NOTE/STUDY GUIDE: Unit 1-7, Genetics X Biology I, Mr. Doc Miller, M.Ed.

North Central High School

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NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE

X Biology I

Unit 1-7: Genetics

Additional resources available at

www.mrdocsonlinelab.com

REQUIRED READING FROM BIOLOGY: CONCEPTS & CONNECTION (CAMPBELL, ET. AL.): CHAPTER 9, PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE (PG. 152 - 179)

CHAPTER 11, HOW GENES ARE CONTROLLED (PG. 208 – 229) CHAPTER 12, DNA TECHNOLOGY AND GENOMICS (PG. 230 – 253)

Grade Chart: (For Teacher Use Only) Section Assignment Score ( or ) Points (Out of)

1 NOTES: Intro to Genetics

10 2 Study Guide Part I, Intro to Genetics

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3 Bikini Bottom Genetics Activity, Part I

20 4 Bikini Bottom Genetics Activity, Part II

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5 NOTES: Genetic Crosses

10 6 Study Guide Part II, Genetics Crosses

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7 Bikini Bottom Genetics Activity, Part III (Incomplete/Codominance)

20 8 Bikini Bottom Genetics Activity REDUX

(Dihybrid Crosses) 20

9 NOTES: Heredity & Modern Genetics

10 10 Study Guide Part III, Heredity & Modern Genetics

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TOTAL

140

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NOTES: Intro to Genetics

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Part I: Fundamentals of Genetics ____ 1. The “father” of genetics was a. T. A. Knight. c. Gregor Mendel. b. Hans Krebs. d. None of the above ____ 2. Mendel obtained his P generation by allowing the plants to a. self-pollinate. c. assort independently. b. cross-pollinate. d. segregate. ____ 3. What is the probability that the offspring of a homozygous dominant individual and a homozygous recessive individual will exhibit the dominant phenotype? a. 0.25 c. 0.66 b. 0.5 d. 1.0 ____ 4. True-breeding pea plants always a. are pollinated by hand. b. produce offspring each of which can have multiple forms of a trait. c. produce offspring each of which can have only one form of a trait. d. are heterozygous. ____ 5. The first filial (F1) generation is the result of a. cross-pollination among parents and the next generation. b. crosses between individuals of the parental generation. c. crosses between the offspring of a parental cross. d. self-fertilization between parental stock. ____ 6. Which of the following is the designation for Mendel’s original pure strains of plants? a. P c. F1 b. P1 d. F2 ____ 7. The passing of traits from parents to offspring is called a. genetics. c. development. b. heredity. d. maturation. ____ 8. A genetic trait that appears in every generation of offspring is called a. dominant. c. recessive. b. phenotypic. d. superior. ____ 9. homozygous : heterozygous :: a. heterozygous : Bb c. BB : Bb b. probability : predicting chances d. homozygous : BB ____ 10. Mendel’s finding that the inheritance of one trait had no effect on the inheritance of another became known as the a. law of dominance. b. law of universal inheritance. c. law of separate convenience. d. law of independent assortment. ____ 11. The law of segregation explains that a. alleles of a gene separate from each other during meiosis. b. different alleles of a gene can never be found in the same organism. c. each gene of an organism ends up in a different gamete. d. each gene is found on a different molecule of DNA.

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____ 12. When Mendel crossed pea plants that differed in two characteristics, such as flower color and plant height, a. these experiments led to his law of segregation. b. he found that the inheritance of one trait did not influence the inheritance of the other trait. c. he found that the inheritance of one trait influenced the inheritance of the other trait. d. these experiments were considered failures because the importance of his work was not

recognized. ____ 13. The phenotype of an organism a. represents its genetic composition. b. reflects all the traits that are actually expressed. c. occurs only in dominant pure organisms. d. cannot be seen. ____ 14. If an individual has two recessive alleles for the same trait, the individual is said to be a. homozygous for the trait. b. haploid for the trait. c. heterozygous for the trait. d. mutated. ____ 15. An individual heterozygous for a trait and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait are crossed and produce many offspring. These offspring are likely to be a. all the same genotype. b. of two different phenotypes. c. of three different phenotypes. d. all the same phenotype.

16. In heterozygous individuals, only the ____________________ allele achieves expression. 17. The principle that states that one factor may mask the effect of another factor is the principle of

____________________. 18. In Mendel’s experiments, a trait that disappeared in the F1 generation but reappeared in the F2 generation was

always a ____________________. 19. The cellular process that results in the segregation of Mendel’s factors is ____________________. 20. The portion of a DNA molecule containing the coded instructions that result in a particular characteristic of an

organism is called a(n) ____________________. 21. An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait is called ____________________. 22. An organism’s ____________________ refers to the set of alleles it has inherited. 23. The appearance of an organism as a result of its genotype is its ____________________. 25. Describe Mendel’s observation regarding independent assortment. Write your answer in the space below. 26. Describe how genotype and phenotype are related, and give an example. Write your answer in the space below.

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ACTIVITY: Bikini Bottom Genetics Part I: Instructions: Scientists at Bikini Bottoms have been investigating the genetic makeup of the organisms in this community. Use the information provided and your knowledge of genetics to answer each question. 1. For each genotype below, indicate whether it is a heterozygous (He) OR homozygous (Ho). TT _____ Bb _____ DD _____ Ff _____ tt _____ dd _____ Dd _____ ff _____ Tt _____ bb _____ BB _____ FF _____ Which of the genotypes in #1 would be considered purebred? ________________________________ Which of the genotypes in #1 would be hybrids? __________________________________________ 2. Determine the phenotype for each genotype using the information provided about SpongeBob. Yellow body color is dominant to blue. YY _________________ Yy _________________ yy _________________ Square shape is dominant to round. SS _________________ Ss _________________ ss _________________ 3. For each phenotype, give the genotypes that are possible for Patrick. A tall head (T) is dominant to short (t). Tall = ________________________ Short = __________________________ Pink body color (P) is dominant to yellow (p). Pink body = ___________________ Yellow body = _____________________ 4. SpongeBob SquarePants recently met SpongeSusie Roundpants at a dance. SpongeBob is heterozygous for his square shape, but SpongeSusie is round. Create a Punnett square to show the possibilities that would result if SpongeBob and SpongeSusie had children. HINT: Read question #2! A. List the possible genotypes and phenotypes for their children. B. What are the chances of a child with a square shape? ____ out of ____ or ____% C. What are the chances of a child with a round shape? ____ out of ____ or ____%

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5. Patrick met Patti at the dance. Both of them are heterozygous for their pink body color, which is dominant over a yellow body color. Create a Punnett square to show the possibilities that would result if Patrick and Patti had children. HINT: Read question #3! A. List the possible genotypes and phenotypes for their children. B. What are the chances of a child with a pink body? ____ out of ____ or ____% C. What are the chances of a child with a yellow body? ____ out of ____ or ____% 6. Everyone in Squidward’s family has light blue skin, which is the dominant trait for body color in his hometown of Squid Valley. His family brags that they are a “purebred” line. He recently married a nice girl who has light green skin, which is a recessive trait. Create a Punnett square to show the possibilities that would result if Squidward and his new bride had children. Use B to represent the dominant gene and b to represent the recessive gene. A. List the possible genotypes and phenotypes for their children. B. What are the chances of a child with light blue skin? ____% C. What are the chances of a child with light green skin? ____% D. Would Squidward’s children still be considered purebreds? Explain! 7. Assume that one of Squidward’s sons, who is heterozygous for the light blue body color, married a girl that was also heterozygous. Create a Punnett square to show the possibilities that would result if they had children. A. List the possible genotypes and phenotypes for their children. B. What are the chances of a child with light blue skin? ____% C. What are the chances of a child with light green skin? ____% 8. Mr. Krabbs and his wife recently had a Lil’ Krabby, but it has not been a happy occasion for them. Mrs. Krabbs has been upset since she first saw her new baby who had short eyeballs. She claims that the hospital goofed and mixed up her baby with someone else’s baby. Mr. Krabbs is homozygous for his tall eyeballs, while his wife is heterozygous for her tall eyeballs. Some members of her family have short eyes, which is the recessive trait. Create a Punnett square using T for the dominant gene and t for the recessive one. A. List the possible genotypes and phenotypes for their children. B. Did the hospital make a mistake? Explain your answer.

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Part II: 1. Use the information for SpongeBob’s traits to write the phenotype (physical appearance) for each item. (a) LL-___________ (e) Rr-______________ (b) yy-____________ (f) ll- _______________ (c) Ss-____________ (g) ss- _____________ (d) RR - __________ (h) Yy -_____________ 2. Use the information in the chart above to write the genotype (or genotypes) for each trait below. (a) Yellow body - ___________ (e) Stubby nose - ___________ (b) Roundpants - ___________ (f) Round eyes - ____________ (c) Oval eyes - _____________ (g) Squarepants - ___________ (d) Long nose - ____________ (h) Blue body - ____________ 3. Determine the genotypes for each using the information in the chart above. (a) Heterozygous round eyes -_____ (c) Homozygous long nose - ______ (b) Purebred squarepants - ______ (d) Hybrid yellow body - ______ 4. One of SpongeBob’s cousins, SpongeBillyBob, recently met a cute squarepants gal, SpongeGerdy, at a local dance and fell in love. Use your knowledge of genetics to answer the questions below. (a) If SpongeGerdy’s father is a heterozygous squarepants and her mother is a roundpants, what is her genotype? Complete the Punnett square to show the possible genotypes that would result to help you determine Gerdy’s genotype. What is Gerdy’s genotype? _________ (b) SpongeBillyBob is heterozygous for his squarepants shape. What is his genotype? ________ (c) Complete the Punnett square to show the possibilities that would result if Billy Bob & Gerdy had children. (d) List the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the kids. (e) What is the probability of kids with squarepants? _____ % (f) What is the probability of kids with roundpants? _____ %

Trait Dominant Recessive Body Shape Squarepants (S) Roundpants (s) Body Color Yellow (Y) Blue (y) Eye Shape Round (R) Oval (r) Nose Style Long (L) Stubby (l)

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5. SpongeBob’s aunt and uncle, SpongeWilma and SpongeWilbur, have the biggest round eyes in the family. Wilma is believed to be heterozygous for her round eye shape, while Wilbur’s family brags that they are a pure line. Complete the Punnett square to show the possibilities that would result if SpongeWilma and SpongeWilbur had children. (a) Give the genotype for each person. Wilma - _______ Wilbur - ________ (b) Complete the Punnett square to show the possibilities that would result if they had children. (c) List the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the kids. (d) What is the probability that the kids would have round eyes? ____ % (e) What is the probability that the kids would be oval eyes? ____ % 6. SpongeBob’s mother is so proud of her son and his new wife, SpongeSusie, as they are expecting a little sponge. She knows that they have a 50% chance of having a little roundpants, but is also hoping the new arrival will be blue (a recessive trait) like SpongeSusie and many members of her family. If SpongeBob is heterozygous for his yellow body color, what are the chances that the baby sponge will be blue? Create a Punnett square to help you answer this question.

7. SpongeBob’s aunt is famous around town for her itty, bitty stubby nose! She recently met a cute squarepants fellow who also has a stubby nose, which is a recessive trait. Would it be possible for them to have a child with a regular long nose? Why or why not? Create a Punnett square to help you answer this question. 8. If SpongeBob’s aunt described in #7 wanted children with long noses, what type of fellow would she need to marry in order to give her the best chances? Create a Punnett square to help you answer this question.

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NOTES: Genetic Crosses

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Part II: Genetic Crosses ____ 1. Tallness (T) is dominant over shortness (t) in pea plants. Which of the following represents the genotype of a pea plant that is heterozygous for tallness? a. T c. Tt b. TT d. tt

In humans, having freckles (F) is dominant over not having freckles (f). The inheritance of these traits can be studied using a Punnett square similar to the one shown below. ____ 2. Refer to the illustration above. The genotype represented in box 1 in the Punnett square would a. be homozygous for freckles. b. have an extra freckles chromosome. c. be heterozygous for freckles. d. have freckles chromosomes. ____ 3. Refer to the illustration above. The genotype in box 3 of the Punnett square is a. FF. c. ff. b. Ff. d. None of the above ____ 4. A trait that occurs in 450 individuals out of a total of 1,800 individuals occurs with a probability of a. 0.04. c. 0.50. b. 0.25. d. 0.75. ____ 5. How many different phenotypes can be produced by a pair of codominant alleles? a. 1 c. 3 b. 2 d. 4 In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b). Consider the following cross between two rabbits. ____ 6. Refer to the illustration to the right. The device shown, which is used to determine the probable outcome of genetic crosses, is called a a. Mendelian box. c. genetic graph. b. Punnett square. d. phenotypic paradox. ____ 7. Refer to the illustration to the right. Both of the parents in the cross are a. black. b. brown. c. homozygous dominant. d. homozygous recessive. ____ 8. Refer to the illustration above. The phenotype of the offspring indicated by box 3 would be a. brown. b. black. c. a mixture of brown and black. d. The phenotype cannot be determined. ____ 9. Refer to the illustration above. The genotypic ratio of the F1 generation would be a. 1:1. c. 1:3. b. 3:1. d. 1:2:1. ____ 10. What is the expected genotypic ratio resulting from a homozygous dominant ´ heterozygous monohybrid cross? a. 1:0 c. 1:2:1 b. 1:1 d. 1:3:1 ____ 11. What is the expected genotypic ratio resulting from a heterozygous X heterozygous monohybrid cross? a. 1:2:1 c. 1:2 b. 1:3:1 d. 1:0 ____ 12. What is the expected phenotypic ratio resulting from a homozygous dominant X heterozygous monohybrid cross? a. 1:3:1 c. 2:1 b. 1:2:1 d. 1:0

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____ 13. An organism that has inherited two of the same alleles of a gene from its parents is called a. hereditary. c. homozygous. b. heterozygous. d. a mutation. ____ 14. In pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant over green seeds. What would be the expected genotype ratio in a cross between a plant with green seeds and a plant that is heterozygous for seed color? a. 1:3 c. 4:1 b. 1:2:1 d. 1:1 ____ 15. codominance : both traits are displayed :: a. probability : crosses b. heterozygous : alleles are the same c. homozygous : alleles are the same d. Punnett square : chromosomes combine ____ 16. The difference between a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross is that a. monohybrid crosses involve traits for which only one allele exists, while dihybrid traits

involve two alleles. b. monohybrid crosses involve self-pollination, while dihybrid crosses involve cross-

pollination. c. monohybrid crosses involve one trait; dihybrid crosses involve two traits. d. dihybrid crosses require two Punnett squares; monohybrid crosses need only one. ____ 17. A cross of two individuals for a single contrasting trait is called a. monohybrid. c. dominant. b. dihybrid. d. codominant.

____ 18. Refer to the illustration to the right. The phenotype represented by box 1 is a. round, yellow. c. wrinkled, yellow. b. round, green. d. wrinkled, green. ____ 19. Refer to the illustration to the right. The genotype represented by box 2 is a. RRYY. c. RrYy. b. RrYY. d. rrYy. ____ 20. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following boxes represents the same phenotype as box 7? a. 3 c. 5 b. 4 d. 6 21. The likelihood that a specific event will occur is called ____________________. 22. A fractional probability of 1/2 is the same as a decimal probability of ____________________. 23. A situation in which both alleles for a trait are expressed in a heterozygous offspring is called

____________________. 24. A table used to determine and diagram the results of a genetic cross is called a ____________________. 25. In genetics, lowercase letters are usually used to indicate ____________________. 26. A cross involving two pairs of contrasting traits is a(n) ____________________ 27. Explain what is meant by homozygous and heterozygous, and give an example of each. Write your answer in the

space below. 28. All of the offspring resulting from a cross between a red snapdragon and a white snapdragon are pink. What is a

possible explanation for this? Write your answer in the space below.

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PART III: Incomplete Dominance & Codominance SpongeBob loves growing flowers for his pal Sandy! Her favorite flowers, Poofkins, are found in red, blue, and purple, which is the result of incomplete dominance. Use the information provided and your knowledge of incomplete dominance to complete each section below. 1. Write the correct genotype for each color if R represents a red gene and B represents a blue gene. Red - _____ Blue - ______ Purple - _____ 2. What would happen if SpongeBob crossed a Poofkin with red flowers with a Poofkin with blue flowers. Complete the Punnett square to determine the chances of each flower color. (a) Give the genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring. (b) How many of the plants would have red flowers? _____% (c) How many of the plants would have purple flowers? _____ % (d) How many of the plants would have blue flowers? _____ % 3. What would happen if SpongeBob crossed two Poofkins with purple flowers? Complete the Punnett square to show the probability for each flower color. (a) Give the genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring. (b) How many of the plants would have red flowers? _____% (c) How many of the plants would have purple flowers? _____ % (d) How many of the plants would have blue flowers? _____ % 4. What would happen if SpongeBob crossed a Poofkin with purple flowers with a Poofkin with blue flowers? Complete the Punnett square to show the probability for plants with each flower color. (a) Give the genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring. (b) If SpongeBob planted 100 seeds from this cross, how many should he expect to have of each color? Purple flowers - ______ Blue flowers - ______ Red flowers - ______

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SpongeBob and his pal Patrick love to go jellyfishing at Jellyfish Fields! The fields are home to a special type of spotted jellyfish known as Goobers and only really great jellyfishermen are lucky enough to catch some on every trip. Many of the jellyfish are yellow (YY) or blue (BB), but some end up blue with yellow spots as a result of codominance. Use this information to help you complete each section below. 5. What would happen if SpongeBob and Patrick crossed two “goobers” or spotted jellyfish? Complete the Punnett square to help you determine the probability for each color of jellyfish. (a) Give the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring. (b) What percentage of the offspring would be yellow? _____% (c) What percentage would be blue? _____ % (d) What percentage would be “goobers” (spotted)? _____ % 6. What would happen if they crossed a yellow jellyfish with a goober? Complete the Punnett square to help you determine the probability for each color of jellyfish. (a) Give the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring. (b) What percentage of the offspring would be yellow? _____% (c) What percentage would be blue? _____ % (d) What percentage would be “goobers” (spotted)? _____ % 7. What would happen if they crossed a blue jellyfish with a yellow jellyfish? Complete the Punnett square to help you answer the questions. (a) Give the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring. (b) If 100 jellyfish were produced from this cross, how many would you expect for each? Yellow - _____ Blue - _____ Goobers - ______ 8. What would happen if they crossed a blue jellyfish with a goober? Complete the Punnett square to help you answer the questions. (a) Give the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring. (b) If 100 jellyfish were produced from this cross, how many would you expect for each? Yellow - _____ Blue - _____ Goobers - ______

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ACTIVITY: Bikini Bottom Genetics Redux Instructions: Scientists at Bikini Bottoms have been investigating the genetic makeup of the organisms in this community. Use the information provided and your knowledge of genetics to answer each question. 1. Sandy the Squirrel is so excited to have a new litter of baby squirrels. Both her and her

husband are heterozygous for their big bushy tails (Tt) and their ability to swim (Ss). She wants to know the probability of being able to swim down to Spongebob’s pineapple with her babies. Complete a dihybrid cross to answer her questions.

(a) What are Sandy’s and her husband’s genotypes?

(b) What is the ratio of bushy-tailed swimmers, to bushy-tailed non-swimmers, to skinny-tailed swimmer, to skinny-tailed non-swimmers?

__________:__________:__________:__________

(c) What percentage of Sandy’s offspring will be able to visit Spongebob under the sea? (d) What percentage of Sandy’s offspring will have a skinny tail?

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2. Plankton has decided to build an empire to take over Bikini Bottom. To do this he must have an offspring that has 2 antennas and a single eye, both of which are recessive traits. His wife is heterozygous. What are the chances of him having a child that can takeover his evil empire? (Use A’s for antenna, and E’s for eyes.) (a) What is plankton’s genotype and phenotype? (b) What is plankton’s wife’s genotype and phenotype?

(c) If plankton has 16 offspring how many will have: 2 Antenna w/2 Eyes: __________ 2 Antennas w/ 1 Eye: __________ 1 Antenna w/ 2 Eyes: __________

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NOTES: Heredity & Modern Genetics

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Part III: Heredity & Modern Genetics ____ 1. Down syndrome : nondisjunction :: a. chromatids : centromere b. male : XY chromosomes c. haploid : mitosis d. meiosis : diploid ____ 2. female : XX :: a. female : gametes c. male : YY b. female : eggs d. male : XY ____ 3. Which of the following is the best explanation for the observation that females rarely get the disease hemophilia? a. Large quantities of male hormones are necessary in order for the allele carrying the

disease to be expressed. b. Female fetuses that carry the allele for the disease die before birth. c. A female could get the disease only by having a mother who is a carrier and a father who

has the disease. Since most males with the disease do not survive to reproductive age, this is an extremely unlikely event.

d. A female could get the disease only by having parents who are both carriers of the disease. Because females cannot be carriers, this is an impossible event.

____ 4. A change in a gene due to damage or incorrect copying is called a. evolution. c. segregation. b. meiosis. d. a mutation. ____ 5. A diagram in which several generations of a family and the occurrence of certain genetic characteristics are shown is called a a. Punnett square. c. pedigree. b. monohybrid cross. d. family karyotype. ____ 6. Which of the following traits is controlled by multiple alleles in humans? a. sickle cell anemia c. hemophilia b. blood type d. pattern baldness ____ 7. What would be the blood type of a person who inherited an A allele from one parent and an O allele from the other? a. type A c. type AB b. type B d. type O ____ 8. While studying several generations of a particular family, a geneticist observed that a certain disease was found equally in males and females and that all children who had the disease had parents who also had the disease. The gene coding for this disease is probably a. sex-linked recessive. b. sex-linked dominant. c. autosomal recessive. d. autosomal dominant. ____ 9. If a characteristic is sex-linked, it a. occurs most commonly in males. b. occurs only in females. c. can never occur in females.

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d. is always fatal. ____ 10. Since the allele for colorblindness is located on the X chromosome, colorblindness a. cannot be inherited. b. occurs only in adults. c. is sex-linked. d. None of the above ____ 11. People with Down syndrome have a. 45 chromosomes. c. 47 chromosomes. b. 46 chromosomes. d. no X chromosomes. ____ 12. The sex of an offspring is determined by a. the mother. c. both parents. b. the father. d. the offspring. ____ 13. If nondisjunction occurs, a. there will be too many gametes produced. b. no gametes will be produced. c. a gamete will receive too many or too few copies of a chromosome. d. mitosis cannot take place. ____ 14. Consider a cross between a homozygous white-eyed female Drosophila and a red-eyed male Drosophila. What proportion of the female offspring would be expected to be white-eyed? What proportion of the male offspring would be expected to be white-eyed? a. none; all c. all; none b. 50%; 50% d. none; 25% 15. The X and Y chromosomes are called the ____________________ chromosomes. 16. Spontaneous changes in genetic material are called ____________________. 17. A person who is heterozygous for a recessive disorder is called a(n) ____________________. 18. A genetic disorder resulting in defective blood clotting is ____________________. 19. A trait that is determined by a gene found only on the X chromosome is said to be ____________________. 20. The failure of replicated chromosomes to separate is called ____________________. 21. In humans, cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive gene that is not sex-linked. A man and a woman, neither of

whom has cystic fibrosis, have two children with the disease. What is the probability that their third child will have the disease?

22. What are the possible genotypes of children born to a man who has the genotype IAi for blood type and a woman

who has the genotype IAIB? What are the possible phenotypes? 23. In humans, colorblindness is a recessive, sex-linked trait. What is the probability that the children of a woman

heterozygous for colorblindness and a man with normal color vision will be colorblind? Explain your answer.