NOTE/STUDY GUIDE: Unit 2-3, Microbiology X Biology II, Mr. Doc Miller, M.Ed.

North Central High School

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NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE

X Biology II

Unit 2-3: Microbiology

Additional resources available at www.mrdocsonlinelab.com

REQUIRED READING FROM BIOLOGY: CONCEPTS & CONNECTION (CAMPBELL, ET. AL.): CHAPTER 16, MICROBIAL LIFE, PROKARYOTES AND PROTISTS (PG. 318-339)

Grade Chart: (For Teacher Use Only) Section Assignment Score (ü or x) Points (Out of)

1 NOTES: Bacteria and Viruses

10 2 Study Guide Part I, Bacteria and Viruses

10

3 NOTES: Pathology

10 4 Study Guide Part II, Pathology

10

TOTAL

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Notes: Bacteria and Viruses

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Part I: Bacteria and Viruses ____ 1. The earliest known group of living organisms on Earth was a. viruses. c. bacteria. b. fungi. d. protists. ____ 2. Bacteria and archaea are the only organisms characterized as a. unicellular. c. eukaryotic. b. prokaryotic. d. photosynthetic. ____ 3. Structures found in a eukaryotic cell but not in a bacterial cell are a. cell nuclei. b. multiple chromosomes. c. membrane-bound organelles. d. All of the above ____ 4. A pathogen is an agent that is a. beneficial to humans. b. harmful only to plants. c. harmful to living organisms. d. nearly extinct.

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____ 5. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the organisms shown has the shape called bacillus? a. organism 1 c. organism 3 b. organism 2 d. None of the above ____ 6. Refer to the illustration above. The shape represented by organism 3 is called a. coccus. c. bacillus. b. spirillum. d. filamentous. ____ 7. Bacteria lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; therefore, they are classified as a. prokaryotes. c. anaerobes. b. aerobes. d. eukaryotes. ____ 8. Viruses are considered nonliving because a. they cannot reproduce by themselves. b. they are not made up of cells. c. they cannot carry out metabolism by themselves. d. All of the above ____ 9. The study of viruses is a part of biology because a. they belong to the kingdom Eubacteria. b. they are about to become extinct. c. they are living organisms. d. they are active inside living cells. ____ 10. Biologists now know that viruses a. are the smallest organisms. b. consist of a protein surrounded by a nucleic acid coat. c. contain RNA or DNA in a protein or lipid-protein coat. d. all form the same crystalline shape. ____ 11. Viruses are classified according to a. whether they contain RNA or DNA. b. the shape of their genome. c. whether they have a membrane envelope. d. All of the above ____ 12. All viruses have a. cytoplasm. c. mitochondria. b. ribosomes. d. None of the above ____ 13. A typical virus consists of a. a protein coat and a cytoplasm core. b. a carbohydrate coat and a nucleic acid core. c. a protein coat and a nucleic acid core. d. a polysaccharide coat and a nucleic acid core. ____ 14. Animal viruses often infect only specific host cells because a. the virus must have the same DNA as the host cell. b. the host cell must have specific receptors for proteins on the virus surface. c. viruses have receptors for host cell glycoproteins. d. the enzymes of the virus can attach only to specific host cells. ____ 15. All protists a. are parasites. c. move toward light. b. have a true nucleus. d. use flagella to move. ____ 16. You have been given an unknown organism to identify. You find that it is unicellular and has mitochondria. Which of the following must it also have? a. chloroplasts c. pseudopodia b. a nucleus d. one or more flagella ____ 17. Giardiasis is a disease that is spread a. by direct person-to-person contact. b. through the air.

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c. through water. d. by the Anopheles mosquito. ____ 18. Which of the following is not an environmental role of protists? a. Protists produce large amounts of atmospheric oxygen. b. Photosynthetic protists are at the base of many food webs. c. Protists form important symbiotic relationships with other organisms. d. Protists form large amounts of cellulose. ____ 19. Algal blooms are caused by a. high nutrient concentrations. b. low nutrient concentrations. c. low water temperature. d. large numbers of fish. ____ 20. Algae are a. usually found deep in the oceans. b. always unicellular. c. autotrophic protists. d. All of the above ____ 21. Algae are a. sometimes anaerobic. b. always microscopic in size. c. found in both fresh water and salt water. d. found only in fresh water. ____ 22. Which of the following types of algae are most like plants? a. colonial algae b. filamentous algae c. multicellular algae d. unicellular algae ____ 23. Euglena is an example of a protist that a. is both autotrophic and heterotrophic. b. is only a parasitic heterotroph. c. is always autotrophic. d. swims away from light. ____ 24. A “mass of cytoplasm that can ooze around obstacles” is most likely a a. fruiting body. c. slime mold. b. water mold. d. All of the above 25. A spiral bacterium is called a(n) ____________________. 26. Spherical bacteria are called ____________________. 27. Rod-shaped bacteria are called ____________________. 28. In general, organisms that obtain their energy from sunlight are called ____________________. 29. Many bacteria are ____________________ and must have oxygen to live, whereas other bacteria are

____________________ and cannot live where oxygen is present. 30. ____________________ are viruses that infect bacteria and have a polyhedral head and a helical tail. 31. The virus that causes AIDS is called _________________________. 32. Explain why viruses are not considered to be living organisms, and why they are nonetheless included in the

study of biology.

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Notes: Pathology

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Part II, Pathology ____ 1. Antibiotics a. include penicillin and tetracycline. b. may prevent bacteria from making new cell walls. c. can be effective treatments for bacterial diseases. d. All of the above ____ 2. Which of the following is not a way of preventing a foodborne illness at home? a. washing kitchen utensils thoroughly in cold water b. keeping cooked and raw foods separate during storage c. washing fresh fruits and vegetables before eating them d. refrigerating leftovers promptly ____ 3. Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections because a. host cells protect the viruses. b. viruses have enzymes that inactivate the antibiotics. c. antibiotics interfere with cellular processes that viruses do not perform. d. viral protein coats block the antibiotics from entering the virus. ____ 4. Which of the following is not a viral disease of humans? a. hepatitis b. SARS c. shingles d. All of the above are viral diseases of humans. ____ 5. HIV causes AIDS by a. converting a proto-oncogene to an oncogene. b. damaging a person’s blood vessels. c. destroying the covering of a person’s nerves. d. gradually destroying a person’s immune system.___ _____ 6. Diseases are caused by a. pathogens. c. fungi. b. cigarette smoke. d. all of the above _____ 7. Antibiotics fight infections by a. preventing viruses from replicating. b. killing bacteria. c. killing infected cells. d. growing green mold that inhibits bacterial growth. _____ 8. The inflammatory response can cause a. permanent immunity. b. pain, swelling, and fever. c. antibodies to bind to antigens. d. killer T cells to attack infected cells.

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_____ 9. If the skin is cut or broken, an infection can result from microorganisms a. already inside the body. c. in the blood. b. on the skin. d. in the mucus. _____ 10. Humoral immunity is carried out by a. killer T cells. c. antibodies. b. lymphocytes. d. macrophages. _____ 11. The germ theory of disease states that infectious diseases are caused by a. toxins. c. heredity. b. microorganisms. d. materials in the environment. _____ 12. An infectious disease is one that is caused by a. heredity. c. pathogens. b. materials in the environment. d. hemophilia. _____ 13. How are infectious diseases spread? a. through coughing, sneezing, or physical contact b. through contaminated water and food c. by infected animals d. all of the above _____ 14. Compounds that kill bacterial cells without harming the cells of humans or other animals are called a. antiviral drugs. c. antibiotics. b. insecticides. d. carcinogens. _____ 15. The body’s nonspecific defenses against invading pathogens include a. antibiotics. c. antibodies. b. mucus, sweat, and tears. d. killer T cells. _____ 16. The bodyÕs most important nonspecific defense is a. the skin. c. the inflammatory response. b. cell-mediated immunity. d. permanent immunity. _____ 17. An immune response is triggered by a(an) a. antibiotic. c. antigen. b. antibody. d. histamine. 18. A(n) ____________________ is a substance that can be obtained from bacteria or fungi and can be used as a

drug to fight pathogenic bacteria.

_____ 19. _______________ are effective at treating strep throat but not at treating colds. 34. 20. Any opening in the skin is a potential entrance for ____________________.

36. 21. A(An) ____________________ is any disease-causing organism. 37. 22. Antibiotics are used to treat infectious diseases caused by ____________________.

23. A weakened or mild form of a pathogen injected to produce immunity is a ____________________. 24. Suggest a reason why bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics are becoming common in hospitals.

33.

45. 25. Describe the relationship between antigens and antibodies.

46.

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26. What are three general causes of disease?

47. 27. Describe one way that antibiotics fight infection.

48. 28. How does the skin act as a nonspecific defense against pathogens?