Notes - Springer978-1-137-12027-4/1.pdf · Notes 1 Latin American Social Policy: Challenging Gender...

Notes

1 Latin American Social Policy: Challenging Gender Inequalities?

1 . The PE was preceded by PANES—the National Plan to Address the

Social Emergency ( Plan de Atenci ó n Nacional a la Emergencia Social ).

PANES was relaunched as the PE in 2007.

2 . While I have generalized here about left-wing governments in the

region, there are clearly important differences in their approaches. This

has been widely discussed in the broader literature; see, for example,

Weyland et al., 2010 and Levitsky and Roberts, 2011.

3 . This is discussed in more detail in Chapter 4 .

4 . The Chilean health system and the Plan AUGE are discussed in full

detail in Chapter 3 .

5 . This is consistent with findings in other contexts with close to univer-

sal coverage (Hanratty et al., 2007, cited in Frenz et al., 2013: 12).

6 . The two edited collections by Gita Sen and Priya Ö stlin (2002, 2009b)

are evidence of these.

7 . The work of authors such as Bergeron, 2001; Beneria, 2003; Elson,

2004; Marchand and Runyan, 2000; Pearson, 2004; Rai, 2004;

Seguino and Grown, 2006 and Waylen, 1998, 2004 has been central

in developing critiques of globalization from within a gendered politi-

cal economy framework.

8 . http://www.who.int/topics/health_systems/qa/en/index.html ,

accessed April 16, 2013.

2 A Gendered Political Economy of Health

1 . Although meso-level analysis of the health sector can also involve

looking at the composition of the government budget and considering

the share of public expenditure allocated to the health sector, this will

not be the focus of analysis here.

2 . The concept of the meso level of economic analysis seems to have

been first used in the UNICEF project “Adjustment with a Human

Face” (Cornia et al., 1987), which looked at the social impact of struc-

tural adjustment programs. It was subsequently developed further in

NOT ES204

a project on the social dimensions of adjustment undertaken by the

World Bank and UNDP (Ferroni and Grootaert, 1993). While soci-

ologists and political scientists often give somewhat different mean-

ings to the terms macro, meso, and micro (Goetz, 1995; 1997), the

analysis here draws on the concepts as developed by Elson, 1994 and

Elson et al., 1997.

3 . See Chapter 5 for a more detailed discussion of the linkages between

health and work.

4 . This theme is taken up again in Chapter 3 in relation to the Latin

American context.

5 . Issues around health sector governance are explored in more depth in

Chapter 4 .

6 . The concept of social reproduction and its origins in the domestic

labor debate of the 1970s is discussed in more detail elsewhere, see,

for example, Gardiner, 1997; Himmelweit, 1995; Humphries, 2000;

Molyneux, 1979.

7 . Razavi (2007: 4) notes there is some dissonance, however, between

those who highlight and seek to make visible the unpaid “eco-

nomic” work of women and men, and those who emphasize the

unpaid care aspects of social reproduction. Advocates for the lat-

ter approach argue that it is important to distinguish unpaid care

work from other forms of unpaid labor, because unpaid care work

can have specific time horizons. In turn, this can have financial

and health impacts on the carer (Friedemann-S á nchez and Griffin,

2011: 527).

8 . SNA refers to the System of National Accounts. For many femi-

nist economists, inclusion within the SNA or not has been seen as

a crucial means of defining unpaid care work—although alternative

approaches also exist.

9 . These issues are examined in more detail in Chapters 3 and 4 .

10 . These debates are discussed in Chapter 6 , which considers the

wider implications of migration for health and access to health care

services.

11 . Esping-Andersen himself built on the work of Richard Titmuss in the

United Kingdom in the 1950s and 1960s, writing on the nature of

welfare states.

12 . Razavi (2007) provides an excellent overview of the feminist critiques

of the welfare regime approach.

13 . The concept of gender interests was devised by Molyneux (1985).

Sex is not a sufficient basis for common interests since differently

positioned women have different social, economic and political inter-

ests. It is important to differentiate between “women’s interests”

and “gender interests”—that is, interests that women and men may

develop by virtue of their social positioning through gender attributes.

Molyneux also differentiates between “practical gender interests”—

those that respond to immediate, situation-specific needs, and which

NOT ES 205

may not challenge prevailing forms of gender subordination—and

“strategic gender interests,” which entail transformative goals such

as women’s emancipation and gender equality (1985: 232–233).

14 . There is an extensive body of feminist literature that has considered

the intra-household division of resources and economic decision-

making processes (Folbre, 1986, 1994; Kabeer, 1997; O’Laughlin,

2007).

15 . Out-of-pocket payments are expenditures borne directly by a patient

where insurance does not cover the full cost of the health good or

service. They include cost-sharing, self-medication, and other expen-

diture paid directly by private households. In some countries, estima-

tions of informal payments to health care providers are also included

(OECD, 2011).

3 The Development of Gendered Health Systems

1 . Although the discussion will focus on gender inequalities the need to

recognize other types of inequalities exist alongside gender inequali-

ties remains implicit throughout the book.

2 . See Chapter 1 for further discussion of this point.

3 . See Chapter 4 for a fuller discussion of this.

4 . See Chapter 2 and see also the work of others such as Malloy, 1985;

Marquez and Joly,1986; Navarro, 1974.

5 . See Chapter 2 for a more in-depth discussion of this literature.

6 . The IHD refers to the International Health Department of the

Rockefeller Foundation.

7 . Allende was Minister of Health in Chile from 1939 until 1942.

8 . For more detailed discussion of this period of development within the

Chilean health system, see, for example, Chanfreau, 1979; Illanes,

1993; Rodriguez, 1976.

9 . See Chapter 5 for a more detailed discussion of this issue.

10 . The Chicago Boys were a group of young Chilean economists, the

majority of whom studied at the University of Chicago under the

neoliberal economist Milton Friedman.

11 . See Chapter 1 for a fuller discussion of CCTs.

12 . Catastrophic health spending is not caused simply by high-cost med-

ical procedures or interventions. A relatively small payment can mean

financial catastrophe to a poor person or household, forcing them to

reduce other basic expenses such as food, shelter, or their children’s

education (Xu et al., 2007: 973).

13 . Some of the consequences of these assumptions are discussed later in

the chapter in relation to findings in Chile.

14 . The role of grassroots activism in health policy advocacy is discussed

in more detail in Chapter 4 .

15 . An extensive body of literature in both Spanish and English has dis-

cussed the development of the Chilean health system between 1979

NOT ES206

and 1990 and the impact of privatization in the health sector on

health outcomes and inequalities—see, for example, Aedo, 2001;

Barrientos, 2000; Barrientos and Lloyd-Sherlock, 2000; Chanfreau,

1979; de la Jara, 2001; de la Jara and Bossert, 1995; Miranda, 1994;

Mesa-Lago, 2008; Oyarzo, 1994; Scarpaci, 1991; Vial et al., 1995;

Viveros-Long, 1986.

16 . For a detailed discussion of the Plan AUGE and different aspects of

the reforms of the 2000s in the health sector, see, for example, Brit á n,

2013; Borzutzky, 2008; Castiglioni, 2006; Lenz, 2007; Letlier and

Bedregal, 2006; M é ndez, 2009; Mesa-Lago, 2008; Pribble, 2013.

17 . This is discussed in more detail below—see section Gender

Discrimination and the ISAPRES .

18 . Many Chilean policy makers have also worked as consultants for

the World Bank and therefore much of this exchange occurred as

a result of personal relationships (Pribble, 2013; author interviews

with World Bank officials, April 2010).

19 . The gender dimensions of the reform debate are discussed in more

detail in Chapter 4

20 . Potentially productive years of life lost is an impact measure that

illustrates the loss that a society suffers as a consequence of deaths of

young people or premature deaths.

21 . See Chapter 4 for a more detailed discussion of this point.

22 . “Fonasa alerta a hospitales del pa í s por aumento en lista de espera

Auge,” La Tercera, August 23, 2013, http://www.latercera.com

/noticia/nacional/2013/08/680-539106-9-fonasa-alerta-a-hospi-

tales-del-pais-por-aumento-en-lista-de-espera-auge.shtml , accessed

October 19, 2013.

23 . See Chapter 2 for a more detailed discussion of this point.

24 . Risk charts were established in Article 38 of Law 18, 933, the

ISPARES Law (Ley de ISAPRES).

25 . See, for example, http://www.supersalud.gob.cl/568/w3

- article-7530.html , accessed June 29, 2014.

26 . http://radio.uchile.cl/noticias/154025 , accessed June 29, 2014.

4 Engendering Governance in Health?

1 . Chapter 3 provides an in-depth discussion of this.

2 . The Pan American Sanitary Bureau (PASB) was set up in 1902

and was the predecessor of the Pan American Health Organization

(PAHO); in 1949 it was agreed that the PASB would serve as the

regional arm of the WHO.

3 . See Chapter 3 for further discussion of this issue.

4 . This refers to the model of state-led development that was theoreti-

cally formulated by the Economic Commission for Latin American

and the Caribbean (ECLAC or the Spanish acronym CEPAL) in the

1950s and was promoted by governments across the region.

NOT ES 207

5 . See Chapter 3 for a more detailed discussion of the gender and racial

dimensions of this process.

6 . See Chapter 1 for further discussion of this point.

7 . There is an extensive body of literature on the nature of the democ-

ratization process in Chile and the rest of the region. See for exam-

ple Waylen (1994, 2007) for a feminist critique of some of these

debates.

8 . This section draws on an earlier research project conducted by the

author focusing on the process of gender mainstreaming in the

health sector in Chile. Findings from the project have been published

elsewhere—see Gideon (2006) and Gideon (2012).

9 . See Chapter 3 for a full discussion of this.

10 . Indeed this was reflected in the physical location of her office which

in July 2009 was located at the end of a narrow, relatively hard to find

corridor in the Ministry of Health and the office itself was rather

small – a reflection of the lack of status afforded to the role.

11 . Personal correspondence with member of Consejo , July 2011.

12 . This is based on a review of their website and publications, July

2011.

13 . Similarly this caring role assigned to women is reinforced in the

social protection program Chile Crecer Contigo , launched in 2006

with the aim of improving health and educational attainments for

young children.


15 . Apr i l 15, 2013, ht tp://w w w.emol.com/not ic ias/naciona l

/2013/04/15/593443/bachelet-en-frente-al-espejo.html , accessed

May 11, 2013.

5 Gender, the Changing Nature of Work and Health

1 . While the chapter focuses on agriculture and aquaculture, it is impor-

tant to recognize that similar processes have also occurred within

parts of the manufacturing and service sectors.

2 . Although the connection between this growth of informal work and

the large numbers of women entering paid employment is still sub-

ject to debate (UNIFEM, 2005), what is clear is that the majority of

informal workers are women (Carr et al., 2000; Chen et al., 1999;

Pearson, 2004; Prugl, 1999).

3 . Association of Colombian Flower Growers

4 . Bener í a (2001) provides an excellent overview of the debates around

the growing precariousness of women’s work.

5 . As Pearson (2004: 607) notes, it is also important to unpack the

category of female worker, not just in terms of variation such as age,

marital status, and the like, but also “their capacity and experience

in organizing and resisting constant attempts to intensify the rate of

labour exploitation to which they are subjected.”

NOT ES208

6 . http://www.anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos , accessed

October 2, 2012.

7 . “Lo que significa el estatuto del temporero,” October 3, 2011,

http://www.afech.cl/Noticias/Detalle/599 , accessed October 2,

2012.

8 . “Gobierno pondr á urgencia a proyecto de ley que mejora condi-

ciones labourales de trabajadores agr í colas,” July 10, 2012, http://

www.gob.cl/informa/2012/07/10/gobierno-pondra-urgencia-a-

proyecto-de-ley-que-mejora-condiciones-labourales-de-trabajadores-

agricola.htm , accessed October 2, 2012.

9 . “Sector Agr í cola entrega propuesta de estatuto laboural a ministros

de Agricultura y Trabajo,” http://www.mintrab.gob.cl/?p=3404 ,

accessed October 2, 2012.

10 . Chile: ANAMURI y RANQUIL: “hemos demandado el mejora-

miento de las condiciones de trabajo en los sectores rurales desde

los a ñ os 80; esta propuesta de estatuto que est á en el Congreso con-

ducir á a todo lo contrario,” http://www.cloc-viacampesina.net/es

/temas-principales/soberania-alimentaris-y-comercio/1156-chile-

anamuri-y-ranquil-qhemos-demandado-el-mejoramiento-de-las-

condiciones-de-trabajo-en-los-sectores-rurales-desde-los-anos-80-

esta-propuesta-de-estatuto-que-esta-en-el-congreso-conducira-a-

todo-lo-contrarioq , accessed October 2, 2012.

11 . “UNSATISFIED: ANAMURI rejects bill for temporary rural work-

ers in Chile,” http://www.radiomundoreal.fm/Unsatisfied?lang=es ,

accessed October 2, 2012.

12 . See Chapter 1 for a fuller discussion of these policy developments

13 . Details of GlobalGAP can be found at http://www.globalgap.org

/uk_en/who-we-are/ , accessed June 29, 2014.

6 Gender, Migrant Labor, and Health

1 . The “healthy immigrant effect” is an observed time path in which

the health of immigrants just after migration is substantially better

than that of comparable native-born people, but worsens with addi-

tional years in the new country. It is a question that has attracted

considerable discussion within the health literature.

2 . Questions of gender and occupational health risks are examined in

more detail in Chapter 5 .

3 . See Chapter 2 for further discussion.

4 . See Chapter 4 for a fuller discussion of questions of governance for

health.

5 . In reality this figure is likely to be even higher, given the difficulties

in recording undocumented migrants.

6 . More recently scholars have started to challenge the whole notion of

‘left behind’ and argued that many children understand the impor-

tance of parents’ migration strategies and how this contributes to the

future well-being.

NOT ES 209

7 . There is however an extensive body of literature that examines the

relationship between health and migration among Latin American

migrants in the United States, although much of this research is gen-

der blind.

8 . It is estimated that at a global level up to 40 million people fall into

this category every year (EESC, 2007; Mladovsky et al., 2007cited in

Cabieses, 2011).

9 . This question is also discussed in more detail in Chapter 5


11 . This study is discussed in more detail in Chapter 4 on health and

work.

12 . See N úñ ez (2008) for a more detailed discussion of these cultural

factors.

13 . As argued earlier this is evident in much of the health literature which

examines the health of children “left behind.”

7 Concluding Comments

1 . “Rayando la Cancha” by Eduardo Engel, La Tercera, October 5,

2013, http://papeldigital.info/ltrep/2013/10/05/01/paginas/026.

pdf , accessed October 20, 2013.

2 . Battle lines drawn as protesters seek overhaul of Chile’s political

system, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/02/chile-

elections-candidates-face-protest , accessed June 29, 2014.

3 . “ Daughters of Chile’s bloody past to clash over their country’s

future,” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/06

/chile-elections-michelle-bachelet-evelyn-matthei ; “Chile presiden-

tial favorite Bachelet vows tax reform in first 100 days,” http://

www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/07/us-chile-election-idUS-

BRE9960L120131007 , accessed June 29, 2014.

4 . http://international.cgdev.org/blog/who-runs-global-health-

world , accessed May 24, 2013.

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Index

Abel, C., 60, 95

abortion, 72, 112, 130, 132–3, 135,

195, 198

Abu Sharkh, M., 37

abuse, 160, 178–9, 186, 189

Acero, L., 16

Acosta, P., 172

agriculture, 20–1, 137–41, 143,

145–7, 150, 156, 159–60,

162–3, 171–2

see also nontraditional agricultural

exports (NTAEs)

Agudelo-Suárez, A., 170

Aguilar-Rivera, A.M., 63

Ahonen, E., 187

AIDS, 35, 83, 104, 114, 126

Allende, Salvador, 56

Alvarez, Sonia, 103, 110, 112–13

ANAMURI (Asociación Nacional

de Mujeres Rurales y

Indigenas), 158–60

Anderson, B., 167, 177, 185

Andrade, E.D., 147, 151

Annandale, E., 13, 151

Apablaza, R.C., 75

Araya, R., 83–4

Arber, S., 152

Arellano Lopez, S., 110

Argentina, 11, 48, 52, 69–70, 97,

153, 171, 173

Arif, A., 188

Armada, F., 64–5, 78, 98

Arredondo, A., 63

Arriagada, I., 173–4, 178–80

Artacoz, L., 151–2

Artaza, Osvaldo, 125

Artega, O., 75

Atkinson, S., 83

AUGE

see Plan AUGE

Bachelet, Michelle, 7, 81, 114, 116,

120, 124–6, 130–2, 135, 145,

160–2, 195

Baden, S., 113

Baeza, C., 10, 62

Bain, C., 148, 163–5

Bakewell, T., 171

Bakker, I., 25, 32

Barrett, G., 151

Barrientos, A., 1–3, 8, 11, 36–7, 57,

72–3, 75, 141, 143–4, 146,

148, 150, 163–4

Barrig, M., 111

Barten, F., 149

Barton, J., 143–4

basic universalism

see universalism

Bebbington, A., 110

Bedford, K., 25

Bee, A., 150

Béhague, D.P, 69

Belizán, J.M., 10

Benach, J., 169, 185

Benería, Lourdes, 17, 67, 98, 110,

141–2

INDEX262

Bentancor, A., 115

Bergeron, Suzanne, 17

Bernier, N., 31

Bice, T., 17

Birdsall, N., 1

Birn, Anne-Emanuelle, 55, 95, 112

Bitrán, R., 73, 85–6, 124

Blofield, M., 6, 46, 106–7, 121,

130, 133, 179

Bloom, G., 35, 169

Blumel, J.E., 83

Boesten, J., 53, 69

Bolsa Escola, 1–2

Bolsa Familia, 2, 65

Bono por Hijo, 160

Booth, Karen, 104–5

Borrell, C., 152

Borzutzky, S., 75, 82, 125

Bossert, T., 58, 74

Bradshaw, S., 11

Brazil, 1–2, 5–6, 9, 48, 65, 69,

99–100, 141, 152

Brickell, L., 41, 122

Briggs, C., 64

Brito Peña, A., 130

Brown, T.M., 97

Budlender, D., 98, 105, 153–4

Buse, K., 13, 31, 92, 113

Buvinic, M., 151–2

Cabieses, B., 171, 176, 178, 181–2

Caja de Seguro Obligatorio (CSO),

56

Carballo, M., 189

Carlisle, F., 189

Carr, M., 142

Castaño, R.A., 42, 63

Castiglioni, R., 80, 120

Castillo, G.R., 183–4, 188, 190

Catholic Church, 43, 48, 112, 121,

134

Cavagnero, E., 46

Cecchini, S., 3

CEPALISTA developmentalism, 96

Cerutti, M., 171

Challies, E.R.T., 143

Changfreau, D., 95

Chant, S., 13, 41, 67, 122

Charlesworth, H., 103

Chavez, Hugo, 64–5

chid birth, 69, 84, 87, 98, 112, 150,

184

Chile

CCT programs, 11

gender and, 11, 17

gender bias and, 143–9, 154–5

gendered governance in health

and, 114–26

gendered health systems, 55,

58–9, 73–80

health care and, 5–6, 9, 11–12

labor and, 20, 144–9, 154–5

migration and, 173–85

neoliberal policy and, 74–80

Peru and, 173–80, 188–90

Plan AUGE, 3, 9

reforms and, 6–7, 11, 50–1,

73–83, 114–15

social policy, 3

welfare and, 46, 58–9

Chile Crece Contigo (Chile Grows

with You), 65, 115, 160

Christian-Democrats, 82, 87, 120–1

Cianelli, R., 83

Cid, C., 90

Coe, A.-B., 69, 113

Coelho, V.S., 101, 108

Colen, S., 53, 68

Colombia, 16, 42, 49, 62, 70, 95,

100, 142, 165

Comprehensive Health System

see Seguro Integral de Salud

conditional cash transfer (CCT)

programs, 2–4, 8, 11, 65, 68,

98

Consultative Councils (Consejos

Consultivos), 118, 125–6, 129

contraception, 56, 68–72, 112,

114–15, 120, 130–1, 133, 176,

185, 188

INDEX 263

Contreras, D., 144–5

Cooper-Patrick, L., 52

Cornia, A., 25, 60, 66

Cornwall, Andrea, 40, 100–1, 108,

111, 119, 124

cost effectiveness, 13, 66, 98

Costa Rica, 11, 48, 51, 70, 100,

141, 171

Cuba, 48, 60, 64–5, 70, 112

Cueto, M., 55, 95

Cunill Grau, N., 116

Dagnino, E., 101

Daguerre, A., 1

Daly, Mary, 103

Dannreuther, C., 3

Davies, A., 168, 174

De Kadt, E., 99–100

de la Jara, 58, 74

Deere, Carmen Diana, 139–40

DeJong, J., 30

Delamaza, G., 116

developmentalism, 96

Dharmalingam, A., 41

Diaz, X., 156–7

Díaz-Romero, P., 108

Dides, C., 130–1

Dion, M., 49, 93

Directive of Protection of Infants and

Adolescents (PROTINFA), 56

Dixon-Woods, M., 175, 183–4

Dodd, R., 72

Dolan, C., 138, 150, 164

domestic labor, 22, 33–4, 167,

177–80, 186–8, 193

domestic violence, 51, 126

Donato, K., 168

Doyal, Lesley, 13–14, 16, 19, 23,

25, 27–31, 100, 109, 119, 137

Draibe, S., 48

Drake, P.W., 57

Dyck, I., 169–70, 191

early childhood education and care

(ECEC), 3, 11

Ecuador, 9, 49, 65, 70

Edholm, F., 32

Eguiguren, O|P., 154, 161

Ehrenreich, B., 172

Ehrick, C., 52

El Salvador, 11, 49, 56, 70, 99, 112,

141

Elgar, R., 132

Elson, Diane, 15, 19, 23, 25–7, 50,

66–7, 98, 139, 157

en Chile (ENETS), 161–2

Encina, J., 145

Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones

de Empleo, Trabajo, Calidad de

Vida et Salud

enganchaodres, 148

Erasmus, E., 31

Escandell, X., 174

Escrivá, A., 172

Esping-Anderson, G., 11, 36–9

Espinoza, V., 116

Esquivel, V., 154

Evers, B., 15–16, 18, 26–7, 137,

148

Ewig, C., 9, 12, 16, 42, 49–50, 52,

61–3, 66, 69, 77, 80–1, 94,

106, 113, 125, 127–8

Eyben, R., 50, 105, 125

family planning, 30, 69, 188

Faúndes, A., 112, 130–1

Faur, E., 12

Feldman, R., 67, 169, 177, 183

Fernald, L., 2

Fernandez Jilberto, A., 116

Fernandez-Stark, K., 144

Filgueira, F., 3–4, 7, 37, 57

Fine, B., 37

Fischer, R., 46

Floro, M.S., 141, 152

Folbre, Nancy, 19, 23, 26, 32–4, 67

Fondo Nacional de Salud

(FONASA), 73–7, 82, 85–6,

90, 155, 183

Foweraker, J., 110

INDEX264

Franceschet, S., 107, 120–1, 125,

130–2

Frank, A.G., 28

Fraser, N., 51

Frente Popular, 58

Frenz, P., 5, 9, 63

Friedman, E.J., 66, 113

Fundación Superación de la Pobreza

(FSP), 127

Gagnon, A., 168

Galárraga, O., 42

gender bias

advocacy, 158–60

Chile and, 143–9, 154–5

economic restructuring and,

138–9

feminization of labor and,

139–40

gender roles and health risks,

151–5

gendered occupational health

risks, 149–51

gendered time use and care,

153–4

labor market informalization,

141–3

overview, 137–8

paid work and access to health

care, 155–8

policy responses, 158–65

privacy sector and, 162–5

public health policies, 160–2

tensions between health and

work, 149–51

gendered governance in health

changing context of, 94–8

Chile and, 114–26

co-optation of women’s

participation in health sector,

109–12

depoliticization of civil society,

116–17

engendering health policy

processes, 119–22

feminist mobilizing and, 112–14

gender mainstreaming, 102–5

health sector participation,

117–18

limits of state feminism, 122–4

limits to gender mainstreaming,

124–6

overview, 91–4

participation and women’s unpaid

work, 118–19

participation in health in Latin

America, 98–102

participatory spaces and, 116

recognizing unpaid care work in

health policy, 126–9

reproductive rights and,

129–34

women’s groups and participation

in health reform debate, 128–9

women’s movements and, 108–14

women’s state policy agencies,

105–8

gendered health systems

approaches to understanding

policy changes, 49–51

AUGE, 80–3

Chilean case, 55, 58–9, 73–80

embedded maternalism and

“vertical” planning, 67–72

embedding of gendered norms in

development, 57

gender inequalities in a two-tier

system, 83–6

gendered implications of

neoliberal restructuring,

66–72

ISAPRES and, 86–90

Latin American context, 46–9

maternalism in early

20th-Century health policy,

53–5

neoliberal reform in health sector,

60–3, 74–7

origins of, 51–2

overview, 45–6

INDEX 265

post-liberal health reform in

Latin America, 63–6

privatization and consolidation of

a two-tier system, 77–9

push for 21st-Century reform,

79–80

women’s reproductive health and

rights in Latin America, 70–1

gendered political economy of

health

approaches to, 25–7

gender, globalization, and health,

27–8

intra-household decision making,

40–2

key elements of, 23–4

overview, 23

political economy, 28–31

roles of institutions, 35–40

social reproduction and care,

32–5

George, A., 52

Germain, A., 14

Gerntholtz, L., 14

Gertler, P., 10

Giaconi, C.J., 59

Gideon, J., 3, 10, 12–13, 16, 52,

62, 69, 83, 87, 100, 110–11,

122, 124, 128–9, 155, 160,

183

Gilbert, T., 96–7

Gilson, L., 31, 47

Gindling, T.H., 171

Giuffrida, A., 149

Global North, 35, 49, 172

Global-Macro-Meso-Micro

framework, 19, 24, 42–3

Global Programme on AIDS

(GPA), 104

see also AIDS

Global South, 18, 29, 35, 37

GlobalGAP, 163–4

globalization, 3, 5, 16–19, 23,

27–36, 92, 138, 168, 196,

201

Goetz, Anne Marie, 19, 23, 26,

93–4, 102, 108, 112–13, 123,

129, 175, 184, 197

Goldade, K., 169, 171

Gómez, E.G., 16

Gomez-Danté, O., 46

González de la Rocha, M., 17,

40–1, 67

Gough, I., 37

Graham, Hilary, 33

grassroots organizations, 99,

110–11, 115, 119, 128, 160

Grau, P., 52

Grown, C., 16, 137

Grugel, J., 63

Guerra, C., 101

Guilari, S., 35

Guy, D., 48, 52, 54

Guzmán, Z., 106, 121, 145

Haas, L., 106–7, 121

Haggard, S., 49

Hall, L., 2, 4, 8

Hankivsky, O., 170

Haour-Knipe, M., 182

Hargreaves, S., 177, 182

Hartmann, B., 30

Hassim, S., 16, 93, 102, 158

Hawkes, S., 13

Health for All Agenda, 96

see also World Health

Organization

health insurance

see also Instituciones de Salud

Previsional

Hein, W., 92

Hernandez, P., 153

Herrera, G., 172

higienismo, 53

Hildebrandt, N., 172

Hiscock, J., 67, 75

HIV, 35, 83, 114, 126

Hoedeman, R., 18

Holper, D., 186

Homedes, N., 8, 78

INDEX266

Hondagneu-Sotelo, P., 172

Horowitz, N., 52, 56–7

Hovell, M., 150

Htun, M., 93

Huber, M., 17, 37, 49, 62, 81–2

Hujo, K., 171–2

“human cost,” 60, 66

Hunt, J., 151

Illanes, M.A., 52

Im, E.O., 168

Import Substitution

Industrialization (ISI), 57, 60

Infante, A., 9, 80, 86

Inhorn, M., 18

Instituciones de Salud Previsional

(ISAPRES), 73–9, 81–2,

84–90, 122, 155–6, 199

Instituto Trabajo y Familia (ITF), 106

intergovernmental organizations

(IGOs), 92

Iriart, C., 46, 62, 75, 97

Jackson, C., 13, 40–1

Jacquette, J., 110

Jaggar, A., 16

Jelin, E., 171

Jenkins, K., 111

Jenson, Jane, 2–3, 10–11, 35–6,

39–40, 50, 68

Johns Hopkins University, 95

Kabeer, N., 30–1, 41, 138

Kain, J., 85

Kalofonos, I., 177

Kantola, J., 103, 105, 107, 114, 123

Kaufman, R., 60

Kawachi, I., 16

Kay, C., 138–9, 145

Keck, M., 113

Khulmann, E., 13

Kickbusch, I., 16, 92, 96

Knaul, F., 52

Kofman, E., 35, 39, 168, 172, 174,

185, 190

Kuiper, E., 103

Kurtz, M.J., 46

Labonté, R., 16

labor

Chile and, 20, 144–9, 154–5,

159

economic liberalization and, 26

extracting, 99, 115

feminization of, 139–40, 144–9

gender and, 20–2, 32, 42–3, 57,

67, 99, 137–8, 150–4, 158,

162

health care and, 46–7, 57, 119,

155–7

market informalization, 141–3,

150

organized, 93–4

production and, 32–3

restructuring of, 17

rural labor code, 159

unpaid, 35, 134

welfare and, 37–9

women and, 11, 42–3, 46, 164–6

see also migration

Lagos, Ricardo, 6, 116, 122

Langer, A., 12, 16, 62, 112

Larson, J., 17

Lastarria-Cornhiel, S., 140

Laurell, A.C., 8, 46, 61–2

Lavrin, A., 53–5

Law of People’s Rights and

Obligations, 117

Lee, H., 169

Lee, K., 16

Leftwich, A., 26

Legionarios de Cristo, 121

Leisering, L., 2, 11

Lenz, R., 124

Levitsky, S., 63

Lewis, J., 3, 35–6, 38

Lind, A., 107

Lloyd-Sherlock, P., 1, 8–9, 46, 60,

62–3, 73

Lo, M., 72

INDEX 267

Locke, C., 169

Loewenson, R., 149

Londoño, J., 46, 67

López, R., 7

Lopreite, D., 72

Loyola, A., 59, 95

Lu, J.L., 164

Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio, 2

Lund, Francie, 98

Lustig, N., 67

Macé, C., 147

Mackintosh, Maureen, 8, 23, 27,

36, 40, 42, 47, 63, 93, 158

MacPherson, E., 14, 16

Macro-Meso-Micro framework, 196

Madrid, G., 150, 165

Madrid, R., 4

Maher, K.H., 177–80, 185–6

Mahon, J.E., 7

Mahon, R., 98

Maira, G., 133

Mannarelli, M.E., 54

Márquez, C., 150

Márquez, R., 2

Martínez Franzoni, J., 1, 10–11,

37, 117

Martinez Pizarro, J., 179

Massey, D., 172

Matamala, M., 126, 154, 161

Mathauer, I., 66

Méndez, C., 100, 116–19

Menéndez, M., 149

mental health, 52, 58, 70, 83–4,

150, 157, 173, 187, 189–90,

193

Mesa-Lago, C., 4–5, 9, 46–8, 60–1,

75, 81, 97, 159

Messing, K., 150

Mexico

CCTs and, 2–3, 11, 68

ECEC programs and, 11

gendered governance in health,

52

health care and, 5, 9

labor and, 93, 141, 144

neoliberal reform and, 61–3, 65

Oportunidades, 2

overpopulation and, 30

policy legacies, 93

Progresa, 1–2

Rockefeller Foundation and, 55, 95

social insurance and, 49, 52

taxes and, 7

welfare and, 52, 54–5, 93

women and, 144, 150, 153

Meyer, M.K., 94

migration

access to health care and, 175–7

“candidacy” and, 182–5

Chile and, 173–85

health and, 168–70

health care entitlement and,

174–5

health seeking behavior of

migrants, 180–1

household provisioning of health

in context of, 190–2

lack of knowledge, 182

Latin America and, 170–3

mental health and, 189–90

occupational segregation, 177–85

overview, 167–8

vulnerability to poor health and,

185–9

Mijanos, A.M., 172

Millennium Development Goals

(MDGs), 12–14, 72, 113–14,

123, 196, 199

Miller, F., 54, 107

Miranda, E., 60, 75, 77

Misión Barrio Adentro program,

64–5

Mkandawire, T., 80

mobility, 167, 171, 187, 193

Mohindra, K.S., 72, 114, 124

Molina, 123

Molyneux, M., 4, 10–11, 40, 48,

52–3, 60, 68, 96, 98, 107, 109,

111

INDEX268

Montecinos, E.M., 116

Montecinos, V., 51, 62, 127

Moore, M., 100–1

Mora, C., 167, 171, 173–4, 178–9,

185

Moreno, L., 81

Morgan, Lynn, 28, 41, 100

Moser, C., 67, 99, 111

Mosquera, M., 100

Movement for the Emancipation of

Chilean Women

see Movimiento Pro-Emancipación

de la Mujer Chilena

Movimiento Pro-Emancipación de la

Mujer Chilena (MEMCh),

56

Muntaner, C., 64–5

Murray, S., 16, 84, 143–4

National Health Promotion Plan

see Plan Nacional de Promoción

de la Salud

National Health System

see Sistema Nacional de Salud

National Medical Services for

Employees

see Servicio Médico Nacional de

Empleados

National socioeconomic

characterization (CASEN), 86,

145, 173, 181–2, 188

National Women’s Service

see Servicio Nacional de la Mujer

Navarro, V., 28–9

Neilson, C., 10

Nelson, J.M., 8, 47, 60, 62

neoliberalism

Chile and, 74–80

economic policy and, 4

gendered implications of, 66–72

NGOs and, 110

post-neoliberal health reforms,

63–6

reforms in health sector, 46, 51,

59–63

social policy and, 1–2

welfare and, 94–5, 117

women and, 132, 134

Nicaragua, 11, 49, 71, 112, 144,

153

nongovernmental organizations

(NGOs), 24, 37, 69, 107,

110–11, 115, 123, 163, 182

nontraditional agricultural exports

(NTAEs), 20–1, 139, 143,

163

see also agriculture

Noonan, R., 51

Ñopo, H., 156

Núñez, C.L., 171, 174, 178–9, 181,

188–90, 192

Oakley, A., 33

Obligatory Insurance Fund

see Caja de Seguro Obligatorio

OECD (Organisation for

Economic Co-operation and

Development), 7, 86, 195

Olavarría, J., 154

Oportunidades, 2, 65

Orloff, A.S., 38, 50

Ossandón, J., 77–9

overpopulation, 30

Paerregaard, K., 172, 179

Pan American Health Organization

(PAHO), 20, 48, 60, 65–6, 97,

99, 115, 127–8, 151

Pannenborg, C., 17

Paraje, G., 9, 63, 80, 85–6

Parodi

Parson, N., 177

Patel, V., 84

Payne, S., 14, 102–4

Peabody, J., 67

Pearce, J., 101, 110

Pearson, Ruth, 19, 23, 25, 32, 129,

139–42, 157–8, 163, 165, 169,

172

Pedraza, S., 168

INDEX 269

Peru

Chile and, 173–80, 188–90

gendered health policy and, 52,

62, 95, 106

health care inequalities and, 9

health insurance and, 49, 66, 175

migration and, 22, 167–8, 173–

80, 184–6, 188–92

poverty and, 95, 99, 106

promotoras and, 111

women’s health and, 16, 50, 52,

69, 111, 113, 184

Pessar, P., 171–2, 191

Petchesky, R., 14

Phyne, J., 144

Pick, M., 149

Pierson, Paul, 49

Piñera, Sebastian, 107, 120–1, 126,

161–2, 195

Pinochet, Augusto, 59–61, 74, 116,

145, 178

“pioneer high,” 48

Piper, N., 167, 169, 171–2, 174,

179

Plan AUGE, 3, 6, 9, 51, 66, 75,

79–86, 125–9, 158, 198–9

Plan Nacional de Promoción de la

Salud, 117

policy legacies, 21, 45, 49, 52–3,

68, 72, 80, 91–4, 100, 183,

198

Pollack, Molly, 12, 16, 75, 79, 87,

156

Popular Front

see Frente Popular

Popular Health Insurance

Programme

see Seguro Popular

populism, 57

Posner, P.W., 117, 122

Pribble, J., 3, 5, 8, 37, 49–50, 62,

79–82, 120, 122

Primary Health Care: Now More

than Ever (report), 5

Pringle, R., 52

Progresa, 1–2

promotoras, 111

Prost, A., 13

Provoste, 50, 127

puericultura, 54

Radcliffe, S., 67

Rai, S., 25, 94, 108

Ramiréz, A., 156

Ravindran, T.K.S., 5, 9, 12

Razavi, Shahra, 16, 33, 36, 39, 98,

103, 107, 158

reforms

ANAMURI, 159–60

Chile and, 6–7, 11, 50–1, 73–83,

114–15

Colombia and, 42

economic, 106, 138

gender and, 16, 18, 26–7, 45–6,

52, 124–6

health reform, 4–6, 8, 10–12, 19,

26–7, 42, 53–4, 90, 117–20

ISAPRES and, 87, 122

neoliberal, 60–3, 66–7, 73–7, 94,

110

NGOs and, 110

Plan AUGE, 80–3, 85, 127–8,

158

post-neoliberal, 63–6

poverty and, 1, 8, 16

push for, 79–81

social policy and, 3, 11–12

SRH issues, 72

Statute for Temporary

Agricultural Labour, 159

tax reform, 7, 128

welfare and, 38, 48, 51–2

WHO and, 97

women and, 128–9, 131, 133

Reinecke, G., 148

Reis, Elisa, 6

Remy, M., 116

Richards, E., 41, 114

Richards, P., 112, 123

Richardson, E., 112

INDEX270

Riggirozzi, P., 63

Ríos, M.T., 195

Ristovski-Slijepcevic, S., 191

Rockefeller Foundation, 55, 95

Rodriguez, F., 95

Rojas, G., 84

Rosemblatt, Karin, 52, 58, 94

Rubin-Kurtzman, J., 150

Sabates-Wheeler, R., 169, 175

Sabogal, E., 177

Sainsbury, D., 51

Sánchez, H.R., 85

Sanders, N., 52, 54

Sanmiguel-Valderrama, O., 142,

163

Sargent, 183

Sassen, S., 167, 185

Sauerborn, R., 10

Sawer, M., 107

Scarpaci, J., 74

Schady, N., 3

Schild, Veronica, 101, 107, 111, 123

Schmidt, Carolina, 107–8

Schulte, S., 150, 157

Seguino, S., 152

Seguro Integral de Salud, 66

Seguro Popular, 63

Sen, G., 15–16, 116

Sepúlveda, C., 131–3

Servicio Médico Nacional de

Empleados (SERMENA),

59, 74

Servicio Nacional de la Mujer

(SERNAM), 106–8, 115,

122–3, 130–1, 155, 161

sexual harassment, 161

sexual health

access to services, 91

Chile and, 56, 114–15, 120–1

Consejos Consultivos and, 126

embedded maternalism and

vertical planning, 67–8

gender norms and, 12, 43, 104

migrants and, 176, 178

social hygiene movement and, 46

social policy and, 14

women’s rights and, 107, 109,

112–14, 120, 128–9, 131–4,

198–9

Shepherd, B., 112, 130–1, 133

Shroff, M., 41

Siavelis, P., 120

Silva, P., 51, 62, 127

Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS),

59

Skocpol, T., 51

Smith-Oka, V., 68, 163, 183

Smyth, I., 30

social policy, Latin America

gender and, 10–19

globalization and, 16–19

health reform, 4–6

inequalities and, 6–8

overview, 1–4

poverty, inequality, and health,

8–10

Sojo, A., 82

Solimano, A., 9, 195

Southern Cone, 52–4

Spitzer, D., 168, 177

Staab, S., 2–3, 8, 11–12, 82, 115,

127, 160, 177–80, 185–6

Standing, H., 15–16, 18, 35, 52,

72, 104–5, 139, 169

Stefoni, C., 178–9

Stepan, N., 53

Stevenson, L., 114

Stuckler, D., 5

Sumner, A., 13–14

Tabbush, C., 11, 127

Tamayo, M., 9

Tanski, J., 67

Tate, J., 157

taxes, 7, 38, 47, 64, 81, 128, 141,

195

Taylor, M., 46

Tegtmeier, R., 79

temporeras, 150, 160

INDEX 271

Ter-Minassian, T., 7

Tetelboin, C., 46

Theobald, S., 103–4

Thomas, F., 183

Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism

(Esping-Andersen), 36

Tinsman, H., 150

Todaro, R., 156–7, 173–4, 178–80

Tokman, V., 141

Tolhurst, R., 41, 170

trade unions, 58–9, 139, 149

True, J., 103, 105

Turshen, M., 16, 29, 83

Ugalde, E., 8, 78, 99–100

universalism, 3–5, 11, 45, 60, 80,

96

Urriola, R.U., 85

Uruguay, 3, 5, 7, 48, 52, 106, 141

Valdes, X., 150

Valdivia, C.G., 59

Valdivieso, P., 116

value-added tax (VAT), 7, 80, 128

“value for money,” 66

VanegasLópez, J.J., 100, 116–19

Vargas, V., 64, 82, 123

Venezuela, 49, 64–5, 71

Viruell-Fuentes, 168, 170

Vissandjee, B., 170

Viveros-Long, A., 67

Voucher per Child

see Bono por Hijo

Wagstaff, A., 10

Waitzkin, H., 28, 46

Walt, Gill, 31, 93, 96

Washington Consensus, 1

Wasserman, E., 149–50

Waylen, G., 25, 93–4, 105, 108,

121, 123

welfare

Catholic Church and, 48

Chile and, 46, 58–9

development of, 36–7, 46, 48–9,

80

gender and, 5, 11, 24, 40

health care and, 8, 51–2, 54,

57–8, 140, 198

neoliberal reform and, 60, 63,

66, 117

roles of institutions and, 35–40

social policy and, 33, 93–4, 101

women and, 37–40, 54, 57–8, 66

Weyland, K., 3, 63, 97

What Makes Women Sick (Turshen),

29

Whitehead, A., 30

Willson, A., 146–7, 150

Witz, A., 52, 100, 119

Wood, G., 37

World Bank, 2, 20, 26, 51, 80–1,

96–101, 103, 127–8, 134

World Development Report

(WDR), 97

World Health Organization (WHO)

definition of health, 17–18

gender equity and, 12, 15

Global Programme on AIDS

(GPA), 104

globalization and, 17

health care coverage and, 5

Health for All agenda, 96–7

health governance and, 92

migrant workers and, 189

participatory programs and, 99

social determinants of health, 31

weakening of, 51

work safety and, 149

World Bank and, 51, 96–7

Xu, K., 65

Yeates, N., 172

Young, Kate, 30–1

Zammit, A., 138

Zimmerman, C., 168–9

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