
0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.004.505.00

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Non-Realtime

Realtime

Voice

Traffic growth scenario

~60/20/20 % traffic reference: best effort packet/ CS-voice/ RT packet data)

'application' bits over Air interface

Optimized architectur

e/ products for these worlds ?

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Background

Interactive

Streaming

Video calls

CS Data

Rich Call

IP Voice

CS Voice

Bits/s BH / userMBytes / user / day


Upgrades to Nokia UltraSite and MetroSite

EDGE / WCDMA Base

Stations

IP / ATM / MPLS transport

Nokia RN Gateway

Nokia CS Gateway

Iu-ps

A and Iu-cs

Gb

MultimodeAll-IP Base StationGSM/EDGE/WCDMA WLAN

Nokia distributed All-IP RAN architecture

• Multiradio architecture, with multimode All-IP BTS

• User plane and Control plane separated to allow optimised handling

• Dynamic association between BTS and Radio Access Servers

• Radio interface performance critical functions located in the BTS, close to radio

• Transport optimised by relocating functionalities

Nokia FlexiServer

Radio NW

Access Server

Common Radio

Resource Server

O&M Server


Core Network Gateways

RNGW: RAN Gateway

RNAS

RNAS: RAN Access Server

CSGW: Circuit Switched Gateway

RNASRadio Network Access Server is the control plane gateway for RAN-external signaling.• Micromobility anchor for Cplane (terminates the signaling bearer connections, and relays L3 messages)• Paging Server• O&M of CN interface (reset, overload)• RNGW and CSGW control

CSGWCircuit Switched Gateway is the user plane gateway for non IP traffic • ATM to IP interworking (Iu-CS and Iur, both Cplane and Uplane• PCM to IP Interworking (A, Uplane and Cplane)• Transcoding• Micromobility anchor for A and Iu-CS Uplane

RNGWRAN Gateway is the user plane gateway for IP traffic. • Micromobility anchor for Iu-PS Uplane • Firewall t.b.d.

IuPS Uplane

IuPS Cplane

Iu-CS

A

RNGW Ctrl

CSGW Ctrl

BSSAP/RANAP relay

A/IP, Iu-CS/IPBSGW UC

FBSGW

Iu-PSIu-PS

BSSAP'/ RANAP'

Ctrl

Platform: FlexiServ

er

Platform: IP740

Platform: IPA2800


RAN Common Servers

CRMSCommon Radio Resource Management Server performs RAN Wide Radio Resource Management (inter cell/layers/system)• Load sharing• Policy Management• Autotuning for load sharing between layer

Common ResourceManagement Server O&M Server Serving Mobile

Location Centre

OMSO&M Servers performs RAN O&M functions• Connection to OSS• Logical O&M• System Info Broadcast• Configuration Manag.• Performance Manag.• Fault Manag.• Autotuning features

SMLCServing Mobile Location Center performs UE Positioning Calculations• Support of multiple positioning methods• Support of positioning request through 2G and 3G core• LMU control and O&M

Platform: FlexiServer


UCF BSGW

UE Control Function•Termination of the CN signalling•Radio signalling (RR, RRC)•RAB Admission control•Handover control•Initialisation of dedicated resources in the network

Base Station Gateway•Termination of CN interface user plane•PDCP, RLC, MAC-d• MDC (Soft Handoff)•Ciphering

CN Cplane

CN Uplane

CRS CGW

All-IP BTS

External Iur: one UE may use UCF/BSGW in Serving BTS, and CRS/CGW(L1) in drift BTS

BTS L1

BTS L1: Same functionality of Rel'99 BTS and Node B

Cell Resource Server•GRR protocol•Radio Admission control•Channel allocation and resource reservation•Load Control

Cell Gateway•GERAN PCU•WCDMA PS for shared and HS data channel•Retransmission

(Iub / Abis)

LMU

Location Measurement UnitCould be external to the IP BTS

SMLC

RRO&M

BS O&M•Termination of logical O&M interface•Implementation specific O&M

OMSULTRA upgrade


All-IP RAN products


High level BTS integration

Example configuration• 3 sectored 2+2+2 solution• 384 code channels• multi-mode upgradeable

Expansion slots


Comparision, RNC functionality in IP RAN

RNC

• Assumptions based on Peritus y. 2008

• PS traffic: 12174 Mbit/s• CS tarffic: 4870 Mbit/s• subscribers: 13,6 M

• -> 168 rack s RNCs ( or 676 racks BSS11 BSC )

• -> 5 racks RNAS • -> 30 racks CSGW• -> 15 racks RNGW

• = 50 racks with IP RAN

CSGW

RNCRNC

RNCRNC

RNCRNC

RNCRNC

RNCRNC

RNCRNC

RNCRNC

RNC

RNAS RNGW

RNGW CSGWCSGW

One rack = 10 racks


All-IP Indoor Supreme BTS

MAF

MTP

MSU

MIM

MFE

MRS

MUP

MAM

FAN

MEA + MCI

RF Units – Mode specific

Common Multi-radio digital units

• Dimensions H x W x D 1800 x 600 x 600 mm• Operating temperature range -40 … +50 C • Mains Supply -48 VDC or 230 VAC

High Capacity All-IP BTS • Supports 1-9 sectored solutions• up to 36 WCDMA carriers per cabinet• up to 1152 code channels per cabinet• multi-mode capable with All-IP RAN rel. 2• ideal for multi-operator RAN• full support for Nokia Smart Radio Concept• ideal for indoor installations• Co-siting with existing BTS sites


All-IP Outdoor Compact BTS

MAF

MTP

MSU

MIM

MRS

MUP

MAM

MFE

MEA + MCI

FAN

• Dimensions H x W x D 1500 x 770 x 770 mm• Operating temperature range -40 … +50 C • Mains Supply -48 VDC or 230 VAC

High Capacity All-IP BTS • Supports 1-9 sectored solutions• up to 36 WCDMA carriers per cabinet• up to 1152 code channels per cabinet• multi-mode capable with All-IP RAN rel. 2• ideal for multi-operator RAN• full support for Nokia Smart Radio Concept• ideal for outdoor installations• Co-siting with existing BTS sites• minimized site requirements due to small size• unobtrusive in roof top installations due to low cabinet height


All-IP Upgrade to Ultrasite WCDMA BTS

Base station (BTS) software upgrade for new functionality:• Iub over IP in R4 network

• All-IP RAN BTS in R5

Transport upgrade:• new IP router unit (IRIS),

• reuse of RAN1/RAN2 IFUs (IP over ATM), or

• introduction of new IP IFUs (no ATM)

WIC

WPA

WAF

WSC

IRIS

WFA WSM

WSP x 6

WAM x 2

WPS

WTR

IFU x 5


HDD

OMS

RNAS

SMLC

CRMS

OMS+RNAS+CRMS+SMLC

( ca. 3 Msubs )

OMS+RNAS+CRMS

( ca. 1.5M subs )

OMS+SMLC

(ca. 1.5M subs)

All-IP RAN Server Configurations - Examples

• Flexible configuration of nodes to different server applications; max. 44 nodes per rack

• Connectivity to 1000 IP-BTS, max. 6000 IP-RAN cells; Capacities/node estimates with current call-mix assumptions for 2008: RNAS 150k subs, CRMS: 250k subs, SMLC: 375k subs

OMS+CRMS

( ca. 1M subs )


CabinetChassis

Up to 12 CPU slots

IP Director CPU

2 x LAN switches & Fiber Channel

hubs,System mgt

functions

Fan tray,displaypanel

All-IP RAN Servers - Server Blades HW

• 9/11/12 nodes per subrack, two CPUs per node => 88 CPUs per rack

• duplicated IP director per rack (one IP address, or very few addresses, visible to external network)

• Pair of disks per rack (exact location in the rack FFS)

Disk Drive


RNGW

• IP740 platform

• 19" racking

• User plane throughput 44 Mbps per RNGW (200 byte packets), 150k RABs (max. 2.5k Handovers/s)

• max. 18 RNGWs per rack => 792 Mbps and 2.7M RABs per rack

Ethernet Switches- circa 3U each

RNGW- circa 2U each- up to 18 RNGWs perrack (without switches)

Ethernet Switch

Ethernet Switch


CSGW

• IPA2800 platform

• 1800 * 600 * 600 mm (H*W*D) rack

• 10 000 Iu-CS channels per rack

1 cabinet10000 channels

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SGSN

GGSN

Core Site (IP/MPLS)

All-IP RAN Servers

Inter-connects

HSS CPS MSCServer

RNC

SDH/DWDM

MGW

CSGW

LAN/WAN connectivity(IP/MPLS)

OSR

GSR

RNGW

Core Site Solution ( incl. All-IP RAN Servers )

IPATM


Simulation on All-IP RAN gains


Radio Performance gains in All-IP RAN

• Introduction / Background

• User Plane packet channel Gains

• Control Plane packet channel Gains for Packet Services

• Combined results

• Other Potential Gains

• Summary


Radio performance in All-IP RAN

All-IP BTS MobileRouter

RLC

RLC

Transport Protocol

No Iub in IP RAN -->- Smaller RLC RTT - quicker RLC retransmissions - User experiences better bit rate for

bursty traffic

-Setting up a session for a transport protocol (e.g. TCP) is quicker in IP RAN due to faster transport and smaller RLC RTT - User experiences smaller delay in setup phase.

- Transport is based on fast IP routing in IP RAN. - 'Information highway' ends in RNC in UTRAN, but lasts till IP BTS in IP RAN.- Routing of a packet from CN to IP BTS takes only few ms.


Rlc and transport protocol

RLC RLC

Transportprotocol

Mobile BTS RNC/BSC Server

Transportprotocol

UTRAN/BSS

RLC RLC

Transportprotocol

Mobile IP BTS Server

Transportprotocol

IP RAN


Control Plane Gain:No Iub interface setup time, gives faster setup of the DSCH and associated DCH

Control Plane Gain

User Plane Gain

User Plane Gain:Shorter RLC RTT gives faster transmissionof user data.

Release Timer Gain:Faster allocation time gives that the release timer can be reduced.

Release Timer Gain

All-IP RAN Gains for Packet Services

Details on the transmission of a data burst

Iub SetupScheduling,

RF meas.and pwr calc.

Transmission on DSCH ReleaseTimer

IubRelease

Transmission on DSCHRel.Timer

timeStart: Packet scheduler decides to use DSCH transmission

UTRAN

IP RANScheduling,

RF meas.and pwr calc.

Channel Allocation Time Gain:Shorter allocation time of DCH/DSCH gives higher availability of codes and increased capacity.

Minimum allocation time of channels

Channel Allocation Time Gain


User Plane Gains for Packet Services (I)

• Assumptions:• - TCP/IP traffic, e.g. web browsing, single object per page:

TCP algorithms (slow start with 1 Maximum Segment Size initial window, MSS = 1460 B, delayed TCP acknowledgement)

• - TCP session setup: 3-way handshake (3 messages, last setup message contains HTTP request)

• - RLC RTT 140 ms for UTRAN and 70 ms for IP RAN• - Block Error Rate over radio 10% • - Constant user bitrate over the radio interface• - CN RTT 65 ms (web server very close to RAN). No server

processing time.

• Experienced Bit Rate: user bits / total TX time, without DSCH/DCH allocation delay

• Gain (%): how much better experienced bit rate IP RAN gives compared to UTRAN with Iub interface

• Result evaluated for WCDMA case, similar results for GERAN


User Plane Gains for Packet Services (II)

• Gain depends, for example, on the allocated user bit rate, RLC BLER and the page size.

IP RAN Gain (%) for different page sizes, 10% BLER

0

10

20

30

40

32 64 128 256 384

Radio Channel Capacity (kbps)

%

23 kbits

46 kbits

105 kbits

296 kbits

Page sizes

• The smaller the page the more gain -> the gain in the beginning of downloading

• The bigger the user bit rate the more gain -> the big bitpipe used more efficiently in All-IP RAN


Control Plane Gains for Packet Services (I)

• The Control Plane (ex: allocation and release of radio channel, channel switch, etc) is more efficient in All-IP RAN than in UTRAN, mainly thanks to that there is no Iub interface.

• The gain from the more efficient Control Plane is especially large for packet services, due to the frequent change of state.

• Evaluation: Find the improvement in download time • for files of different sizes • for different user bit rates on the air interface • Assumption: Iub setup time=350msec, other

parameters like in previous example.


Control Plane Gains for Packet Services (II)

• Note that the above gains are found within Control Plane alone

• In general, the gain is between 10 and 30%.

• Gain is highest for small files and high bit rates

• For most common file sizes and user bit rates, the gain is about 20 - 25%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

32 64 128 256 384

Radio Channel Capacity [kbps]

De

lay

Ga

in [

%]

23

46

105

296

Page Size [kbits]


Combined User Plane and Control Plane Gains

• The combined User and Control plane results for Gain expressed in in terms of delay gains: -> DELAY REDUCTION UP TO 40 %

Page size [kbits]

0

10

20

30

40

50

32 64 128 256 384

Radio Channel Capacity [kbps]

Del

ay G

ain

[%

]

23

46

105

296


Other gains expected from optimization of RRM algorithm• Reasons:

• Measurements from UE and from IP BTS are available in the same node

• RRM algorithms are preferably located as close as possible to the radio

• Proprietary BTS measurement are available for new optimized RRM algorithms and capacity enhancing features (no need of 3GPP Iub standardization)

• Example:• Imagine that an enhanced algorithm need a new

measurement in the BTS.• In IP RAN, we implement it without waiting for 3GPP.• In UTRAN, this measurement needs to be

standardised on the Iub interface, meaning that we need to merge our proposal with the opinions from other companies.

Note that HSDPA (High Speed Packet Access) is going in the same direction as All-IP RAN:

• HSDPA scheduling moved to Node B• However, solution more complex as scheduling

for other channels are kept in the RNC.

All-IP RAN overcomes this problem!


Conclusions

• Users experience better service in All-IP RAN for packet data, with delay for the transmission of a packet reduced up to 40%

• Reduced code allocation time.

• Potential optimization of RRM algorithm without the burden of using the predefined Iub measurement


Case; transport comparision


Input parameters

•IP Router Buffer Sizes:•Leaf BTS, 30 kbytes (leaf means last BTS in the tree topology)•Other BTSs, 100 kbytes

New Basic NRT Extreme RT ExtremeVoice RT 12.2kbps Conversational 18 12 24Streaming RT 64kbps Streaming 6 0 18WWW NRT Interactive 6 12 6FTP NRT Background 6 12 0E-Mail NRT Background 6 12 6

UMTS Traffic ClassName Type

Number of Connections


2.04 Mbps

2.19 Mbps

2.05 Mbps

2.22 Mbps

2.23 Mbps9.00 Mbps

2.05 Mbps

4.70 Mbps

2.05 Mbps

2.05 Mbps

2.05 Mbps

1.92 Mbps

23.93 Mbps

2.21 Mbps

2.05 Mbps

8.61 Mbps

21.67 Mbps

2.05 Mbps

2.05 Mbps

2.05 Mbps2.05 Mbps

2.05 Mbps

2.07 Mbps2.05 Mbps

27.66 Mbps

2.05 Mbps

30.04 Mbps

DS

Rt_A2

DS

Rt_A

DS

Rt_Core

DS

Rt_B1

DS

Rt_C

DS

Rt_A1

DS

Rt_C1

DS

Rt_C3

DS

Rt_B

DS

Rt_B2

DS

Rt_B4DS

Rt_B5DS

Rt_C2

DS

Rt_F2

DS

Rt_F1

DS

Rt_G1

DS

Rt_B3

DS

Rt_E2DS

Rt_F

DS

Rt_F3

DS

Rt_E4

DS

Rt_D1

DS

Rt_E1

DS

Rt_D

DS

Rt_D2

DS

Rt_E3DS

Rt_E

DS

Rt_G

IP RAN•40% SHO OH for RT traffic only•IPv6•transport UDP/IP compressed•MDC in first starpoint


RAN 1•40% SHO OH for RT and NRT traffic•No Stat Mux gain•No centralised AAL2

4,26Mbps

4,26Mbps

4,26Mbps4,26Mbps

4,26Mbps

4,26Mbps

4,26Mbps

4,26Mbps

4,26Mbps

4,26Mbps

4,26Mbps

4,26Mbps

4,26Mbps

4,26Mbps

4,26Mbps

4,26Mbps

4,26Mbps

4,26Mbps

4,26Mbps

4,26Mbps12,78Mbps 12,78Mbps8,52Mbps

38,34Mbps

46,86Mbps

34,08Mbps

42,6Mbps


3,14Mbps

3,14Mbps

3,14Mbps3,14Mbps

3,14Mbps

3,14Mbps

3, 14Mbps

3,14Mbps

3,14Mbps

3,14Mbps

3,14Mbps

3,14Mbps

3,14Mbps

3,14Mbps

3,14Mbps

3,14Mbps

3,14Mbps

3,14Mbps

3,14Mbps

3,14Mbps9,42Mbps 9,42Mbps6,28Mbps

28.26Mbps

34.54Mbps

25,12Mbps

31.4Mbps

RAN 2•40% SHO OH for RT traffic only•Centralised AAL2


Comparisonagainst RAN1

RAN2 modest 3.14 - -IPv6 RAN 2.08 1.06 34%

Leaf BTS capacity

Savings [Mbps]

Savings [%]

RAN1 4.26 - -IPv6 RAN 2.08 2.18 51%

Leaf BTS capacity

Savings [Mbps]

Savings [%]

Comparisonagainst RAN2 ( 15 % )

Comparison• RAN2 with centralised AAL2 compared with RAN 1 saves 15% - 30% in capacity

• 15% is here refered to modest and 40% aggressive case of saving with Centralised AAL2 of RAN2

• Additional saving of RAN2 compared with RAN1 is the NRT traffic not having SHO OH


Common Radio Resource Management


Common Radio Resource Management (CRRM)

GSM/EDGEGSM/EDGE

WCDMAWCDMA

GSMGSM

WCDMAWCDMA

GSMGSM

WCDMAWCDMA

Macro

Micro

PicoGSM/EDGEGSM/EDGE

WLANWLAN WCDMAWCDMA

TDDTDD

multi-modeterminal

Better capacity & quality level• Offer higher user bit rates and lower blocking • Enable load sharing and congestion control• Distribute interference•Enable multivendor RRM interoperability

Easier operability •Simple interworking in multi-vendor / multi-system environment

Seamless integration of

radio technologies to

ensure optimum end

user performance and resource

usage


CRRM Interfaces & Function• Nokia CRRM can connect to many different radio interface technologies • New standardisation is needed for an open multivendor CRRM interface

WCDMAWCDMA

GSM/EDGEGSM/EDGE

IP-RANIP-RAN

Other..TDD, WLAN,..

Other..TDD, WLAN,..

CRRMserver

RNC

BSC

• CRRM acts as an advisor to each system when making decisions• CRRM server is also the platform for other functions eg.

• Setting idle mode parameters• Fast auto tuning

CRRM

xRAN

CRRM

xRAN

Handover Candidates

Cell Loads & QoS

Prioritized List

Set HO Parameters


CRRM Simulation Results - Summary

• CRRM is most important• for interactive connections • for high bit rate (>32 kbps) conversational and streaming connections• when large number of layers and systems are integrated

• Note: these gains are fairly ideal gains assuming no delays in signaling etc. With proper CRRM algorithms most of these gains can be obtained in practice

QoS classQoS class Capacity gain with 2 layers

Capacity gain with 2 layers

ConversationStreaming

ConversationStreaming No gainNo gain

InteractiveInteractive40%-100% depending on the required delay

40%-100% depending on the required delay

BackgroundBackground



32 kbps 3%144 kbps 10%384 kbps 30%

32 kbps 3%144 kbps 10%384 kbps 30%



Less gain than with interactiveif no delay is guaranteed

Less gain than with interactiveif no delay is guaranteed

Reason for the CRRM gainReason for the CRRM gain

Timers are needed to preventping-pong (and also useful handovers) without CRRM

Timers are needed to preventping-pong (and also useful handovers) without CRRM

No load reason inter-systemcell reselections assumed

without CRRM

No load reason inter-systemcell reselections assumed

without CRRM

nsn radio and network architecture

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