49635656 nsn-3 g-radio-planning-day2-v1-3

1 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN

3G Radio 3G Radio Network Network Planning Planning

FundamentalsFundamentals

- Day 2 -- Day 2 -

3G Radio 3G Radio Network Network Planning Planning

FundamentalsFundamentals

- Day 2 -- Day 2 -


Agenda – Day 2

• Radio Resource Management• Pre-Launch Optimisation

• Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family

• WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting

• RAN Sharing

• Multilayer Planning


Radio Resource Management- Objectives -

At the end of this module you will be able to...• List all RRM entities and explain their

function• Explain the interworking between Load

Control, Admission Control and Packet Scheduler

• Describe the different handover possibilities

• List the two most important soft handover parameters

• Describe the difference between non-controllable and controllable traffic

• Explain why LA, RA, SA and URA area planning is needed

• Explain the cell search/synchronisation procedure of the UE

• Explain how scrambling code planning affects cell search performance

• Explain the concept of group planning

• List all RRM entities and explain their function

• Explain the interworking between Load Control, Admission Control and Packet Scheduler

• Describe the different handover possibilities

• List the two most important soft handover parameters

• Describe the difference between non-controllable and controllable traffic

• Explain why LA, RA, SA and URA area planning is needed

• Explain the cell search/synchronisation procedure of the UE

• Explain how scrambling code planning affects cell search performance

• Explain the concept of group planning


NRT trafficRT traffic

Conversational Streaming Interactive Background

PS domainCS domain

Radio Resource Management UMTS Traffic Classes

• Conversational class is meant for traffic which is very delay sensitive while background class is the most delay insensitive traffic class.

• Conversational and streaming classes are mainly intended to be used to carry real time traffic flows.

• Interactive class and Background are mainly meant to be used by traditional Internet applications like WWW, Email, Telnet, FTP and News


Radio Resource ManagementRAN Data Rates

AMR speechAMR speech

Rate (kbps)Rate (kbps) 12.2012.20 10.2010.20 7.957.95 7.407.40 6.706.70 5.905.90 5.155.15 4.754.75

PS dataPS data

Rate (kbps)Rate (kbps) 512*512* 384384 320320 256256 144**144** 128128 6464 3232 1616 88

Non-transparent CS dataNon-transparent CS data

Rate (kbps)Rate (kbps) 57.657.6 28.828.8 14.414.4

Transparent CS dataTransparent CS data

Rate (kbps)Rate (kbps) 6464 33.633.6 3232 28.828.8

* RAN2 DL** RAN2

Extensive multicall capability

Maximum user data rate 384 kbps (512kbps DL in RAN2)


• Radio Resource Management (RRM) is responsible for efficient utilization of the air interface resources

• RRM is needed to maximize the radio performance• Guarantee Quality of Service (BLER, BER, delay)• Maintain the planned coverage for each service• Ensure planned capacity with low blocking• optimise the use of capacity

• RRM can be divided into• Power control• Handover control• Admission control• Load control (Congestion control)• Packet scheduling• Resource Manager

Radio Resource ManagementOverview

Iu

Iur

Iub

Iub

MS

BTS

BTS

SRNC

DRNCPower Control

Power ControlLoad Control

Admission ControlLoad Control

Admission ControlPacket SchedulerLoad ControlHandover ControlPower Control


Radio Resource Management Logical Model

• AC Admission Control

• LC Load Control

• PS Packet Scheduler

• RM Resource Manager

• PC Power Control

• HC HO Control

PC

HCConnection based functions

LC

AC

Network based functions

PS

RM


Radio Resource Management Overview of RRM Algorithms

• Power control (PC) maintains radio link level quality by adjusting the uplink and downlink powers.

• The quality requirements are tried to get with minimum transmission powers to achieve low interference in radio access network. The basic functions of WCDMA power control are:

• Open loop power control (RACH, FACH)• Fast closed loop power control (DCH, DSCH)• Outer loop power control

• Handover Control (HC) controls the active state mobility of UE in RAN.

• HC maintains the radio link quality and minimises the radio network interference by optimum cell selection in handovers. The Handover Control (HC) of the Radio Access Network (RAN) supports the following handover procedures:

• Intra-frequency soft/softer handover• Intra-frequency hard handover• Inter-frequency handover• Inter-system (GSM) handover


Radio Resource ManagementOverview of RRM Algorithms

• Admission Control (AC) decides whether a request to establish a Radio Access Bearer (RAB) is admitted in the Radio Access Network (RAN) or not.

• Admission control is used to maintain stability and to achieve high traffic capacity of RAN. The AC algorithm is executed when radio access bearer is setup or the bearer is modified. The AC measures take place as well with all kind of handovers.

• Load Control (LC) continuously updates the load information of cells controlled by RNC

• Load Control and provides this information to the AC and PS for radio resource controlling purposes. In overload situations, the LC performs the recovering actions by using the functionalities of AC, PS and HC.


Radio Resource ManagementOverview of RRM Algorithms

• Packet scheduler (PS) schedules radio resources for NRT radio access bearers both in uplink and downlink direction.

• The traffic load of cell determines the scheduled transmission capacity. The information of load caused by NRT bearers is determined by PS.

• It can be said that PS controls the NRT load when system is not in overload.

• PS also allocates and changes the bitrates of NRT bearers. PS controls both dedicated and shared channels.


Radio Resource Management Wideband Power Based RRM

• Nokia RRM has the following principles for the operation of network based algorithms, admission control, packet scheduler and load control:

• RRM is operating cell basis, i.e. operations are done for a single cell without taking neighbouring cells account.

• System load is measured based on total averaged power/ interference in a cell. In uplink it is the total received wideband interference power (PrxTotal) and in downlink it is the total transmitted power (PtxTotal).

• AC, PS and LC operations are based these two measurements.• AC, PS and LC operations are done separately for uplink and downlink.

• RRM has the ability to manage cell loading based on the total average uplink/downlink power, which has the affect of eliminating the cell shrinkage occurring due to variations in neighbour cell interference levels.

Uplink Downlink

Node B Measurement Total received wideband power PrxTotal

Total transmitted wideband power PtxTotal

RRM in RNC Keep load at PrxTraget (max)

Keep load at PrxTraget (max)


Radio Resource ManagementPower Control

• The target of the power control (PC) is to achieve the minimum signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) that is required for the sufficient quality of the connection

• Power control provides protection against large changes in shadowing, immediate response for fast changes in signal levels and interference levels (SIR). Power control is also needed to cope with the near far problem

• PC entity fulfils the radio link power related adjustment by the following basic procedures:

• Uplink open loop PC algorithm and random access procedure• PC for downlink common physical channels• Fast closed loop PC• Outer loop PC


Radio Resource ManagementPower Control Loops

• Fast Closed loop PC measures the Interference level

• Outer loop PC maintains the set quality

SRNC RNCSRNC RNC

Node B

Iub

UEUE

Fast Closed Loop PC

UL Outer

Loop PC

DL Outer

Loop PC

Immediate response tofading andfast

changes in signal and interference

levels

”Quality loop”: Maintains

the specified error rate


Radio Resource Management Power Control Loops

UL Open loop power control for initial power setting of the UE• UE performs the initial transmission power calculation with the help of received info

from RNC • path loss between Node B and UE• uplink interference level (measured by Node B) • required received C/I

• With Random Access Channel (RACH) power ramping is done with preambles• Preamble: In the beginning mobile sends low power and increases it until Node B is

able to detect it• After the initial transmission and the synchronisation procedure the fast closed loop

PC starts.

P2

Downlink / BS

RACHP1

L1 ACK / AICH

Uplink / MS

Preamble

Not detected

Message partPreamble



Fast Closed loop power control (UL/DL)• Closed loop PC mechanism aims to maintain a SIR target value

specified by outer loop PC. The SIR is measured on pilot bits of the dedicated control channel and a corresponding transmit power control (TPC) command is sent on the reverse link.

• In UL closed loop PC, the BTS measures the SIR on pilot bits of the UL DPCCH and transmits the corresponding Transmit Power Control (TPC) value on DL DCH. The UE decodes the TPC value and responds accordingly

• In DL closed loop PC UE measures the SIR value on pilots bits of the DL DPCH and transmits the corresponding TPC command on UL DPCCH.

• In Nokia RAN 1.5 the DL closed loop PC will be such that a TPC command will be generated by the UE for every time slot in a radio frame.



Outer loop power control • The outer loop PC adjusts the SIR target used by the closed loop

PC. The SIR target is independently adjusted for each connection based on the estimated quality of the connection. The initial value is provided by admission control functionality in the RNC.

• The SIR target value is to be set so that the usage of radio resources is most effective, the power is set to minimum possible, still ensuring that the quality of the connection is good enough.

• In uplink outer loop PC the RNC monitors the link quality and adjusts the new SIR target accordingly for the fast closed loop PC.

• UE takes care of the downlink outer loop PC. Downlink outer loop PC sets the SIR target for the downlink fast closed loop PC according to quality estimates of the received channel.

• Downlink outer loop PC functions are mainly located in the UE, but some control parameters, e.g. BLER target, are set by the RNC.



P1

P2

• UE1 and UE2 are transmitting on the same frequency => equalizing transmitter powers is critical ("near-far" problem)

• Optimum situation: P1 = P2 at the Node B at all times

• Different path attenuations are compensated by using power control.

• Open loop power control: UE adjusts it’s initial transmitter power according to received signal level

• Closed loop power control: Node B commands UE to increase or decrease it’s transmission power at 1.5 kHz It is based on received signal to interference ratio (SIR) estimates in Node B.

• Closed loop power control also follows the fast fading pattern at low and medium speeds (< 50 km/h)

Node BUE2

UE1TPC commands

TPC commands

if SIR > (SIR)set then "down"else "up"

UE adjusts power accordingto TPC commands


Radio Resource Management Uplink Outer Loop Power Control

CNRNC

if SIR > (SIR)set then "down"else "up"

frame reliability info

(SIR)set adjustmentcommand

outer loopcontrol

if FER increase then (SIR)set "up"else (SIR)set "down"

required (SIR)set for 1 % FER

time

MS stands still

• outer loop TPC maintains link quality

• optimises capacity / range

• is the "link adaptation" method in WCDMA

• during soft handover: comes after soft handover frame selection


Radio Resource ManagementCommon Channel Power Planning

BTS power allocation rule:For Pilot CPCIH 10 %, For other common channels, 10 % For dedicated channels, the rest

Ec/Ior=fraction of the power of the channel of interestfrom the total BS power.


Radio Resource ManagementPower Control & Diversity

• At low UE speed, power control compensates the fading : fairly constant receive power and Tx power with high variations

• With diversity the variations in Tx power is less

• At UE speed >100km/h fast power control cannot follow the fast fading, therefore diversity helps keep receive power level more or less constant

• In the UL Tx affects adjacent cell interference and Rx power affects interference within the cell.


Radio Resource Management Handovers

Soft/Softer handover• In Soft HO MS is simultaneously connected to multiple cells• In softer HO MS is simultaneously connected to multiple cell within same Node B• Mobile Evaluated Handover (MEHO)• Intra-frequency handoverHard handover• Intra-Frequency hard handover

• Arises when inter-RNC SHO is impossible• Decision procedure is the same as SHO• MEHO and RNC controlled HO• Causes temporary disconnection of the user

• Inter-Frequency handover (RAN1.5)• Can be intra-BS hard handover, intra-RNC hard handover, inter-RNC hard

handover• Network Evaluated Handover (NEHO)• Decision algorithm located in RNC• Handovers both for RT and NRT Services

• Inter-System handover (RAN1.5)• Handovers for CS voice and CS data (NEHO)• Network initiated cell Re-selection for PS (RT or NRT) data to GSM/GPRS


Softer HO

Soft-Soft HO

Softer-Soft HO

Soft HO

Radio Resource ManagementSoft Handover


1. The CPICH Ec/N0 exceeds Strongest pilot in active set - Addition Window. The mobile station starts Addition Time timer

2. The CPICH Ec/N0 has been continuously higher than Strongest pilot in active set – Addition Window, RNC add the neighbour to Active set after the Addition Time timer expires.3. The CPICH Ec/N0 is smaller than Strongest pilot in active set - Drop Window. The mobile station starts Drop Time timer 4. The CPICH Ec/N0 has been continuously smaller than Strongest pilot in active set – Drop Window, RNC drops the cell from the active set to the neighbour set after the Drop Time timer expires.

Radio Resource ManagementNokia Soft Handover Algorithm

Strongest pilot in active set

Addition Window

Drop Window

MS Ec/N0 value

timeAddition Time Drop Time

MS Ec/N0

Neighbor SetNeighbour Set Active SetActive Set Neighbor SetNeighbour Set

1. 2. 3. 4.


Radio Resource ManagementLoad Control

• The purpose of load control is to optimise the capacity of a cell and prevent overload situation.

• Load control consists of Admission Control (AC) and Packet Scheduler (PS) algorithms, and Load Control (LC) which updates the load status of the cell based on resource measurements and estimations provided by AC and PS.

LC

AC

PSNRT load

Load change info

Load status


Radio Resource Management Load Control

• Since the main criteria in a WCDMA system for the radio resources is the interference, the load of the cell under the RNC is measured periodically based on

• uplink interference level• downlink transmission power levels

• In uplink, the basic measured quantity indicating load is the total received power of a Node B, PrxTotal

• In downlink, the basic measured quantity indicating load is the total transmitted power of a Node B, PtxTotal


• PrxTarget (dB) defines the optimal operating point of the cell interference power, up to which the AC of the RNC can operate.

Radio Resource ManagementRadio Interface Load in Uplink

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20Noise rise as a function of fractional load

Fractional load

Noi

se r

ise

[dB

]

PrxTarget [dB] + PrxOffset [dB]PrxTarget [dB]

Noise floor

FEASIBLE LOAD AREAMARGINAL LOAD AREAOVERLOAD AREA


Loadin DLPtxTotal

[dBm]

PtxTarget [dBm]

PtxTarget [dBm]+PtxOffset [dB]

Cell maximum [dBm]

Load

[0...1]

0 1

max_

_ˆBTStx

totaltx

P

P

OVER LOAD AREA

MARGINAL LOAD AREA

FEASIBLE LOAD AREA

Loadin DLPtxTotal

[dBm]

PtxTarget [dBm]

PtxTarget [dBm]+PtxOffset [dB]

Cell maximum [dBm]

Load

[0...1]

0 1

max_

_ˆBTStx

totaltx

P

P

OVER LOAD AREA

MARGINAL LOAD AREA

FEASIBLE LOAD AREA

Radio Resource ManagementRadio Interface Load in DL

• In the downlink, the own cell load factor can be defined as the ratio of the measured transmission power, PtxTotal, to the maximum transmission power of cell


Radio Resource ManagementAdmission Control

• Admission Control (AC) decides whether a request to establish a Radio Access Bearer (RAB) is admitted in the RAN or not.

• AC is used to maintain stability and to achieve high traffic capacity of RAN. The AC algorithm is executed when radio access bearer is setup or the bearer is modified. The AC measures take place as well with all kind of handovers.

• The AC algorithm estimates the load increase, which the establishment of the bearer would cause in the radio network. Both uplink and downlink direction is estimated separately.

• The inter-cell interference effect is estimated. Bearer is not admitted if the predicted load exceeds particular thresholds either in uplink or downlink.

• In decision procedure AC will use the load information produced by the Load Control (LC) and packet scheduler (PS) functionalities of RRM.


Overload area

Load TargetOverload Margin

Pow

er

Time

Estimated capacity for NRT traffic.

Measured load caused by noncontrollable load


• The traffic can be divided into two groups• Real Time (RT) or non-controllable • Non-Real Time (NRT) or controllable

• THUS some portion of capacity must be reserved for the RT traffic for mobility purposes all the time. The proportion between RT and NRT traffic varies all the time.



• Since it is not enough to divide the load to RT and NRT one must take into account the interference coming from surrounding cells.

Traffic is divided into controllable and non-controllable traffic.

Non-controllable traffic = RT users +other-cell users +noise +other NRT users which operate minimum bit rate

Controllable traffic= NRT users



power

time

non-controllable power

controllable power

PrxNc / PtxNc

PrxTotal / PtxTotal

PrxNrt / PtxNrt

PrxOffset / PtxOffsetPrxTarget / PtxTarget

ADMISSION DECISION: A RAB request is accepted if the estimated non-controllable uplink and downlink load, measured in total received interference power and transmitted carrier power, keeps below the planned load target and the current total load below the overload threshold, defined by target and offset parameters.


Radio Resource ManagementPacket Scheduler

• Packet scheduler is a general feature, which takes care of scheduling radio resources for NRT radio access bearers for both UL and DL

• Admission control (AC) and packet scheduler (PS) both participate to the handling of NRT radio bearers

• Packet scheduler allocates appropriate radio resources for the duration of a packet call, i.e. active data transmission.

time

bit rate

RACH/FACH, DSCH or DCH allocation

Packet call

NRT RAB allocated, packet service session

Packet scheduler handles

Admission control handles

Short inactive periods during

packet call


Radio Resource ManagementResource Manager

• The main function of RM is to allocate logical radio resources of NodeB according to the channel request by the RRC layer for each radio connection

• The RM is located in the RNC and it works in close co-operation with the AC and the PS

• The actual input for resource allocation comes from the AC /PS and RM informs the PS about the resource situation

• The RM is able to switch codes and code types for different reasons such as soft handover and defragmentation of code tree.

• Manages the Node B logical resources• Node B reports the available logical HW resources

• Maintains the code tree, • Allocates the DL channelization codes, UL scrambling code, UL

channelization code type

• Allocates UTRAN Registration Area(URA) specific Radio Network Temporary Identifier(RNTI) allocated for each connection and reallocated when updating URA


Radio Resource ManagementResource Manager

• Spreading = channelization and scrambling operations (producing the signal at the chip rate, i.e. spreads the signal to the wideband)

• Downlink: Scrambling code separates the cells and channelization code separates connection

• The length of the channelization code is the spreading factor

• All physical channels are spread with channelization codes, Cm(n) and subsequently by the scrambling code, CFSCR

• The code order, m and the code number, n designates each and every channellization code in the layered orthogonal code sequences.

user data widespread data

chanellizationcode

scramblingcode


Radio Resource ManagementDL Primary Scrambling Code

• DL Scrambling code Info is needed for Synchronization between UE and Node B for cell search & identification procedure during

• call set up • handover

• Cell search procedure in UE & in frame synchronization• search step 1: slot synchronization to a cell• search step 2: frame synchronization & code group identification • search step 2: scrambling code identification

• Each cell has it's own Scrambling code (like BCCH is GSM) which need to be planned (like frequency planning in GSM)

• Total 512 scrambling codes are available (0…511), they are in 64 groups, each group having 8 codes

• Codes could be allocated from same group of from different groups in the planning area

Most Important step !


Codes 0 1 2 … 630 0 8 16 5041 1 9 17 5052 2 10 18 5063 3 11 19 5074 4 12 20 5085 5 13 21 5096 6 14 22 5107 7 15 23 511

• Here is how Primary Scrambling codes are seen for Planning Engineer (i=0…511)

Radio Resource Management Primary Scrambling Code

CodeGroup 1


Radio Resource ManagementDL Scrambling Code Planning Rule

• Scrambling code should be selected in optimum way because • It has affect to the cell search algorithm (time)• The call setup/HO performance depends on the reliability of the

search procedure in cell search step 2 and 3• There must be large enough separation (minimum reuse) between

two cells using the same scrambling code (like frequency reuse in GSM)

• Recommended minimum reuse is 64

• Scrambling code Planning Rule • Minimize the number of used code groups• Maximize the number of codes per group

• The rule is valid in all neighbour sets in all environments


Radio Resource ManagementDL Scrambling Code Planning Rule

• Scrambling code planning is independent for each carrier layer => same codes could be used

• Cell search time increases when the number of neighbours is high like in Urban area

• The size of the neighbour sets should be large enough to include all useful candidates but as small as possible to maintain fast synchronization process


Radio Resource Management DL Scrambling Code Planning Rule -

Example

• Area with 12 Node B(1+1+1) sites

• Assign the codes such that codes form geographic cluster of cells.

• Two code groups enough up to 15 neighbours

6 7

20

1 2

0 24

238

164

17

2625

3

185

19

922

21

12 11

1015

14 1327

29

2830

31

32

33

34

35

IntraFreqNcell ScrCode

UE

PriScrCode

Cluster of cells having 2 code

groups


Radio Resource Management Registration and Service Areas - Overview

• Four Registration areas are known in UMTS

• Location area (LA) in core network CS domain• Routing area (RA) in core network PS domain• UTRAN registration area (URA) in UTRAN (not visible to the core

network)• Cell as the smallest entity in the UTRAN (not visible to the core

network)

• Service Area (SA)

• Used to inform the core network about the location of a UE location based services

• UTRAN does not make use of SA


Radio Resource ManagementLocation Area (LA)

• LA is used for location information in the CS domain of the core network

• Each cell in the network is assigned a single location area code (LAC) No overlap between location areas.

• A LA consists of a set of cells with a size of at minimum one cell and at maximum an MSC/VLR area.

• A RNC may include many LAs or a LA may span over many RNC areas

• When crossing the border of an LA in idle mode, the UE has to perform a location (LA) update procedure.


Radio Resource ManagementRouting Area (RA)

• The RA is used for paging in PS domain of the core network

• Each cell in the network is assigned a single location area code (RAC) No overlap between routing areas.

• A RA has to be a subset of a LA and cannot span upon more than one LA.

A RA has a size of at minimum one cell and at maximum a SGSN area.

• When crossing the border of a RA, the UE has to perform a routing area (RA) update procedure.

• A RNC may include many RAs or a RA may span over many RNC areas.


Radio Resource ManagementUTRAN Registration Area (URA)

• URA area is used inside UTRAN, but not at CN level

• Each cell in the network is assigned at least one URA identifier (URAid) Overlapping URA’s are possible

• Overlapping URA’s reduces the number of URA updates for a given UE

URA consist of number of cells belonging to either one or several RNCs

URA is used to avoid high amount of cell updates for high mobility UEs. RNC commands the UE to change from CELL_PCH state to URA_PCH state only URA updates instead of cell updates

URA update is a RRC procedure


Radio Resource ManagementCell

• A cell is the smallest entity in the UTRAN, it is not known in the core network

• A cell update takes place if the UE leaves the cell border while it is in CELL_FACH, CELL_DCH or CELL_PCH state.

• Cell update is a RRC procedure


Radio Resource ManagementService Area (SA)

• The SA identifies an area consisting of one or more cells beloning to the same LA

• The Service Area Identifier is composed of the PLMN Identifier, the Location Area Code (LAC) and the Service Area Code (SAC).

• Service Area is used for location based services • In RAN1.5 the max accuracy is the cell level • In RAN2.1 the accuracy is better -inside the cell

• In RAN2.0 there is the Service Area Broadcast feature which enables information providers to submit short messages for broadcasting to a specified Service Area within the PLMN. These messages could be used for informing about e.g. PLMN news, emergencies, traffic reports, road accidents, delayed trains, weather reports, theatre programmes, telephone numbers or tariffs…


Radio Resource Management Impact of Registration Areas on Common

Channel Traffic

• LA, RA or URA size affects the amount of traffic on PCH in (paging) and on RACH and FACH (area updates)

• With increasing sizes of LA, RA or URA, traffic on the PCH will increase.

The bigger the registration area, the higher the probability that extra PCH traffic is produced in a cell and the higher the PCH traffic is in that cell.

With increasing sizes of LA, RA and URA, the traffic on RACH and FACH will decrease.

The bigger the registration area, the lower the probability for a specific UE to cross an area border and therefore traffic caused by LA, RA or URA updates decreases.

• The planning task is to define the registration area such, that FACH, RACH and PCH traffic is kept low while the battery liftime of the UEs is kept high.


Agenda – Day 2

• Radio Resource Management

• Pre-Launch Optimisation• Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family


• RAN Sharing



Pre-Launch Optimisation- Objectives -

At the end of this module you will be able to...

• List the actions which are done during pre-launch optimisation

• List the tools which are used during pre-launch optimisation

• List at least three parameters which could be tuned during pre-launch optimisation

• Explain the three golden rules for pre-launch optimisation

• List the actions which are done during pre-launch optimisation

• List the tools which are used during pre-launch optimisation

• List at least three parameters which could be tuned during pre-launch optimisation

• Explain the three golden rules for pre-launch optimisation


Pre-launch OptimisationIntroduction

• Pre-launch Optimisation means actions to meet the defined coverage and quality criteria

• Drive tests are done to test • Coverage for different data rate services• Pilot channel coverage• Soft handover areas and probabilities• Quality (BLER)

• Key Performance Indicators (KPI) are defined to measure the criteria

• Cell total data throughput• Call setup success rates for different services• Call drop rates• Soft Handover performance


Pre-launch OptimisationProcess

Network Management• Nokia NetActTM for 3G• Field Tool Server

RAN Optimisation• pre-defined procedures• semi / full automated

configuration

Start

W indow AddChange 1 stepsize

W indrow DropChange 1 stepsize

Com pThresholdChange 1 stepsize

DropTim erChange 1 stepsize

NMS: Collectnetwork

perform ance data

Evaluate KPI 'HO Overhead'.

OK ?

Evaluate allnetwork KPIs.

OK ?

Yes

Go to relevantoptim isation flow-chart

No

End

Yes

No

measurements

KPIs, counters

air-interface

Field Tool

WCDMA RAN

KPIs, measurements

Configuration


Pre-Launch OptimisationTools

• Drive test tools for Coverage verification• Agilent scanner• Nemo Technologies TOM• Ericsson TEMS

• Post Processing tool for rollout verification, planning validation, infrastructure verification and network optimisation

• Actix Analyzer v. 4.1 and NetAct

• Network Configuration tool for Performance Info (PI, KPI)

• Network Element Management Unit (Nemu)

• Network protocol analyzer for troubleshooting• NetHawk

• Uplink and Downlink loading tools


Pre-Launch Optimisation Initial Drive Testing Configuration

Iub(ATM)

Iub(ATM)

Iu-CS( ATM )Iu-CS( ATM )

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

RNCBTS

Extract radio parameters which are exchanged over the RRC protocol: • Uplink SIR target, Downlink BLER target, UL CRC OK/NOK etc. • NBAP

•Radio link Measurement report•Dedicated RRC messages

Nethawk analyserA WCDMA scanner (Agilent, Nemo Technologies TOM or Ericsson TEMS) can be used for (passive) idle mode downlink measurements:

• CPICH Ec/Io• Active set (neighbor list measurements)• Location informationWhen used together with a UE (no monitoring) and the protocol analyzer, it can (analysing messaging in Iub interface) be used to assess the UE behavior

Postprocessing (Actix and/or a customised tool) tool to correlate the data

from network and terminal side by using

the timestamp

Additional terminals (if available) used to increase network load. Hardblocking will be used to limit required number of terminals

Iu-PS(IP)

Iu-PS(IP)


Pre-Launch Optimisation Load Generation

• Because the load situation in the network in the beginning is small, load generation is needed to simulate the situation in loaded network

• In uplink there is a possibility to generate noise simply by adding noise to the UL branch to test coverage

• by using the UEs which increases the the load in the cell (noise like interference)

• Use X simultaneous Y kbits/s RT services to achieve the load

• In downlink it is more challenging and also important since a smaller or larger part of the interference is orthogonal and it is less thermal noise like.

• Orthogonal Channel Noise Simulator (OCNS) is a mechanism used to simulate the users or control signals on the other orthogonal channels of a downlink link

• OCNS is a feature candidate in RAN2.1


• There are few parameters that have a great influence for the Soft Handover of the network

Pre-Launch Optimisation Soft Handover Optimisation Example

AdditionW indow

Too wide soft HOarea

Too sm all soft HOarea

+ Soft HOOverhead

UL m acrodiversitygain decrease

- UL Troughput

too high

too low

unnecessary softHO branch

addition- DL Troughput

frequent HOs+ signallingoverhead

• Add Window• Drop Window• Maximum Active Set Size• Drop Time • Transmission power of the CPICH channel• Replacement Window


KPI improvementPurpose: Increase network performance

Target: Soft Handover Overhead at optimal point

Method: adjust window_add and window_drop parameters

Result: Optimal parameter value found

KPI improvementPurpose: Increase network performance

Target: Soft Handover Overhead at optimal point

Method: adjust window_add and window_drop parameters

Result: Optimal parameter value found

Before After

20

25

30

35

40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6Simulation Phase

SHOO [%]

Selected optimal parameter value

30

Degraded performance

Semi-optimal

Active set size“Microscopic analysis”on area of 1 km2

and 39 sites

Active set size“Microscopic analysis”on area of 1 km2

and 39 sites

Pre-Launch Optimisation Optimising Soft Handover Areas


Pre-Launch Optimisation Optimisation Based on Statistics

• Optimisation is mainly based on Nokia NetAct reports• Field measurements are used to get additional information

from the pinpointed problem spots• Useful for optimisation

• To locate the problem spots geographically and by network elements

• To prioritise actions needed with the help of KPIs• To identify reasons for non-performance by giving information

on various statistical indicators and network history• Basis for area-wide performance improvement

• Area wide parameter tuning based on long-term statistics and trends

• Alarms of future problems in fast-growing traffic areas• Prior notice to be able to react in time and to be prepared for

network expansions


Pre-Launch Optimisation Dynamic Simulations for Higher Visibility

Static simulations“Snapshot”Static simulations“Snapshot”

Static Moving randomly or along roads with random speed

Ray-tracing propagation model with vector map

Ray-tracing propagation model with vector map

Realistic Nokia algorithms; also future algorithms

Simplified and limited algorithms, e.g no power control

No traffic model Realistic traffic model;projection of traffic growth

Moving in three dimensions

Current software versions in use

Statistics collected from snapshots

Statistics collected over time period from detailed call simulations

Traffic is low in network launch

Statistics collected from network management systemMultipath propagation

AlgorithmsAlgorithms

TrafficTraffic

Performanceanalysing

Performanceanalysing

PropagationPropagation

MobilityMobility

Dynamic simulations“Movie”

Real network“Reality”


Pre-Launch Optimisation Optimisation Example

• Initial network plan consisted of total 59 cells, of which 24 were in micro layer and 35 were in macro layer

• In the first optimisation round antenna tilts and bearings were tuned in macro cells

• The sites were already optimised for GSM

• Number of served users increased• outdoor users about 2.5%• indoor users about 2.6%• mixed case about 3.1%

• Change of other to own cell interference i (average)• outdoor: from 0.43 to 0.44• indoor: from 0.47 to 0.43• mixed: from 0.43 to 0.44


Pre-Launch Optimisation Macro: Little i in the beginning


Pre-Launch OptimisationMacro: Little i after Optimisation


Macro layer

Outdoor

Indoor

mixed

optimisedusers change

2206

2079

2211

+14%

+11%

+13%

users

1931

1872

1943

Pre-Launch OptimisationCapacity increase after Optimisation

• Total number of users is 2500 both in macro and micro layers

• Indoor case means that 14 dB attenuation has been used compared to outdoor

• Mixed case means that 30 % mobiles are inside

• Increase is more than 10 % as shown below

• Biggest outage reason is the max achieved Node B power

1689

1755

1713

+12%

+11%

+13%

1486

1559

1485

Micro layer

optimisedusers changeusers


Problem

Pre-Launch OptimisationOptimisation Principles

Overlapping of cells, no clear dominance

Cell sizes do not match to user distribution No coverage

Problemindicator

in PlanningTool

- High i- Low capacity- High soft handover overhead

- Outage due to BTS power or uplink load- Other cell do not collect traffic

- Outage due to UE power- Outage due to DL link power

Problemindicator

in network

- High noise rise while low throughput in UL- High soft handover overhead

- Blocking in some cells- Other cells do not collect traffic

- Dropped calls - Bad quality- Low bit rates for packets

Solutions

- Antenna downtilt- De-Splitting => 2 cells- Remove sites- SHO parameters?

- Antenna tilting- CPICH adjustment

- More sites - Higher link power in DL

Understand

Detect

Solve

Results?? - 10-20% higher capacity- 10-20% higher capacity- Cells collect traffic more equally

Check

Avoid unnecessary overlapping

Put cells close to users

Make sure there is coverage

3 Golden rules


Agenda – Day 2


• Pre-Launch Optimisation

• Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family• WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting

• RAN Sharing



Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family- Objectives -


• Name all Nokia Node B‘s with their maximum configuration

• Explain the signal flow through a Node B

• Locate the Node B units in a cabinet

• Describe different HW configuration possibilities for a Node B

• List all antenna system components

• Name all Nokia Node B‘s with their maximum configuration

• Explain the signal flow through a Node B

• Locate the Node B units in a cabinet

• Describe different HW configuration possibilities for a Node B

• List all antenna system components


Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyOverview

Nokia UltraSiteWCDMA BTS

Optima Compact

Outdoor


Supreme

Indoor Outdoor


Optima

Indoor

Complete Nokia WCDMA BTS Family for every need• Nokia UltraSiteTM WCDMA BTS for all indoor and outdoor

environments• Nokia MetroSiteTM WCDMA BTS for "siteless" installations• Triple-mode Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS for joint GSM and

WCDMA networksNokia

MetroSite

WCDMA BTS

Indoor Outdoor

Triple-modeNokia UltraSite

EDGE BTS


Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family UltraSite Optima Compact

Small high capacity WCDMA BTS with integrated battery back-up

• freedom in single cabinet configurations– 6 WCDMA carriers and IBBU OR 12 WCDMA carriers

• 3 or even 6 sector configurations supported with single cabinet

– 3 sectors with IBBU OR 6 sectors

Widest service area • excellent RF performance

– output power 10/20/40 W• optimized for Nokia Smart Radio Concept

– 2+2+2 with SRC UL/DL supported with one cabinet without IBBU

Single cabinet solution for quick roof-top installations• unobtrusive in roof-top installations due to low cabinet

height– cabinet height 1300 mm

• minimum floor space when battery back-up is needed– footprint less than 1m2 (790 x 1200 mm)

• outdoor cabinet

Outdoor• 1300 x 1200 x

790 mm• -33°C ... +50 °C• IP55


Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family UltraSite Optima Compact with RF Extension


Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family UltraSite Optima Compact with IBBU

Extension•Rectifiers: 3 x BATA 3.9

kW DC

• Power Distribution Unit

(PDU)

• Common Control Unit

(CCUA)

• LTE space: 3 x HU

• Batteries: 90 Ah (@ 48

V DC)


Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family UltraSite Optima Indoor

Widest service area• excellent RF performance

– output power 10/20/40 W• cost optimized solution for network roll-out

Highest possible capacity for every bandwidth• designed to fully occupy 10 MHz band

– 2+2+2 supported with 1 cabinet

Fits to every site• minimized site requirements due to compact size

– indoor cabinet 1100 x 600 x 600 mm (H x W x D)• cabinet for indoor installations

Indoor• 1100 x 600 x 600 mm• -5°C ... +50 °C• IP20


Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family UltraSite Supreme

High-capacity multimedia BTS• supports 6 sectored solutions• up to 12 WCDMA carriers per cabinet• cabinet chaining for extreme configurations

– chaining of 4 cabinets supported• optimal for operators with 15 MHz band or

more– 1 cabinet supports up to 4+4+4 with 20W

configurations

Widest service area• excellent RF performance

– output power 10/20/40 W• full support for Nokia Smart Radio Concept

– 2+2+2 with SRC UL/DL supported with one cabinet

Minimized footprint• smallest foot print per WCDMA carrier

– indoor cabinet footprint 600 x 600 mm for 12 WCDMA carriers

– outdoor cabinet footprint 770 x 790 mm for 12 WCDMA carriers

• cabinets for indoor and outdoor installations

Outdoor• 1940 x 770 x 790

mm• -33°C ... +50 °C• IP55

Indoor• 1800 x 600 x 600 mm• -5°C ... +50 °C• IP20


Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family MetroSite WCDMA

"Siteless" WCDMA BTS appropriate for many different applications

• cost-effective road-side coverage• in-fill coverage • indoor services• targeted coverage and capacity for hot spots• multi-layer networks

Revolutionary all-in-one solution• smallest 2 carrier WCDMA BTS• everything integrated in a single cabinet

– base station, integrated transmission, integrated antenna and short-term mains failure protection

• common cabinet for indoor and outdoor installations

Macro BTS RF performance in micro BTS size• as good RX sensitivity as in Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS

– output power 8 W• 996 x 270 x 392 mm• -33°C ... +50 °C• IP55


Configurations• 1+1+1, 8W• 2+2+2, 4W

BTS capacity• max. 10 Mbit/s per cabinet

Other features• 6 GSM/EDGE TRXs and

WCDMA carriers or 12 GSM/EDGE TRXs in single cabinet

• tri- sectored solutions• 2-port uplink diversity as

standard• AC or DC power feed

Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family UltraSite EDGE/WCDMA

Outdoor• 1940 x 770 x 750 mm• -33°C ... +50 °C• IP55

Indoor• 1800 x 600 x 570 mm• -5°C ... +50 °C• IP20

1 Wideband Transceiver unit (WTR)2 Wideband Power Amplifier unit (WMP)3 Wideband Input Combiner unit (WIC)4 Wideband Antenna Filter unit (WAF)5 Wideband Suming and Multiplexing unit (WSM)6 Wideband Application Manager unit (WAM)7 Wideband Signal Processor unit (WSP)8 Wideband Power Supply unit (WPS)9 Wideband System Clock unit (WSC)10 ATM Multiplexer unit (AXU)11 Interface unit (IFU)12 Wideband Fan Module (WFA)13 Transmission unit (VXxx)14 Bias Tee unit (BPxx)

KEY:

8

5

6 7

1

2

9

2

2

1

111

12

14

10

31

3

4 4 4


Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family Unit Positions in UltraSite Supreme

WAF (6pcs)

Antenna Filter

WEA (1pc)External Alarm Unit

WPA (6pcs)Power Amplifier

WIC (3pcs)Input Combiner

WTR (6pcs)Transmitter &

Receiver

WSC (2pcs)System Clock

AXU (1pc)ATM Cross-connect Unit

IFU (5pcs)Interface Unit

WPS (3pcs)Power Suppy

WAM (6pcs)Application

Manager

WSM (3pcs)Summing &

Multiplexing

WSP (18pcs)

Signal Processor


Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyOptima and Optima Compact

ConfigurationsOptima Configuration

Number of cabinets

Output power per carrier

Max. HW channel capacity / HW Rel.1


WPA version

1 carrier omni 1 20W 384 768 20W3 sector 1 carrier (1+1+1)

1 20W 384 768 20W

2+2+2 1 20W 384 768 40W2+2+2 1 10W 384 768 20W

Optima Compact Configuration

Number of cabinets




WPA version

1 carrier omni 1 20W 384 768 20W1+1+1 1 20W 384 768 20W1+1+1+1+1+1 1 20W 384 768 20W2+2+2 1 20W 384 768 20/40W4+4+4* 1 20W 384 768 40W2+2+2+2+2+2* 1 20W 384 768 40W

*Available in Release 2


Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilySupreme and Triple-Mode Configurations

Supreme Configuration

Number of cabinets




WPA version

1 carrier omni 1 20W 576 1152 20W 1+1+1 1 20W 576 1152 20W1+1+1 1 40W 576 1152 20/40W 1+1+1+1+1+1 1 20W 576 1152 20W 2+2+2 1 20W 576 1152 20/40W 4+4+4* 1 20W 576 1152 40W 2+2+2+2+2+2* 1 20W 576 1152 40W 4+4+4+4+4+4* 2 20W 1152 2304 40W

Triple- Mode Configuration

Number of cabinets




1 + 1 + 1 1 8 W 160 3202 + 2 + 2* 1 4 W 160 320

*Available in Release 2


Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilySignal Flow

W P AW S M W

SP

WSP

WSP

W A M

A X U IF UIub

W IC

W A F

W T R

to W TR of 2 . carrie r

R F B B

from W TR of 2 .carrie r

Tx

R x

B i-d irectiona l

Tx/R x

R x D ivfrom /to W TR of 2 .

carrie r

from /to ad j.W SM

from /to ad j.W SM

from /to 2 ./3 . W AM

W S C

C LK

C LK to W SM /W TR

C LK from /to o thercab inet(s)

Interface UnitTermination point for transmission

ATM Cross ConnectATM Switching from/to other BS/RNC

System ClockBaseband reference clocks. Synchronises with Iub

Application ManagerATM termination pointContol functions for BS

Summing & MuliplexingSumming Tx-Samples from WSP. Distributing Rx-Samples from WTR to all WSP

Signal ProcessorRAKE Receiver, (De-) Spreading, Channel coding, ...

Transmitter & ReceiverModulation/Demodulation, Tx power control, Rx power measurementsInput Combiner

2-way combiner & 2-way devider

Antenna FilterFilters, amplifies and devides the Rx-signal

Power AmplifierLinear amplification of 1 to 4 carriers


W A F

W P A

T x

R xR x

W T R

W S MWSP

WSP

WSP

WAM

W A F

W P A

T x

R xR x

W T R

W S MWSP

WSP

WSP

WAM

W A F

W P A

T x

R xR x

W T R

W S MWSP

WSP

WSP

WAM

A X U IF UIub

W IC

W IC

W IC

Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family 1+1+1 (20/carrier) without SRC

RF section will change for SRC configurations


Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUplink SRC – 1 Carrier 20W

C arrie r 1W A F

W P A

T x

R xR x

W T R

W A F

T x

R xR x

W T R

W IC

R x M ain

R x D iv3

R x D iv2

R x D iv1

Ant1

Ant2


Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUplink & Downlink SRC – 1 Carrier,

20W/Branch

C arrie r 1W A F

W P A

T x

R xR x

W T R

W A F

T x

R xR x

W T R

W IC

R x M ain

R x D iv3

R x D iv2

R x D iv1

Ant1

Ant2

W P A

Tx1

Tx2


Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUplink & Downlink SRC – 2 Carriers,

20W/Branch

C arrie r 1

C arrie r 2

C arrie r 1

C arrie r 2

W A F

W A F

W IC

T x

R xR x

T x

R xR x

W T R

T xsum

T x

R xR x

T x

R xR x

W T R

T xsum

W P A

W P ANote:

Requires Release 2 Units


Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUpgrade Path

• roll-out phase•1 carrier/BTS• 50 Erl/carrier

1st carrier

1+1+120 W50 Erl

1+1+120 W50 Erl

ROC

AddLPA

2+2+22x20 W100 Erl

2+2+22x20 W100 Erl

• 2 carriers/BTS• 20W/carrier • 50 Erl/carrier

Increasedpower

ROC

2+2+26x10 W240 Erl

2+2+26x10 W240 Erl

• 2 carriers/sect• 10W/carrier• 40 Erl/carrier

2 carriers/sector

CEC

2+2+26x20 W300 Erl

2+2+26x20 W300 Erl

• 2 carriers/sect• 20W/carrier• 50 Erl/carrier

2 carriers/sector

CEC

Add1 LPA

2+2+22x10 W80 Erl

2+2+22x10 W80 Erl

• 2 carriers/BTS•10W/carrier• 40 Erl/carrier

2nd carrier

ROC

1+1+13x20 W150 Erl

1+1+13x20 W150 Erl

• 1 carrier/sect• 20W/carrier• 50 Erl/carrier

1 carrier/sector

CEC

Add3 TRXs

Add3 TRXs

AddLPA

Add3 LPAs

1+1+140 W60 Erl

1+1+140 W60 Erl

• 1 carrier/BTS• 40W/carrier• 60 Erl/carrier

Increasedpower

ROC

Add1 LPA


2+2+22 x 20W336Erl

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyNokia SRC Capacity Growth Path

•4-way diversity for maximum cell coverage

•downlink diversity for enhanced capacity

• 6 TRXs or• 3 dual-TRXs• 3 LPAs• 40 Erl/carrier

• without SRC• 50 Erl/carrier

+3 dBcoverage

gain- 20%

capacity

4-way UL div

• 3 dual-TRXs• 6 LPAs• 70 Erl/carrier

+75% capacity

gain

DL diversity

• 6 dual-TRXs• 6 LPAs• 56 Erl/carrier

+60% capacity

gain

2nd carrier

1+1+120W

120Erl1+1+1

20W150Erl

1+1+12 x 20W210Erl


Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyAntenna System - Overview

• The WCDMA UltraSite Antenna System contains the follwing components

• Antennas• WCDMA Masthead Amplifiers (MHA)• Bias-T, supplies WCDMA MHA with DC power through

feeder cable, provides lightning protection (can also be used w/o MHA)

• EMP Protector, lightning protection, only needed if no Bias-T is used

• Diplexers, combining/dividing two bands such as WCDMA and GSM to a common feeder line

• Triplexers, combining/dividing three bands such as WCDMA GSM1800 and GSM900 to a common feeder line

• Feeder and Jumper cables, Grounding kits


Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyAntenna System – WCDMA Panels

WCDMA Broadband Antennas

Antenna Type DimensionsWeight

(kg)Frequency Range

(MHz)Gain (dBi)

Beam Width

Downtilt

CS72761.01 XPol F-Panel 342/155/69 mm 2.0 1710-2170 12.5 65° 2°CS72761.02 XPol F-Panel 1302/155/69 mm 6.0 1710-2170 18.5 65° 2°CS72761.05 Xpol F-Panel 1302/155/69 mm 7.5 1710-2170 17 88° 0°..8°CS72761.07 XPol F-Panel 1942/155/69 mm 10.0 1710-2170 19.5 65° 0°..6°CS72761.08 XPol F-Panel 1302/155/69 mm 7.5 1710-2170 18 65° 0°..8° CS72761.09 XPol F-Panel 662/155/69 mm 3.5 1710-2170 15.5 65° 0°..10°

WCDMA Narrowbeam Antennas


(kg)Frequency Range

(MHz)Gain (dBi)

Beam Width

Downtilt

CS727762.01 XPol F-Panel 1302/299/69 mm 12.0 1900-2170 21 30 0°..8°

WCDMA Dual Broadband Antennas (WCDMA/GSM1800 or SRC)


(kg)Frequency Range

(MHz)Gain (dBi)

Beam Width

Downtilt

CS72764.01 XXPol F-Panel 1302/299/69 mm 12.0 1710-2170 18.5/18.5 65°/65° 0°..8°/0°..8°CS72764.02 XXPol F-Panel 1302/299/69 mm 12.0 1710-2170 17/17 85°/85° 0°..8°/0°..8°

WCDMA Omni Antennas


(kg)Frequency Range

(MHz)Gain (dBi)

Beam Width

Downtilt

CS727760 Omni 1570/148/112 mm 5.0 1920-2170 11 360° --


Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyAntenna System - Mast Head Amplifier

-119 dBm / 200 kHz-37 dBm / 200 kHz

ANT port in-band 5 dBmout-of-band 20 dBm

BTS port avg 46 dBm in-bandpeak 62 dBm in-band

65 dB71 dB

65 dB

200 - 300 mA100 msec

UMTS RX, 1920-1980

Alarm Setting ConditionsAlarm current range

Switch time

Critical Input RX filter rejections

Critical TX filter rejectionsUMTS TX, 2110-2170GSM1800, 1805-1880

Passive Intermodulation Products

PIM level in TX bandPIM level in RX band

Rated Power at Ports

+/- 0.5 dB room+/- 0.9 dB all temps

Insertion Loss 0.6 dB

Response, other freqs0 dB within 20 MHz of passband

3rd-order intercept 10 dBm1dB compression -5 dBm

Noise Figure 2 dB

RX band 16 dBTX band 18 dB

Group delay distortion 20 ns over 5 MHZ

7.0 - 8.6V, UltraSite/MetroSite

11 - 13 V , CoSited BTS

Nominal current 190 mA Max. current 350 mA

Insertion Loss 3 dBReturn Loss 12 dB

Voltage

Return Loss, ANT and BTS ports

MHA Input Dynamic Range

Bypass Mode

Nominal gain of 12 dBGain, RX band

Ripple

DC Power supplied

• Technical Data Sheet:


GSM 900 BTS

GSM 1800 BTS

WCDMA BTS

Insertion Loss, Port - CommonIsolation, port to

portReturn Loss, any

port

GSM RX band

GSM 120 W avg 1.44 kW peakUMTS 55 W avg 2.15 kW peak

-116 dBm

Rated Power at Ports

Passive Intermodulation

RF Performance

0.3 dB

50 dB

>18 dB

• Unit types•Nokia Triplexer Unit•Nokia GSM 900 / WCDMA Diplexer Unit•Nokia GSM 1800 / WCDMA Diplexer Unit

•Selectable DC pass function in each unit

• Technical Data Sheet:

Nokia Triplexer

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyAntenna System - Diplexers / Triplexers


Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyAntenna System – Bias-T

• Function• Provides DC power for MHA through feeder line• Lightning protection

• Features• Fault monitoring of MHA and Antenna line• Fowards alarms to WAF• Low insertion loss (<0.3dB)• Can be installed on mast or in any WCDMA UltraSite cabinet

Insertion loss 0.3 dBReturn loss 18 dB

Rated power 55 W avg, 2.2 kW peak

7 dB nominal+/- 2 dB tolerance

no alarm: 0 V, 50 mA maxalarmed : 3.3V, 0 mA

Response time 0.5 sec

Alarm indicates:no RF power, high VSWR (no DC power implied)

Voltage drop 0.5 VRated power 7.5 - 9.1V, 350 mA max

DC supply via: RJ-45 from BTSIns loss @ 1 MHz 3 dB

DC and Signal

RF Performance

Alarm Signal VSWR alarm

threshold

Logic


Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyAntenna System - Feeders

Feeder TypeDiameter (inch)

Weight (kg/m)

Attenuation @2170MHz (dB/100m)

Single RepeatedCS72251 1/2 0.35 80 160 11.9CS72252 7/8 0.55 120 250 6.52CS72254 1 5/8 1.45 250 500 4.05

Min. Bending Radius (mm)


Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUpgrades to Current GSM Antennas

Current :space diversity

Upgrade :space + polarizationdiversity

Current :polarization diversity

Upgrade: 2 x polarization diversity within one radome

13

00

mm

150 mm 150 mm

Space diversity improves performance 0.5..1.0 dB compared

to single radome. The gain of 2.5 dB

assumes single radome. 260 mm


Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilySRC Antenna Solutions

2 pcs X-pol antennas per sector up to 3 m apart formeach other

2 pcs X-pol antennas per sector up to 3 m apart formeach other

2 pcs X-pol antennas per sector installed next to each others

2 pcs X-pol antennas per sector installed next to each others

One SRC antenna per sector. The number of antennas does not increase.

One SRC antenna per sector. The number of antennas does not increase.


Agenda – Day 2




• WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting• RAN Sharing



WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting- Objectives -


• Describe what can cause interference in WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting

• Describe the different antenna system sharing solutions

• Describe the meaning of coupling loss and isolation criteria in shared antennas

• List the aspects having influence to the overall network quality

• Explain the impact of site & antenna location to the network quality

• Describe what can cause interference in WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting

• Describe the different antenna system sharing solutions

• Describe the meaning of coupling loss and isolation criteria in shared antennas

• List the aspects having influence to the overall network quality

• Explain the impact of site & antenna location to the network quality


WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingCo-Siting Example: UltraSite & Citytalk

•Base Station Equipment:•Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS Suppreme with 6

Carriers,•Nokia Citytalk BTS with 6 TRXs.

•Transmission Equipment:•Nokia FlexiHopper Microwave Radio

•Separate Antennalines and Shared Antennas:

•3 pcs GSM/WCDMA Dual Band X-pol antennas 65 deg

•Optional: Mast Head Amplifiers for one or both networks

•Nokia UltraSite Support:• 7.8 kW rectifier capacity with N+1 redundancy•up to 180 Ah battery capacity•Backup time 1 hour

•Site Environmental Data:•Footprint (Width mm x Depth mm)

•Indoor: 1800 mm x 620 mm•Outdoor: 2310 mm x 1110mm

•Weight: Indoor 1030 kg, Outdoor 1290 kg

GSM 2+2+2WCDMA 2+2+2

(10 W)

GSM 2+2+2WCDMA 2+2+2

(10 W)GSM

2+2+2GSM

2+2+2

Site Space for 3 cabinets


•Base Station Equipment:• 2 pcs Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS Supreme with 12 carriers in

each,• Citytalk GSM BTS with 6 TRXs.

•Transmission Equipment:•Nokia UltraHopper Microwave Radio

•Separate Antennalines and Shared Antennas:•3 pcs GSM/WCDMA Dual Band X-pol 65 deg/33 deg,•3 pcs WCDMA X-pol 33 deg antennas•Optional: Mast Head Amplifiers for one or both networks

•UltraSite Support:•14.3 kW rectifier capacity with N+1 redundancy• up to 180 Ah battery capacity•Backup time 1 hour

•Site Environmental Data:•Footprint (Width mm x Depth mm)

•Indoor: 2400 mm x 620 mm•Outdoor: 3080 mm x 1110mm

•Weight: Indoor 1320 kg, Outdoor 1650 kg

GSM 2+2+2W 4+4+4+4+4+4

(10 W)

GSM 2+2+2W 4+4+4+4+4+4

(10 W)GSM

2+2+2GSM

2+2+2

Site Space for 4 cabinets



WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingInterference from Other System

• GSM spurious emissions and intermodulation results of GSM 1800 interfere WCDMA receiver sensitivity

• WCDMA spurious emissions interfere GSM receiver sensitivity

• GSM transmitter blocks WCDMA receiver

• WCDMA transmitter blocks GSM receiver

GSM GSM 1800 1800

ULUL

GSM GSM 1800 1800

DLDL

1710-1785 MHz

1805-1880 MHz

UMTS UMTS UL UL

UMTS UMTS DL DL

1920-1980 MHz

2110-2170 MHz

40 MHz


30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100-108

-107.5

-107

-106.5

-106

-105.5

Antenna Isolation (dB)

Noi

se P

ower

(dB

m)

NEW spec: -96 dBm / 0.1 MHz

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingInterference from Other System

• Two main reasons to isolate GSM and WCDMA• Blocking• Sensitivity

1More information: TS 25.104 and GSM 05.05

• GSM1800 BTS can have up to -96 dBm / 0.1 MHz = -80 dBm / 4 MHz (relation to 3,84 Mchips) spurious emissions at the antenna connector1

• Thermal noise floor of the WCDMA band is -108 dBm => in theory -108 dBm - (-80 dBm) = 28 dB isolation needed between GSM1800 and WCDMA


WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingHarmonic distortion

• Harmonic distortion can be a problem in the case of co-siting of GSM900 and WCDMA.

• GSM900 DL frequencies are 935 - 960 MHz and second harmonics may fall into the WCDMA TDD band and into the lower end of the FDD band.

GSM900935 - 960 MHz

WCDMATDD

WCDMA FDD1920 - 1980

...

2nd harmonics

fGSM = 950 - 960 MHz

1900 -1920 MHz

• 2nd harmonics can be filtered out at the output of GSM900 BTS.

f


WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingIM Distortion from GSM1800 DL to WCDMA

UL

WCDMADL

WCDMAUL

GSM1800DL

GSM1800UL

1710 - 1785 MHz 1805 - 1880 MHz 1920 - 1980 MHz 2110 - 2170 MHz40 MHz

f1 f2

fIM3

fIM3 = 2f2 - f1

• GSM1800 IM3 (3 means third order) products are hitting into the WCDMA FDD UL RX band if

• 1862.6 f2 1879.8 MHz

• 1805.2 f1 1839.6 MHz X dBc

• For active elements IMproducts levels are higherthan IM products producedby passive components• Typical IM3 suppressionvalues for power amplifiers are -30 … -50 dBc depending on frequencyspacing and offset• Typical values for passiveelements are -100 … -160 dBc


WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingSpurious Emissions from GSM to WCDMA

GSM BTS

• Horizontal separation between antennas

• By proper antenna placement 50dB isolation reachable

• No deterioration in performance if GSM BTS compliant with -96dBm

WCDMA BS



GSM BTS

• Nokia's diplexer/triplexer combines GSM/WCDMA to one feeder cable

• Diplexer/Triplexer isolation > 50dB

• No deterioration in performance if GSM BTS compliant with -96dBm

WCDMA BS

Multiband Antenna

Nokia Diplexer/ Triplexer



GSM BTS

• Multipanel Antenna in use

• Antenna isolation >30dB

• General GSM requirements fulfilled if GSM BTS compliant with -96dBm

WCDMA BS

Multiband Antenna



Non-compliant GSM BTS

•Worst case scenario

•>30dB isolation assumption

•GSM BTS spurious emissions comply "old spec." -30dBm

WCDMA BS

Multiband Antenna

Addiotional filter needed


WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingSeparate Antenna Lines

Without Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers

GSM BTS WCDMA BTS

With Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers

WCDMA BTS

Nokia MHAs for GSM

Nokia MHAs for WCDMA

GSM BTS

Nokia Bias-Ts NokiaBias-Ts

Antennas for GSM

Antennas for WCDMA

Typical Requirement for Minimum Coupling Loss between GSM and WCDMA antennas:Nokia equipment 30 dBOther 50 dB


WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingShared Antenna Lines with Separate Antennas

Without Nokia Mast Head AmplifiersWith Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers

GSM BTS WCDMA BTS

GSM AntennaWCDMA Antenna

Nokia GSM / WCDMADiplexer Units

GSM AntennaWCDMA Antenna

GSM BTS WCDMA BTS

Nokia Bias-Ts

Nokia OutdoorBias-Ts

Separate DC feedfor new Nokia MHAsNokia GSM/WCDMA

Diplexer Units withSelectable DC pass

Nokia MHAs for GSM Nokia WCDMA MHAs

Typical Isolation Requirement for diplexers used with:Nokia equipment 30 dBOther 50 dB


WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingShared Antenna Lines with Shared

Antennas

GSM BTS WCDMA BTS

GSM/WCDMA Dual BandX-polarized antenna with2 antenna connectors(1800/WCDMA wideband element orbuilt in diplexer function)

GSM/WCDMA Diplexer Units insideGSM BTS cabinet

Without Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers

GSM BTS WCDMA BTS

NokiaBias-Ts

Nokia OutdoorBias-Ts

Separate DC feedfor new Nokia MHAs

Nokia GSM/WCDMADiplexer Units withSelectable DC pass

GSM/WCDMA Dual BandX-polarized antenna with4 antenna connectors(Separate Elements for both Systems))

With Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers


WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingAntenna Isolation Measurement Example:

HorizontalAntenna A

(fixed)GSM1800

Antenna BUMTS

horizontalseparationdistance

Front View

direction of radiation

2000mm

1000mm

400mm

Side View

650mm

Figure 5. Sketch of measurement configuration


WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingAntenna Isolation Measurement Example:

Horizontal

GSM1800 65 deg to UMTS 65 degHorizontal co-polar measurements

40.00

45.00

50.00

55.00

60.00

65.00

70.00

75.00

Distance (m)

Iso

latio

n (d

B)

1900MHz

1950MHz

1980MHz

50dB marker


WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingAntenna isolation measurements II:

Vertical

Figure 11. Sketch of measurement configuration

10m

Antenna BUMTS

Antenna AGSM1800

(fixed)


WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingAntenna isolation measurements II:

Vertical

Noise Floor

GSM1800 115 deg to UMTS 65 deg

50.00

55.00

60.00

65.00

70.00

75.00

80.00

85.00

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

Distance (m)

Iso

lati

on

(d

B)

1900MHz

1950MHz

1980MHz

Noise Floor


WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingPlanning Rules in Co-siting

• Isolation requirement• With Nokia equipment 30 dB• Without Nokia equipment 50 dB

• GSM- WCDMA co-siting is possible if antenna isolation requirement is fulfilled

• By proper antenna placement• minimum Horizontal distance (~0.3 m)• minimum Vertical distance (0.25 m)

• Di- or triplexer is needed in case feeder and antenna is shared between different systems

• Tighter filtering is needed in Antenna line of Non-compliant GSM BTS to avoid the TX power interference to WCDMA Rx

• Careful frequency planning in GSM won't cause interference to WCDMA


WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting Network Assessment

• Assessment means the evaluation existing 2G sites & antenna system and possible interference situation for 2G/3G Co-siting

Design Civil Works

Imp Integrate.

Netw

ork

Assessm

en

t

Network Planning & Site Acquisition


WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting Network Assessment - Network Quality

Network Implementation Quality

Equipment Quality

Network PlanningQuality

Requested Network Quality as guaranteed KPI values = Equipment Quality + Network Implementation Quality + Network Planning Quality

RF

TRSPS CoreCS Core

Network Quality does NOT depend only from network planning

Network Quality does NOT depend only from network planning


0 500 1000 1500140

145

150

155

160

165

170

DL throughput in kbps

Ma

xim

um

pro

pa

ga

tion

loss

(d

B)

128 kbps

i = 0.2i = 0.2i = 0.4i = 0.4i = 0.6i = 0.6i = 0.8i = 0.8

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingNetwork Assessment - Dominance & little i

BTS TX power 43 dBm

MS TX power 21 dBm

Ec/Io -16.5 dB

BTS Eb/No 1.5

MS Eb/No 5.5

Other to own cellinterference ratio i

0.2, 0.4, 0.6,

0.8

Orthogonality 0.6

Channel profile ITU VehicularA, 3 km/h

MS speed 3 km/h

MS/BTS NF 8 dB / 4 dB

Antenna gain 16 dBi

• Doubling of the "little i" will cause throughput to decrease to 70% of the original value

• Doubling of the "little i" will cause throughput to decrease to 70% of the original value

A B C D

DC

B

A


WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting Network Assessment - Question

Which one of the sites is suitable for 3G ?


WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingNetwork Assessment - Answer

• Low other to own cell interference can be achieved by planning clear dominance areas:

• The cell coverage (and overlap) must be properly controlled. The cell should cover only what it is supposed to cover

• Low(er) antenna heights and down tilt of the antennas

• Use buildings and other environmental structures to isolate cells coverage

• Use indoor solutions to take advantage of the building penetration loss

• Avoid sites "seeing" the buildings in horizon especially over the water or otherwise open area (due to huge interference)

> 3 km> 3 km

< 300 m< 300 m


WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingNetwork Assessment - Impact of tilting

• Too high “visibility” across the network

• Has low capacity due to huge inter-cell interference and SHO overhead

Cell A - uphill gradientCell B - downhill gradient

relatively limited catchment area

significantly greater catchment area

The obvious solution is to increase the antenna downtilt to restrict the cell footprint to a more reasonable area

Connnected to over 15 neighbours !


WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingNetwork Assessment - Check List

(1) Make surethere is coverage

(1) Make surethere is coverage

Dropped callsBad quality

Low bit rates

Dropped callsBad quality

Low bit rates

(2) Avoid unnecessary overlapping of cells

(2) Avoid unnecessary overlapping of cells

Not clear dominance area High inter-cell interference

Low capacity

Not clear dominance area High inter-cell interference

Low capacity

(3) Locate cells close to users

(3) Locate cells close to users

Users at the cell edge high inter-cell interference

high soft handover overhead

Users at the cell edge high inter-cell interference

high soft handover overhead

Do not use this siteDo not use this site

1. Use Antenna tilting 2. Put Antennas lower3. Do not use the site

1. Use Antenna tilting 2. Put Antennas lower3. Do not use the site

Basic rulesBasic rules Problem indicationif rule is not appliedProblem indicationif rule is not applied SolutionsSolutions

(4) Make cell sizes match user distribution

(4) Make cell sizes match user distribution

Blocking in some cells,others do not collect traffic

Blocking in some cells,others do not collect traffic

1. Use Antenna tilting2. Do not use the Site

1. Use Antenna tilting2. Do not use the Site

1. Use Different site 2. Use Antenna tilting

1. Use Different site 2. Use Antenna tilting


WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting Co-siting Optimisation Example

• WCDMA 1900 Network

• Identified places for optimisation• Urban area: high other-cell interference • Rural area: a few sites collecting a lot of

interference

• Optimisation approaches• Antenna down tilting• Antenna lowering


WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting Co-siting Optimisation Example - Rural

Area• 27 sites, 49 cells

• Omni, 2-sector and 3-sector sites

• Varying antenna heights

• Area 15 km x 15 km

• On average 8 km2 per site

• Terrain: hilly with waters


WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting Co-siting Optimisation Example - Urban

Area• 16 sites, 48 cells

• All 3-sector sites

• similar height

• Area 10 km x 12 km

• On average 7 km2 per site

• Terrain: flat without waters


WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting 5 Degree Downtilt Everywhere - Capacity

• Down tilting everywhere improved capacity in urban area by 13%, but reduced slightly capacity in the rural area

• The urban area benefited from down tilting because of high overlapping of the cells before optimisation (=high i)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Nu

mb

er o

f Use

rs

Rural Urban

Optimization EffectBefore Optim

After Optim


WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting 5 Degree Downtilt Everywhere - Coverage

• Coverage probability got lower in urban area after downtiltingOptimisation 2 branch Rx diversity

Rural

Outdoor coverageIndoor coverage(+20 dB loss)

Speech 12.2 kbps95% 89% 40% 37%

Data 64 kbps 85% 77% 22% 22%

Data 144 kbps 78% 68% 15% 16%

Urban

Speech 12.2 kbps99.9% 99.9% 74% 61%

Data 64 kbps 99.8% 98.6% 46% 38%

Data 144 kbps99.1% 96.2% 33% 29%

Coverage % reduced after downtilting

before after before after

before after before after


WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting Optimisation Affects Neighbouring Sites

• Those sites which suffered are close to the optimised sites

• Also the surrounding sites should be considered in the optimisation

performancedecreased

optimisedsite


WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingLittle i After Optimisation – Urban Area

• After optimisation the little i is more uniform in all cells, i.e. the performance of the worst cells has clearly improved

• Average little i 1.3 0.78


WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingNumber of Users After Optimisation – Urban

Area

• After optimisation the number of users per cell is more uniform in all cells, i.e. the performance of the worst cells has clearly improved

• Average number of users 36 41 (i.e. capacity increase ~13%)

Worst cells

clearly improve

d


WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingSoft Handover Overhead After

Optimisation

• Soft handover overhead is reduced after optimisation in urban area since the cell overlapping (=little i) is reduced

• Soft handover probability reduced 30% 26%

• Soft handover overhead reduced 39% 33%

Soft Hand-Off Overhead and Probability (Original)

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

SHOProb. Soft(+er)HOverhead SHOverhead AreaProb%

Rural

Urban

Soft Hand-Off Overhead and Probability (Optim)

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

SHOProb. Soft(+er)HOverhead SHOverhead AreaProb%

Rural

Urban


Agenda – Day 2





• RAN Sharing• Multilayer Planning


RAN Sharing- Objectives -


• Explain the meaning of RAN sharing and its key benefits

• Explain what network elements are possible to be shared in RAN

• Describe the most important network planning issues to be taken into account in RAN sharing

• Explain the meaning of RAN sharing and its key benefits

• Explain what network elements are possible to be shared in RAN

• Describe the most important network planning issues to be taken into account in RAN sharing


RAN Sharing Overview

• Network sharing, i.e. one network operator provides the entire network for certain area's with the other acting as a MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator).

• No impact on the radio network dimensioning

• Geographical network sharing, i.e. one operator south, one north


• Site sharing, i.e. sharing new or existing sites including antennas, site support systems and potentially transmission


• RAN sharing (Multioperator RAN), i.e. sharing the entire RAN in a specific area where the amount of traffic is predicted to be low, so that it does not make economically sense to build independent networks


RAN SharingFrom Site Sharing to RAN Sharing

Scope of sharing: • RNC• Site environment• BTS Equipment space

(cabinet)• SiteSupportSystem• Transmission• Antenna and feeders (optional)

Cost savings in• Civil works• Equipment (feeders, antennas,

BBU)• Annual rents• Site acquisition( hunting,

permissions etc)• Operational costs• Transmission (and transmission

management)

• Sharing of RNCs and BTSs:

• Initial coverage with low service demand

• Low-traffic areas• Places with limited BTS sites,

e.g. subways• Fewer sites with larger

configurations when• Environmental impact counts

Up to 4 operators with own: • Core networks • Services• Network Management System • Dedicated RAN from any

vendor in non-shared areas


3) dedicated BTS for each operator

2) cabinet and BB shareddedicated WAF,WPA, WTR

1) cabinet, BB, WAF, WPA shareddedicated WTR

Reqired: Frequencies within 20MHz band!

RAN SharingConcept

Shared BTS

Operator 2CS CN

Operator 1PS CN Shared RNC

Frequency 2

Frequency 1

Operator 1CS CN

Operator 2PS CN

OSS ofone operator

or Multi-RAN OSS

MNC 1

MNC 2

MNC 2

MNC 1


1. Sharing whole BTS including WPA:

NOTE: Frequencies need to be within 20 MHz band

TXRXRX

WTR

TXRXRX

ANT1/1

ANT2/1

WAFDPX

WPA28/50 W

Operator specificWTR

Common AntennasystemWAF and WPA

2. Cabinet and BB shared:

Common Antennasystem(feeders, antennas, MHA´s)

ANT1/1

ANT2/1

DPX

TXRXRX

WTR

WAF

DPX

TXRXRX

WTR

WPA28/50 W

WPA28/50 W

Operator specificWTR, WPA andWAF

- no frequency restriction- higher outputpower per carrier- with Rel.2 units up to 4+4+4/20W per carrier

RAN SharingConcept


RAN Sharing How Operators can work with shared RAN ?• Each Operator has own

• PLMN -id • Carrier Frequency• RRM parameters & traffic Monitoring• Neighbour cell lists (own Inter-System HO decisions)

• Operators may add independently BTS where theywant to provide better coverage or more capacity

• Due to own Frequencies and PLMN-id. • Operator specific cell is possible• Mobile Stations (MS) can show appropriate operator logo• Global roaming easy

• No extra support features from MSs needed, • works with 3GPP R99 WCDMA MSs

• Needs SW-update to Nokia WCDMA RAN


Agenda – Day 2





• RAN Sharing



Multilayer Planning- Objectives -


• Explain the meaning of WCDMA/GSM interworking

• Explain the reasons for multilayer usage and how it is done

• Describe the 3G network evolution from cell layer point of view

• Explain when compressed mode is needed and what drawback it has

• Explain on what criteria cell-reselection and handover strategies are based on

• Explain the meaning of WCDMA/GSM interworking

• Explain the reasons for multilayer usage and how it is done

• Describe the 3G network evolution from cell layer point of view

• Explain when compressed mode is needed and what drawback it has

• Explain on what criteria cell-reselection and handover strategies are based on


Multilayer PlanningInterworking in RAN 1.5

• Interworking means Handover functionality between GSM and WCDMA or between WCDMA carriers

• Handover from GSM to WCDMA or from WCDMA to GSM is inter-system hard handover

• Handover between WCDMA carriers is inter-frequency hard handover (intra-BTS, intra-RNC, inter-RNC handover)

• Interworking is possible also in idle mode when making cell re-selection

• Handover reasons are mainly based on coverage in WCDMA and load in GSM

• Compressed mode is used in WCDMA for inter-frequency or inter-system neighbour measurements before handover decision

• Service downgrade/upgrade might be needed during inter-system handover


Multilayer Planning Handover Types in RAN 1.5

2G HLR/AUC

MSC/VLR2G

3G MSC

UMTS RAN

MSC/VLR3G

UMTS RAN

E-interface

GSM BSS

A-interface

Iu (cs)-interface

UMTS RAN

Intersystem, Intra-MSC,Intra-PLMN

Intrasystem, Inter-MSC,Intra-PLMN GSM BSS

Operator 1 Operator 2

2G MSC/VLR

Intrasystem, Inter-MSC,Inter-PLMN

UMTS RAN

Intrasystem, Intra-MSC,Intra-PLMN

Intersystem, Inter-MSC,Inter-PLMN

GSM BSS

3G HLR/AUC

MGW

MGW

3G HLR/AUC


Multilayer Planning Introduction

• Multilayer Network means the use of microcellular network to give more capacity needed in traffic hot spots

• Macro layer is mainly used for coverage and fast moving mobiles

• Micro layer is used to provide capacity for traffic hot spots

• Typically different frequencies are used for different layers

• Other layer’s frequency can be reused in some cases


Multilayer PlanningCapacity in Macro vs. Micro Environments

• Packet data throughput, calculated with CDMA capacity formulasAssumptions

Results

• Downlink capacity is more sensitive to the environment because of orthogonal codes (other cell interference affects more downlink)

• Micro cells provide a higher capacity due to less multipath

Micro cell:higher orthogonality

Micro: higher isolation between cells

These figures withouttransmit diversity


Multilayer PlanningMultilayer Antennas

• The general rule is that microcellular antenna placement provides better (very high) capacity but lower coverage

• The key question is : When this should be done?

• The capacity is high because the cells are well isolated and the DL is quite orthogonal

• The coverage is low because the very same buildings that isolate the cells from each other also isolate the mobiles from the Node B in larger cells

• The factors affecting the decision include at least• Traffic density • Max required bitrate in the UL direction• Inter-cell interference with different antenna positions• Propagation loss with different antenna positions• Site acquisition costs• Etc.


Multilayer PlanningSolution 1

• Most simple usage of two carriers.• In an area which is covered by a

continuous cell layer and the capacity requirement exceeds the available capacity the most simple solution is to add a second carrier to the cells, co-located with the first carrier.

• This process can be continued further to additional carriers.

• Compressed mode raises the interference.

• The traffic between the carriers could be balanced by directed RRC connection setup in the call setup phase and by inter-frequency handovers.

WCDMA f1, f2WCDMA f1, f2WCDMA f1, f2

WCDMA f1, f2WCDMA f1 , f2WCDMA f1 , f2



• Micro cell layer in the middle of surrounding macro cells using the same carrier as the macro cells.

• This way of mixing different cell types is fully applicable but it requires that clear dominance areas for micro and macro layers.

• This is a microcell solutions for covering holes

• In long run going to smaller cell sizes cannot be avoided in hot-spot areas, and a micro cellular solution has the benefit that inter-cell interference is minimised, leading to increasing cell throughput and user bit-rates.

WCDMA f1WCDMA f1

W f1W f1 W f1

W f1

WCDMA f1WCDMA f1

W f1W f1



• Different frequencies are used for different layers (Hierachical Cell Structure HCS)

• From the network planning point of view this solution is easier to deploy than the previous since overlapping is possible.

• The macro layer can collect traffic from micro layer's dominance area whereas in solution 2 macro cells and micro cells collect traffic within their own dominance areas.

• This is the microcell solutions for capacity reasons

WCDMA f1WCDMA f1 WCDMA f1

WCDMA f1

W f2W f2 W f2

W f2 W f2W f2 W f2

W f2


• In addition to solution 3 the GSM/GPRS macrolayer is added to HCS

• Dual mode UE‘s can change to GSM/GPRS where no WCDMA coverage exists, this enables to provide seamless 3G services without seamless WCDMA coverage

• Allows traffic balancing between GSM/GRPS and WCDMA

• Compressed mode raises the interference. BSIC decoding is time consuming

• This is the solution if WCDMA/GSM interworking is required


GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS

WCDMA f1WCDMA f1 WCDMA f1

WCDMA f1

W f2W f2 W f2

W f2 W f2W f2 W f2

W f2


Multilayer Planning RAN1.5 Handover functionality

GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS

WCDMAWCDMA WCDMAWCDMA WCDMAWCDMA

GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS

WW WW WW WWLoad reason IS-HOfrom GSM(BSS10.5)

Coverage reason IF-HO• GSM handover

• Based on RSSI measurements of all cells in neighbour list• Controlled by HO algorithms in BSC

• WCDMA soft handover • Based on pilot Ec/No measurements of all cells in neighbour lists on the same frequency • Mobile Evaluated handover (MEHO) controlled by SHO parameters

• WCDMA IF & IS handover• Based on measurement results in serving cell

• Coverage (CPICH RSCP or CPICH Ec/No)• UL DCH quality,UL DCH Power, DL DPCH power

• Network evaluated handover (NEHO) controlled by IF and IS HO parameters

Coverage reason IS-HO


Multilayer PlanningWCDMA Compressed Mode

• Compressed mode is the method to create idle periods (=gap) in the transmission in order to perform Inter-Frequency or Inter-System measurements during the gap

• Because same data amount is sent during shorter time it has the following affect to the cell

• Reduced UL coverage • Reduces DL capacity• Reduced Quality

Normal frame

Compressedmode

Normal frame

Measurement gapMeasurement gap


Multilayer PlanningCell Re-selection between layers

• Cell selection & re-selection can be done

• without HCS operation• with HCS operation

• Normally cell re-selection is done to cell having better coverage, but with HCS operation the cell re-selection is also possible to the weaker cell or to the GSM (in case they have higher priority)

• Both quality and level should be good enough in the neighbour cell before cell re-selection

• Neighbour cells with different priorities could be prioritised by using offset during penalty time

• Cells having same priorities (or HCS not used) are ranked and cell re-selection is done to the best cell

• Traffic balancing with directed RRC connection setup is possible in WCDMA


Multilayer PlanningUsage of Hierarchical Cells

• Use HCS parameters => mobile camps to micro cell whenever it is available

• HCS parameters not supported in dedicated mode

f1f1 f1f1 f1f1

f2f2

f2f2 f1f1 f1f1

Hot spotarea

Start call in micro cell because of HCS priorities

Coverage reason handover from micro to macro

f2f2 f2f2 f2f2

Macro

Micros

Fast moving MSs- feature can also be used to push UE to Macro Layer to avoid frequent cell re-selection

Fast moving MSs- feature can also be used to push UE to Macro Layer to avoid frequent cell re-selection


Multilayer PlanningFast Moving Mobiles in Micro Cells

• Fast moving mobiles can be handed over from micro frequency to macro frequency

• High mobility is detected based on the frequency of active set updates

WCDMA macro f1WCDMA macro f1

Micro f2Micro f2 Micro f2Micro f2 Micro f2Micro f2 Micro f2Micro f2X

Fast moving mobile Too frequent active set updates within micro frequency initiate

inter-frequency handover tomacro frequency


Multilayer PlanningCell Re-selection Rules

• During cell re-selection it is possible to camp on GSM or WCDMA depening how parameters are set in serving and neighbouring cell

• Camping on GSM is recommended:• Continious GSM coverage• 3G ->2G handover amount is reduced or it is not at

all supported

• Camping on WCDMA is recommended:• Continious 3G coverage, utilize fully 3G network• For dual mode Mobiles• 2G ->3G handover is not supported• Initial Nokia implementation strategy is to push all

dual mode MS to WCDMA


Multilayer Planning Inter-System Handover Rules

• 5 Handover Triggering reasons is possible from WCDMA

• CPICH Ec/No, CPICH RSCP, UL quality & Power, DL Power

• GSM neighbours are measured only in Compressed mode, not all the time

• UE needs more power for neighbour measurements during compressed mode -> measurements should start early enough

• BSIC decoding time need to be taken into account; the ISHO procedure could take more time in case many GSM neighbours are measured as neighbours

• Handover from GSM to WCDMA is done only if GSM load is high enough

49635656 nsn-3 g-radio-planning-day2-v1-3

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