Notes 3/11• Wolf essays due next time

– Clarifying citing of websites– Come see us during office hours

• SW Prehistoric Cultures Geography• Reminder: Map quiz on 3/27• Square=modern culture, circle=prehistoric

Chaco

Mesa Verde

Other Southwest Prehistoric Cultures

• Mogollon:

– -• Sinagua: -

• Environmental-human aspects

Mogollon Rim

• Transition between –

• Crosses AZ and NM

• -

• -

Mogollon Climate

• -• -

• -

Mogollon Ecosystems

• Rocky Mt. like– -– -

– -– -

• Forests quite productive.

White Mountains, AZ

Mimbres, NM

• -• -• -

Mogollon Habitation

As with other cultures:• -• -

– Point of Pines Pueblo: •-•-•-

Mogollon Subsistence

• Big and small game– -

– -• Native and cultivated plants

– -

Pinyon Pine

• -• -

Mogollon Agriculture

• Central Highlands not perfect for corn:– -– -– -– -

• Little water control– -

Mogollon Pottery

• Started out plain• Ultimately,

Mimbres magic– -– -– -

– -

Saltwater fish?

Mogollon Termination

AD 1300:– -

• But, drought from 1325 – 1355– -– -– -

Winner: Most Heartbreaking Abandonment• -• - .-

Sinagua

• Derivative of Mogollon– -

• Northern group: = --– -– -

• Southern group: = --– -– -

• Don’t miss Montezuma and Wupatki.

Northern

Southern

Sinagua

Wupatki

Colton: Black Sand• - • -

– - • -• -

Any Need to Study Past Abrupt Environmental Events?

• Katrina– -– -– -

Rin

g w

idth

Time

A.D. 1064

Con

trol

Even

t

AD 1064

10201030

1050

An Issue with Black Sand Theory

• Eruption of Sunset Crater: = --

• First tree-ring dates of Wupatki: = --• -

• Could AD 1064 signal be due to something else?

How to study Sunset Crater eruption better?

El Tocón Paricutinense

4

3

Northern Sinagua Subsistence

• Small game hunting:– -

• --• Agriculture innovations:

– -•-•-

– -

Northern Sinagua Abandonment

• By AD 1250– : -

• -• Early 1300s: -

• -

Verde Valley Sinagua

Nice place:• -• -• -

– -• Elevational ecotone:

– -

– -

Montezuma Castle• Deep in a limestone cave

• 5 stories

• 50 rooms

• Mis-named

Why Cliff Dwelling?

• Defense: -• Farmland: -

• Floods: -• Weathering: -• -

N

Montezuma Well

• -

• -• -• -

• A must-see.

• -

• -

What Environmentally Could Possibly Go Wrong at Montezuma’s Well?

• Modern day arsenic = 100 µg/L– 1 L = 1000 ml = 1000 g– 1 µg/L = 1 part per billion (ppb)

• US EPA limits– Pre-2000: 50 ppb– Proposed: 5 ppb

• Health effects: cancers, other illnesses

Mogollon/Sinagua Summary• Mogollon– mountains

– Hunting, gathering, some farming– Pinyon nuts– Some terraces– Big sites (400 rooms)

• Mogollon (Mimbres)– Alluvium & farming– Elaborate pottery– Big pueblos—400+rooms

• Depopulations—ca. 1300s—slightly later than Kayenta; drought

Mogollon/Sinagua Summary

• Sinagua North & South

• North—Flagstaff area– Sunset Crater (modern homework)– Land rush– Erosion of black sand; drought ca. 1350

• South—Verde Valley– Montezuma Castle—passive solar– Montezuma Well—arsenic– Abandoned by mid-1300s