NOTHING THAT CAN BE MEMORIZED IS HISTORY
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Transcript of NOTHING THAT CAN BE MEMORIZED IS HISTORY
NOTHING THAT CAN NOTHING THAT CAN BE MEMORIZED IS BE MEMORIZED IS
HISTORYHISTORY
CHANGE IN THE CHANGE IN THE AMERICAN WEST:AMERICAN WEST:
ConvergenceConvergenceConflict Conflict
ContinuityContinuity
SIGNIFICANCE OF 1821SIGNIFICANCE OF 1821
________ won its independence from _______________ won its independence from _______ Seeking new trading partners, new alliesSeeking new trading partners, new allies
Hugh Glenn and Jacob FowlerHugh Glenn and Jacob Fowler Taos Trail: Pueblo to Taos via Sangre de Cristo Taos Trail: Pueblo to Taos via Sangre de Cristo
PassPass Taos becomes ____________________________Taos becomes ____________________________
William BecknellWilliam Becknell Opens the _________________ to American tradeOpens the _________________ to American trade Franklin, MO to Santa Fe: 1200 milesFranklin, MO to Santa Fe: 1200 miles
SANTA FE TRADESANTA FE TRADE
ProfitableProfitable ____________ paid hard cash for _________________________ paid hard cash for _____________
1822: Trade totaled $15,000 ($250,000 in today’s 1822: Trade totaled $15,000 ($250,000 in today’s dollars)dollars)
1860: Trade totaled $3.5 million ($81.4 million in 1860: Trade totaled $3.5 million ($81.4 million in today’s dollars)today’s dollars)
RomanticRomantic Exotic location for _________________________Exotic location for _________________________ Fandangos, Flirting, and FumarFandangos, Flirting, and Fumar
EARLY FUR TRADEEARLY FUR TRADE Based on trapping beaverBased on trapping beaver ____________________________________________________________________________
French-CanadiansFrench-Canadians MexicansMexicans Americans from the EastAmericans from the East
Set basis for “Middle Ground”Set basis for “Middle Ground” Trappers established ______________________________Trappers established ______________________________
40% of Mountain Men married Indian women40% of Mountain Men married Indian women 20% of Mountain Men married Mexican women20% of Mountain Men married Mexican women Average length of marriage = 15 yearsAverage length of marriage = 15 years Average number of children = 3Average number of children = 3
IN THE 1830s: ________________________ BECAME THE CHIEF ARTICLE OF WESTERN TRADE.CHANGES THAT OCCURRED:
•Buffalo robes obtained through ______ not _______________
•________________________ replaced the rendezvous
SEVERAL TRADING POSTS ESTABLISHED ON THE EASTERN PLAINS
•1832 – Gantt and Blackwell near Pueblo
•1833 – Bent’s Fort between Las Animas and
La Junta
•1835 – Fort Vasquez near Platteville
•1836 – Fort Lupton
•1836 – Fort St. Vrain (Fort Lookout)
1833 – 1848 BENTS’ FORT DOMINATED THE PLAINS
From its position on the north side of the Arkansas River, astride the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail
•Rectangular, Grey Adobe Structure: 180 feet by 135 feet
•Round bastions at SE and NW corners
•Walls: 2’ – 4’ thick and 15’ high
•Midway along eastern wall – sheet metal and iron doors
•Center of facility = fur press
Council Room Trading Room
Kitchen
Living Quarters
Blacksmith Corrals
BENT’S OLD FORT:
•Stood for nearly 20 years
•________________________________
•It was the DIA of its time
BENT’S FORT: AGENT OF CHANGE
CONVERGENCE – CONFLICT – CONTINUITY
CONVERGENCE:•Brought cultures together: BENT & ST. VRAIN CO.
Marcellin St. Vraub
Married:
“Red”
Ogalala Sioux
Ceran St. Vrain
Married:
Maria de la Luz
Taos
William Bent
Married:
Owl Woman &
Yellow Woman
Cheyenne
CONVERGENCE:CONVERGENCE:
Mexican Skilled LaborMexican Skilled Labor
CONVERGENCE: Native AmericansCONVERGENCE: Native Americans
Procured robes and principal trading partnersProcured robes and principal trading partners
CHEYENNE
ARAPAHOE
COMANCHE
KIOWA
CONVERGENCE:CONVERGENCE:
Brought different ____________________togetherBrought different ____________________togetherAmerican Capitalist + Spanish Closed Mercantilist American Capitalist + Spanish Closed Mercantilist and Native American Barterand Native American Barter
CONVERGENCE: _______________________ CONVERGENCE: _______________________ ______________________________________________________________________Santa Fe and Taos Families increased wealthSanta Fe and Taos Families increased wealth
New trading partners had _____________________New trading partners had _____________________Native Americans increased wealth and Native Americans increased wealth and prestigeprestige
Cheyenne and Arapahoe gained “______________”Cheyenne and Arapahoe gained “______________”Increased _______________________on the PlainsIncreased _______________________on the Plains
Bent and St. Vrain Company profitableBent and St. Vrain Company profitable1842: Income of $190,000 ($4.5 million today)1842: Income of $190,000 ($4.5 million today)
SO……SO……
WHAT HAPPENED?WHAT HAPPENED?
CONFLICT: WAR WITH MEXICOVictory upset political, economic and social balance
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Added all of SW to ___________________________
Mexican citizens became US citizens
Charles Bent became Governor of New Mexico - _________
Ceran St. Vrain led militia in revenge/retaliation
William Bent lost Owl Woman to cholera
Brought by ___________________________
Native Americans victims of cholera epidemic
Lost one-third to one-half of population
CONFLICT: CONFLICT: BASIS FOR MIDDLE GROUND = GONEBASIS FOR MIDDLE GROUND = GONE
Victory in War with Mexico opened door to new landsVictory in War with Mexico opened door to new landsFirst event = ___________________________First event = ___________________________
Changed image of the WestChanged image of the WestChanged westward settlementChanged westward settlement
Arrivals after 1848 have different goalsArrivals after 1848 have different goalsExtraction of ________________________ is primaryExtraction of ________________________ is primary
Goals do not involve the assistance of ANY previous Goals do not involve the assistance of ANY previous groupgroup
Both groups = OBSTACLES to be removed, not Both groups = OBSTACLES to be removed, not accommodatedaccommodated
CONFLICT:CONFLICT:HOW DO WE KNOW THAT THE BASIS IS HOW DO WE KNOW THAT THE BASIS IS
GONE?GONE?BENT & ST. VRAIN CO DISSOLVED - 1849BENT & ST. VRAIN CO DISSOLVED - 1849BENT’S FORT IS GONE BENT’S FORT IS GONE
William Bent ________________ Bent’s Fort in 1849William Bent ________________ Bent’s Fort in 1849IMPORTANT TO NOTE SYMBOLISMIMPORTANT TO NOTE SYMBOLISM
Charles Bent killed in anti-European revolt in 1848Charles Bent killed in anti-European revolt in 1848Cholera - European borne disease destroyed tradeCholera - European borne disease destroyed tradeDynamite - European technology destroyed fortDynamite - European technology destroyed fort
CONTINUITY•Once introduced, __________________ presence was permanent
•American-style capitalism entrenched
•_____________lost control of trade to Bent & St. Vrain Co.
•Political conditions turned in favor of _______________ Stephen Kearney’s Army of the West entered Santa Fe
without firing a shot.
THE NATURE OF CHANGE BEFORE 1850THE NATURE OF CHANGE BEFORE 1850 Convergence: “Middle Ground” is basis for ______________Convergence: “Middle Ground” is basis for ______________ Conflict: Emerged OUTSIDE the areaConflict: Emerged OUTSIDE the area
Not generated within as in King Philip’s War, French and Indian War, Not generated within as in King Philip’s War, French and Indian War, Blackhawk War, Cherokee WarsBlackhawk War, Cherokee Wars
Continuity: ___________________established as PART of Continuity: ___________________established as PART of the systemthe system
•THE NATURE OF CHANGE AFTER 1850
•Conflict originated within the area and dominated relationships
•Continuity: American culture _______________ the system
•Convergence is not an option:
•___________ not _____________ became the standard