)(V5)

(V5)(V5)

SDH Maintenance Interactions


DWDM Evolution

� A simple analogy for the history of optical networks:

It started like this….One lane, slow traffic (STM-1, STM-4)

More recent systems give you this….Faster traffic (STM-16, STM-64, 10GE), but still only one lane

With DWDM you get this…Up to 32 lanes, each running at any speed from 100Mbps to 10 Gbps


DWDM Evolution

� Early WDM (late 80s)–Two widely separated wavelengths (1310, 1550nm)

� “Second generation” WDM (early 90s)– Two to eight channels in 1550 nm window

– 400+ GHz spacing

� DWDM systems (mid 90s)–16 to 40 channels in 1550 nm window

–100 to 200 GHz spacing

� Next generation DWDM systems–64 to 160 channels in 1550 nm window

–50 and 25 GHz spacing

DWDM Fundamentals


Principal F.O. Transmission

� the electrical signal processing is according to international standards

� the convertion into the "optical freuqency band" enables to use the advantages coming up with F.O. transmission

electricalsignalprocessing

ElectricalTransmission

E / O -Conversion

ElectricalTransmission

O / E -Conversion

electricalsignalprocessing

OpticalTransmission

Fiber as transmission medium


Principles of Transmission


Increasing Network Capacity Options

Faster Electronics(TDM)

Higher bit rate, same fiberElectronics more expensive

More Fibers(SDM)

Same bit rate, more fibersSlow Time to MarketExpensive EngineeringLimited Rights of WayDuct Exhaust

WDM

Same fiber & bit rate, more λλλλsFiber CompatibilityFiber Capacity ReleaseFast Time to MarketLower Cost of OwnershipUtilizes existing TDM Equipment


WDM Basics - Introduction

� WDM – Wavelength Division Multiplexing

� The ability to use different wavelengths in a single fiber, to split and to combine them.


Why DWDM ?

a) Overcome fiber exhaust / lack of fiber availabilityproblems (Better utilization of available fiber)

d) Cost effective transmission

e) No O-E-O conversion delays

f) Wave length leasing instead of Bandwidth leasing

b) Space & Power savings at intermediate stations

c) Easier capacity expansion


Broadband ApplicationsBroadband Applications

IPIP

ATMATM

SDH / SONETSDH / SONET

Photonic layer: WDMPhotonic layer: WDM

The mainstream viewNew proposals

Future Broadband Network Layers


Point-to-point TDM

1310 nm/1550 nm TDM point-to-point connections with opto-electrical regenerators


Point-to-point WDM

Classic WDM point-to-point connection with opto-electrical regenerators


Optical Networking

TM16TM

16TM16TM

16

WD

M

TM16TM16TM16TM16

WD

M

STM-16

STM-16

STM-16

STM-16

4 * STM-16 = 10 Gb/s

TM16

TM16TM

16

WD

M

TM16

TM16TM16

STM-16

STM-16

STM-16

8 * STM-16 = 20 Gb/sILA

8 * STM-16 = 20 Gb/s WD

M

TM16

TM16TM

16

WD

M

TM16

TM16TM16

STM-16

STM-16

STM-16

32 * STM-16 = 80 Gb/s

OAD32 * STM-16 = 80 Gb/s

WD

M

8

-

-

2

1

8

-

-

2

1

32

-

-

2

1

32

-

-

2

1


Optical Fiber Amplifiers

TDM point-to-point connections with optical fiber amplifiers (OFAs)

OFA basics


DWDM basics

Transmission of multiple channels using WDM systems with 8, 16 or 32 channels (multiplexing of 2.5 Gbit/s signals)

W a n d e l & G o l t e r m a n n

A D V A N C E D N E T W O R K T E S T E R

A N T - 2 0

W a n d e l & G o l t e r m a n n

F i b e r F O X W G O F T - 1 0

Ma in

S e t

?

S t a r tS t o p


TERMTERM

TERM

Conventional TDM Transmission—10 Gbps

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

TERM

40km1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

TERM1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

TERM1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

TERM

120 km

OC-48

OA OAOA OA120 km 120 km

OC-48OC-48

OC-48

OC-48OC-48

OC-48OC-48

DWDM Transmission—10 Gbps

1 Fiber Pair4 Optical Amplifiers

Why DWDM—The Business Case

TERM

4 Fibers Pairs 32 Regenerators

40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km


WDM Classification

WDM Classification is based on the Channel spacing between 2 Wave lengths

Channel spacing > 200GHz is called CWDM

Channel spacing > 100 GHz is called WDM

Channel spacing < 100GHz is called DWDM

Channel spacing < 25GHz is called UDWDM

100 GHz is equal to 0.8 nm


Infrared Spectrum

O-Band E-Band S-Band C-Band L-Band

1260-1360nm

1360-1460nm

1460-1530nm

1530-1565nm

1565-1625nm

CWDM CWDMFuture DWDM DWDM DWDM


Wavelength allocation for DWDM(ITU-T G.692)

C-Band (1530 – 1562nm):

L-Band (1574 – 1608nm):

The channel central frequencies are allocated in equal frequency spacing of 100 GHz or 0.1 THz.

All the channel central frequencies are anchored to the 193.1 THz reference. The channel central wavelength corresponding to the reference frequency is 1552.52 nm.

Also called conventional band or 1550 band

Also called Long wavelength band or 1580nm band


(nm)

1532

.68

1533

.47

1534

.25

1535

.04

1535

.82

1536

.61

1537

.40

1538

.19

1538

.98

1539

.77

1540

.56

1541

.35

1542

.14

1542

.94

1543

.73

1544

.53

1545

.32

1546

.12

1546

.92

1547

.72

1548

.52

1549

.32

1550

.12

1550

.92

1551

.72

1552

.52

1553

.33

1554

.13

1554

.94

1555

.75

1556

.56

1557

.36

1558

.17

1558

.98

1559

.79

1560

.61

1561

.42

1562

.23

1530

.33

1531

.12

1531

.90

(THz)

195.

719

5.6

195.

519

5.4

195.

319

5.2

195.

119

5.0

194.

919

4.8

194.

719

4.6

194.

519

4.3

194.

219

4.1

194.

019

3.9

193.

819

3.7

193.

619

3.5

193.

419

3.3

193.

219

3.1

193.

019

2.9

192.

819

2.7

192.

619

2.5

192.

419

2.3

192.

219

2.1

192.

019

1.9

196.

019

5.9

195.

8C

37C

36C

35C

34C

33C

32C

31C

30C

29C

28C

27C

26C

25C

24C

23C

22C

21T

one

ch.

C20

C19

C18

C17

C16

C15

C14

C13

C12

C11

C10

C09

C08

C07

C06

C05

C04

C03

C02

C01

C40

C39

C38

Carrier wavelength

Carrier frequency

Channel number

Note 1: Optical carriers are allocated on ITU-T 100 GHz (0.1 THz) grid in Rec. G. 692.

2: Tone channel is dedicated for operation & maintenance support.

3. C13 is the Centre Wavelength

Wavelength allocation in C-Band


(nm)

1577

.03

1577

.86

1578

.69

1579

.52

1580

.35

1581

.18

1582

.02

1582

.85

1583

.69

1584

.53

1585

.36

1586

.20

1587

.04

1587

.88

1588

.73

1589

.57

1590

.41

1591

.26

1592

.10

1592

.95

1593

.79

1594

.64

1595

.49

1596

.34

1597

.19

1598

.04

1598

.89

1599

.75

1600

.60

1601

.46

1602

.31

1603

.17

1604

.03

1604

.88

1605

.74

1606

.60

1607

.47

1608

.33

1574

.54

1575

.37

1576

.20

(THz)

190.

119

0.0

189.

918

9.8

189.

718

9.6

189.

518

9.4

189.

318

9.2

189.

118

9.0

188.

918

8.8

188.

718

8.6

188.

518

8.4

188.

318

8.2

188.

118

8.0

187.

918

7.8

187.

718

7.6

187.

518

7.4

187.

318

7.2

187.

118

7.0

186.

918

6.8

186.

718

6.6

186.

518

6.4

190.

419

0.3

190.

2L0

4L0

5L0

6L0

7L0

8L0

9L1

0L1

1L1

2L1

3L1

4L1

5L1

6L1

7L1

8L1

9L2

0To

ne c

h.L2

1L2

2L2

3L2

4L2

5L2

6L2

7L2

8L2

9L3

0L3

1L3

2L3

3L3

4L3

5L3

6L3

7L3

8L3

9L4

0

L01

L02

L03

Carrier wavelength

Carrier frequency

Channel number

Note 1: Optical carriers are allocated on ITU-T 100 GHz (0.1 THz) grid in Rec. G. 692.

2: Tone channel is dedicated for operation & maintenance support.

Wavelength allocation in L-Band


Comparison of CWDM and DWDM Technologies


CWDM Channel Grid ITU-T G.694.2

1470

1490

1510

1530

1550

1570

1590

1610

1370

1390

1410

1430

1450

1350

1330

1310

1290

1270

DWDM:driven by longhaul networks, expensive, high transparency,superior scalability

CWDM:limited to Max 16/18 channels, 40-100Gbps fiber capacityremote storage, intra-enterprise, high speed data transferowned/leased fibers, local carriers


DWDM Vs CWDM

DWDM Components


Main Components in DWDM

1) Transponder

2) Omux/Odmux

3) Optical Amplifier

4) OADM5) Regenerator


Optical Multiplexer

Optical De-multiplexer

Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer(OADM)

Transponder

DWDM Components

λλλλ1

λλλλ2

λλλλ3

λλλλ1

λλλλ2

λλλλ3

850/1310850/1310850/1310850/1310 15xx

λλλλ1

λλλλ2

λλλλ3

λλλλ1...n

λλλλ1...n


Optical Amplifier(EDFA)

Optical AttenuatorVariable Optical Attenuator

Dispersion Compensator (DCM / DCU)

More DWDM Components


Multiplexer / Demultiplexer

Wavelengths Converted via Transponders

Wavelength Multiplexed Signals

DWDMMux DWDM

Demux

Wavelength Multiplexed Signals

Wavelengths separated into individual ITU Specific lambdas

Loss of power for each Lambda


VOA EDFA DCM

VOAEDFADCM

Service Mux(Muxponder)

Service Mux(Muxponder)

DWDM SYSTEM DWDM SYSTEM

Typical DWDM Network Architecture


Optical Add/Drop Filters (OADMs)

OADMs allow flexible add/drop of channels

Drop Channel

Add Channel

Drop & Insert

Pass Through loss and Add/Drop loss


Transponder

A device that takes an optical signal, performs electrical3R regeneration & re-transmits the signal in optical formIn to Wavelength grid as per G.192

It allows any Wavelength as input to DWDM

For every input Wavelength, one transponder is required

Its very useful for Wavelength leasing, as customer can Send any wavelength


2R/3R TX Transponders

2 modes: 2R/3R operation:

� 2R (Re-amplification, Re-sampling)• PDH 140 Mbit/s, 565 Mb/s• SDH STM-16, STM-4, STM-1• SONET,ATM,IP,Digital CATV)• Output signal quality depends on input quality

� 3R (Re-amplification, Re-sampling, Re-timing)• SDH STM-16• Eliminating timing jitter

(Output is a standard SDH signal)


Transponder

Transponders in Terminal

Transponders in OADM

OADM


Mux/Transponders in DWDM

PDH

ATM

GbE

SDH / SONET

SDH

TRP

TRP

TRP

TRP

MUX

SANTRP

Digital Video

TRP

Fibre

� 2.5 Gb/s

� 10Gb/s

� Full transparency

� Colored SDH I/Fs


Ethernet at Data Link LayerLayer 2


Ethernet Frame Format

� Same frame regardless of rate (10/100/Gigabit/10GigE LAN)� Variable Frame Size – must have integer number of bytes� 64 - 1518 bytes excluding Preamble and SFD� Note:

– Undersized frames : less than 64 bytes are considered as a errored frames.

– Oversized frames – Jumbos (larger than 1518 bytes or 1522 with VLAN) are considered valid

Data (46-1500)L/T (2)SA (6)DA (6) FCS (4)SFD (1)Preamble (7)


Ethernet Media Access Control (MAC)

� Preamble – Allows physical layer to detect carrier and

acquire sync (7 bytes of alternating 1’s and 0’s)� SFD - Start of Frame Delimiter

– Identifies the beginning of a frame (1 byte - 10101011)



Ethernet Media Access Control (MAC)Ethernet Frame Fields

� Addresses– DA - Destination Address– SA - Source Address– Addresses have the following format - 00-80-C7-11-2D-29– Each source address is unique– First 3 bytes are OUI (Organizational Unique Identifier), and

Last 3 bytes are vendor specific.� Length/Type Field – use depends on frame type

– 802.3 frame - indicates length of data field (<=1500)– Ethernet Type II (DIX) frame - indicates type of frame data

(>=1536)



The Ethernet Frame

� Data– The payload

� FCS - Frame Check Sequence– A 32 bit cyclic redundancy check

performed on the frame for error detection. Frames with CRC errors are discarded at receiving station


Fields used for FCS calc


Frame Types

� Unicast FrameFrame which is destined to a single destination

� Broadcast FrameFrame which is destined to all the destination on thenetworkDestination MAC Address:

FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FFBroadcast traffic can be very polluting because all thestations on the network receive it and process it

� Multicast FrameFrame which is destined to a group of destinationsDestination MAC address:

01-00-5E-xx-xx-xxMore efficient than broadcast trafficPause Flow control frame is a multicast frame


Unicast

� Unicast: Frames are sent from one device to only one other device.

� The destination address contains the MAC address of the destination


Multicast

� Multicast: Frames are sent from one device to many other devices which are part of the multicast group

� The destination address contains a multicast group address


Broadcast

� Broadcast: Frames are sent from one device to all other devices in the broadcast domain.

� The destination address is the Ethernet broadcast address of FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF


Ethernet layers 2 and 1 with IPG and IFS


IPG and IFS

� The Physical Layer rate 125 Mbps incase of 100M Ethernet Port and 1250Mbps incase of 1 GigE port.

� IPG = Idle time between the transmission of 2 consecutive frames. IPG is at least 12bytes.

� Minimum allowed IPG is 96 bit time:– 96 nanoseconds at Gigabit Ethernet rate (1000BX)– 0.96 microseconds at Fast Ethernet rate (100BT)– 9.6 microseconds at Ethernet (10BT)

� If frames are transmitted with minimum IPG the traffic is transmitted at maximum rate

� IFS : InterFrame Spacing is at least 20 bytes which includes IPG, Preamble and SFD


Frame Rate

� Ethernet Frame Data size = 64 to 1518 bytes = 512 to 12144 bits� Overhead = 7 bytes (Preamble) + 1 byte (SFD) + 96 bits (IPG) =

160 bits� Frame rate = Max data rate / (Data size + Overhead)

– If max data rate is 1 Gbps (1000B-X) and data size is 64 bytes: Frame rate = 1,488,095 Fps

– If max data rate is 100 Mbps (100B-T) and data size is 64 bytes: Frame rate = 148,809 Fps

– If max data rate is 10 Mbps (10B-T) and data size is 64 bytes: Frame rate = 14,880 Fps


Frame Rate and Efficiency

1.3 %13,003,90181,274160 bits1518 Bytes (12144 bits)

1.9 %19,157,088119,731160 bits1024 Bytes (8192 bits)

3.7 %37,593,984234,962160 bits512 Bytes (4096 bits)

13 %135,135,135844,594160 bits128 Bytes (1024 bits)

23 %238,095,2381,488,095160 bits64 Bytes (512 bits)

Percentage of bandwidth lost

Total bits lost(overhead)

Frames persecond

Overhead per frame

Data size

� If we take the example of Gigabit Ethernet we see that efficiency increases with the frame length

� It also applies to 10BaseT and 100BaseTX


Jumbo & Oversized Frames

� Data field beyond 1518 bytes – up to 65535 bytes (vendor dependent)

� 1518 bytes frame �98.7 % Efficiency

� 9018 data bytes �99.97% Efficiency

� Why Jumbo then?– Increase efficiency– Decrease CPU time

� FCS becomes less efficient for frames above 12000 bytes


Jumbo Frames

� MAC Frame Structure

Ethernet Variante II Frame

0-9000 7

SD

L

Typ Source

AddressDataFCS Preamble

16624

Length46-9000 0x0600 - FFFF

0x0800 = IP

Frame: 64 - 9018 Bytes

DestinationAddress


Runts and Undersized Frames

� RUNT: A frame that is greater than 2 bytes and less than 64 bytes, it has an SFD and a bad FCS (CRC error). Generally fragments are caused by collisions, but may be caused by faulty network equipment (e.g. network adapters, hubs, etc.) Fragments are everyday occurrences on moderately to heavily utilized networks.

� Undersize frame: The frame which frame size is less than 64 bytes but there is no FCS Error.

� Similarly Jabber and Oversized frame

Nsn Sdh Dwdm Ethernet Training

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