Noun Declensions 1st: mostly feminine, with a few masculine. –ancilla, poēta, aqua 2 nd :...
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Transcript of Noun Declensions 1st: mostly feminine, with a few masculine. –ancilla, poēta, aqua 2 nd :...
Noun Declensions• 1st: mostly feminine, with a few masculine.
– ancilla, poēta, aqua
• 2nd: masculine with a few feminine(-us, or -er) or neuter (-um)– dominus, servus, templum, ātrium
• 3rd: all genders; usually with one stem in the nominative (with neuters, nominative and accusative) and another for the other cases– leō, leōnis; mīles, mīlitis; custōs, custōdis
• 4th: masculine (-us) and neuter (-ū)– gradus, portus, cornu
• 5th: feminine, except for diēs, which can be masculine or feminine
Dictionary Entries• The dictionary will give you the nominative singul
ar, genitive singular and gender of a noun. To save space, the genitive singular can be abbreviated:– ancilla, ancillae f. OR ancilla, -ae f.– dominus, dominī m. OR dominus, dominī m.– mīles, mīlitis m. OR mīles, -itis m.
• The genitive singular lets you know how the stem changes in a 3rd declension noun and also tells you if a noun in –us is 2nd or 4th declension– servus, -ī m. v. portus, -ūs m.
• The vocabulary at the back of Cambridge Book 1 gives you the accusative singular instead because the genitive is not introduced until Book 2.
General Tips• The accusative singular in masculine and feminine nouns always ends in –m
– dominum, ancillam, mercātōrem
• The accusative plural of masculine and feminine nouns always ends in -s
– dominōs, ancillās, montēs
• The genitive plural always ends in -um– dominōrum, ancillārum, montium
• Except in the 3rd declension, the ablative singular always ends with the declension’s `signature vowel’ in its long form– dominō, ancillā, gradū, diē
• The dative and ablative plural are always the same and end in –īs or –bus – cum ancillīs, cum dominīs, sine mīlitibus, omnibus crēdite
• The neuter nominative and accusative are always the same – forum est pulchrum, forum spectāmus
• The neuter nominative/accusative plural always ends in –a– computātra nōn sunt animālia (so a word ending in –a isn’t always a si
ngular, 1st declension noun)
DERIVATION
LATIN ITALIAN SPANISH FRENCH ENGLISH
oculus occhio ojo œilperīculum
pericolo peligro péril
vēritās,vēritātem
verità verdad vérité
nātiōnātiōnem
nazione nación nation
actor, actōrem
attore actor acteur
DERIVATION
LATIN ITALIAN SPANISH FRENCH ENGLISH
oculus occhio ojo œil eye
perīculum
pericolo peligro péril peril
vēritās,vēritātem
verità verdad vérité truth
nātiōnātiōnem
nazione nación nation nation
actor, actōrem
attore actor acteur actor
1st declension: ancilla, -ae (f.)
Singular Plural
Nominative ancilla ancillae
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
1st declension: ancilla, -ae (f.)
Singular Plural
Nominative ancilla ancillae
Accusative ancillam ancillās
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
1st declension: ancilla, -ae (f.)
Singular Plural
Nominative ancilla ancillae
Accusative ancillam ancillās
Genitive ancillae ancillārum
Dative
Ablative
1st declension: ancilla, -ae (f.)
Singular Plural
Nominative ancilla ancillae
Accusative ancillam ancillās
Genitive ancillae ancillārum
Dative ancillae ancillīs
Ablative
1st declension: ancilla, -ae (f.)
Singular Plural
Nominative ancilla ancillae
Accusative ancillam ancillās
Genitive ancillae ancillārum
Dative ancillae ancillīs
Ablative ancillā ancillīs
1st DECLENSION IRREGULARITIES
• The Dat/Abl plural of fīlia (daughter) and dea (goddess) are fīliābus and deābus to avoid confusions with fīliīs (< fīlius, son) and deīs (< deus, god)
• With names of cities and small islands, the Locative endings –ae (sing.) and –īs (plr) are used instead of prepositions to give the meaning `in’ or `at’:– Rōmae, in Rome (but in urbe Rōmā, in the city
of Rome)– Athēnīs, in Athens (but in urbe Athēnīs
2nd declension: dominus, -ī (m.)
Singular Plural
Nominative dominus dominī
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
2nd declension: dominus, -ī (m.)
Singular Plural
Nominative dominus dominī
Accusative dominum dominōs
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
2nd declension: dominus, -ī (m.)
Singular Plural
Nominative dominus dominī
Accusative dominum dominōs
Genitive dominī dominōrum
Dative
Ablative
2nd declension: dominus, -ī (m.)
Singular Plural
Nominative dominus dominī
Accusative dominum dominōs
Genitive dominī dominōrum
Dative dominō dominīs
Ablative
2nd declension: dominus, -ī (m.)
Singular Plural
Nominative dominus dominī
Accusative dominum dominōs
Genitive dominī dominōrum
Dative dominō dominīs
Ablative dominō dominīs
2nd declension: templum, -ī (n.)
Singular Plural
Nominative templum templa
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
2nd declension: templum, -ī (n.)
Singular Plural
Nominative templum templa
Accusative templum templa
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
2nd declension: templum, -ī (n.)
Singular Plural
Nominative templum templa
Accusative templum templa
Genitive templī templōrum
Dative
Ablative
2nd declension: templum, -ī (n.)
Singular Plural
Nominative templum templa
Accusative templum templa
Genitive templī templōrum
Dative templō templīs
Ablative
2nd declension: templum, -ī (n.)
Singular Plural
Nominative templum templa
Accusative templum templa
Genitive templī templōrum
Dative templō templīs
Ablative templō templīs
2nd DECLENSION - IRREGULARITIES
• With names of cities and small islands, the LOCATIVE endings –ī (sing.) and –īs (plr) are used instead of prepositions to give the meaning `in’ or `at’:
– Marcus Londiniī et Pompeiīs habitābat
• Nouns in –us change to –e when the person is being addressed but the –us is simply dropped if `i’ precedes it (VOCATIVE case)
Ad urbem, Marce et Iūlī, venīte!
• A preceding `i’ may be dropped before the –ī of the GENITIVE and LOCATIVE Pater Iulī Londinī habitat Julius’s father lives in London.
• The address (VOCATIVE) form of deus is the same as the nominative, while dī is often used instead of deī in the NOM plural, deum instead of deōrum in the GEN plural and dīs for deīs in the DAT and ABL plural.
– Dī nōbīs favent
• vir (man) uses vir- as the stem for all cases after the NOM/VOC singular
• A few nouns in-er (eg. puer, magister, liber) similarly use that form for the NOM/VOC singular, then use this as the base for all the other endings, often dropping the `e’ also– Puer est in viā. Puerum videō (`e’ retained)– Magister est in viā. Magistrum videō (`e’ dropped)
3rd declension: leō, leōnis (m.)
Singular Plural
Nominative leō leōnēs
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
3rd declension: leō, leōnis (m.)
Singular Plural
Nominative leō leōnēs
Accusative leōnem leōnēs
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
3rd declension: leō, leōnis (m.)
Singular Plural
Nominative leō leōnēs
Accusative leōnem leōnēs
Genitive leōnis leōnum
Dative
Ablative
3rd declension: leō, leōnis (m.)
Singular Plural
Nominative leō leōnēs
Accusative leōnem leōnēs
Genitive leōnis leōnum
Dative leōnī leōnibus
Ablative
3rd declension: leō, leōnis (m.)
Singular Plural
Nominative leō leōnēs
Accusative leōnem leōnēs
Genitive leōnis leōnum
Dative leōnī leōnibus
Ablative leōne leōnibus
3rd declension: nōmen, nōminis (n.)
Singular Plural
Nominative nōmen nōmina
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
3rd declension: nōmen, nōminis (n.)
Singular Plural
Nominative nōmen nōmina
Accusative nōmen nōmina
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
3rd declension: nōmen, nōminis (n.)
Singular Plural
Nominative nōmen nōmina
Accusative nōmen nōmina
Genitive nōminis nōminum
Dative
Ablative
3rd declension: nōmen, nōminis (n.)
Singular Plural
Nominative nōmen nōmina
Accusative nōmen nōmina
Genitive nōminis nōminum
Dative nōminī nōminibus
Ablative
3rd declension: nōmen, nōminis (n.)
Singular Plural
Nominative nōmen nōmina
Accusative nōmen nōmina
Genitive nōminis nōminum
Dative nōminī nōminibus
Ablative nōmine nōminibus
3rd declension: SeXy nouns
• 3rd declension nouns ending in –s or–x with the same number of syllables in nominative and genitive singular (e.g cīvis, cīvis, citizen; ignis, ignis, fire) or with a one-syllable nominative singular and a stem for the genitive ending in two consonants (urbs, urbis or nox, noctis) have the genitive plural in –ium: e,g, civium, urbium
• These nouns also have an alternative accusative plural ending in –īs (e.g. cīvīs videō or cīvēs videō, I see the citizens). This ending, rarely used in beginners’ books, is quite common in Latin literature.
• If the nominative and genitive singular are exactly the same, the ablative singular can end in –ī as well as in –e (e.g. cum cīvī or cum cīve (with a citizen), sine ignī or sine igne (without fire))
3rd declension: civis, civis (m., f.)
Singular Plural
Nominative cīvis cīvēs
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
3rd declension: civis, civis (m., f.)
Singular Plural
Nominative cīvis cīvēs
Accusative cīvem cīvēs or cīvīs
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
3rd declension: civis, civis (m., f.)
Singular Plural
Nominative cīvis cīvēs
Accusative cīvem cīvēs or cīvīs
Genitive cīvis cīvium
Dative
Ablative
3rd declension: civis, civis (m., f.)
Singular Plural
Nominative cīvis cīvēs
Accusative cīvem cīvēs or cīvīs
Genitive cīvis cīvium
Dative cīvī cīvibusAblative
3rd declension: civis, civis (m., f.)
Singular Plural
Nominative cīvis cīvēs
Accusative cīvem cīvēs or cīvīs
Genitive cīvis cīvium
Dative cīvī cīvibusAblative cīve or cīvī cīvibus
3rd declension: neuter nouns with –ia plural
• Neuter nouns ending in –e, -al or –ar (e.g. mare, maris, sea; animal, animālis, animal) also have genitive plural nominative in –ium
• They have nominative and accusative plural in –ia
• Their ablative singular ALWAYS ends in -ī
3rd declension: mare, maris (n.)
Singular Plural
Nominative mare maria
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
3rd declension: mare, maris (n.)
Singular Plural
Nominative mare maria
Accusative mare maria
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
3rd declension: mare, maris (n.)
Singular Plural
Nominative mare maria
Accusative mare maria
Genitive maris marium
Dative
Ablative
3rd declension: mare, maris (n.)
Singular Plural
Nominative mare maria
Accusative mare maria
Genitive maris marium
Dative marī maribusAblative
3rd declension: mare, maris (n.)
Singular Plural
Nominative mare maria
Accusative mare maria
Genitive maris marium
Dative marī maribusAblative marī maribus
3rd DECLENSION IRREGULARITIES
• With names of cities and small islands, the Locative endings –e or -ī (sing.) and –ibus (plr) are used instead of prepositions to give the meaning `in’ or `at’:– Carthāgine habitābāmus– Novemdracōnibus habitābam
• bōs, bovis m/f, ox/cow: GEN plr. bovum or boum,
DAT/ABL plr. bovibus, bubus or bobus
• vīs f, force: only has ACCUS vim and ABL vī in singular; regular plr vīrēs, vīrium must be carefully distinguished from 2nd declension vir, virī (man).
4th declension: gradus, gradūs (m.)
Singular Plural
Nominative gradus gradūs
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
4th declension: gradus, gradūs (m.)
Singular Plural
Nominative gradus gradūs
Accusative gradum gradūs
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
4th declension: gradus, gradūs (m.)
Singular Plural
Nominative gradus gradūs
Accusative gradum gradūs
Genitive gradūs graduum
Dative
Ablative
4th declension: gradus, gradūs (m.)
Singular Plural
Nominative gradus gradūs
Accusative gradum gradūs
Genitive gradūs graduum
Dative graduī gradibus
Ablative
4th declension: gradus, gradūs (m.)
Singular Plural
Nominative gradus gradūs
Accusative gradum gradūs
Genitive gradūs graduum
Dative graduī gradibus
Ablative gradū gradibus
4th/2nd declension: domus, domūs (m.)
Singular Plural
Nominative domus domūsAccusative domum domōs/domūsGenitive domūs domuum/domōru
mDative domuī/dom
ōdomibus
Ablative domō/domū domibus
NOTES ON DOMUS
• The table of endings gives the commoner form first. Note that the genitive plural ending in –ōrum is found only in poetry and late prose writers
• The table in Latin via Ovid (p.127) gives domī as an alternative for the genitive singular. However, this only occurs in the 2nd. Century B.C. dramatist Plautus, so the slide in this presentation (like many textbooks) omits it.
• domī is, however, used as locative singular, following the standard 2nd. declension pattern (there is no locative case in the 4th. declension). domus is one of three common nouns (ie. not place names) which have a locative, the others being humus (locative: humī), ground, and rūs (locative: rūrī), countryside.
4th declension: cornū, cornūs (n.)
Singular Plural
Nominative cornū cornua
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
4th declension: cornū, cornūs (n.)
Singular Plural
Nominative cornū cornua
Accusative cornū cornua
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
4th declension: cornū, cornūs (n.)
Singular Plural
Nominative cornū cornua
Accusative cornū cornua
Genitive cornūs cornuum
Dative
Ablative
4th declension: cornū, cornūs (n.)
Singular Plural
Nominative cornū cornua
Accusative cornū cornua
Genitive cornūs cornuum
Dative cornu(ī) cornibus
Ablative
4th declension: cornū, cornūs (n.)
Singular Plural
Nominative cornū cornua
Accusative cornū cornua
Genitive cornūs cornuum
Dative cornuī? cornū? cornibus
Ablative cornū cornibus
5th declension: rēs, reī (f.)
Singular Plural
Nominative rēs rēs
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
5th declension: rēs, reī (f.)
Singular Plural
Nominative rēs rēs
Accusative rem rēs
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
5th declension: rēs, reī (f.)
Singular Plural
Nominative rēs rēs
Accusative rem rēs
Genitive reī rērum
Dative
Ablative
5th declension: rēs, reī (f.)
Singular Plural
Nominative rēs rēs
Accusative rem rēs
Genitive reī rērum
Dative reī rēbus
Ablative