Nonprofit Geography Mark I Wilson Michigan State University.
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Transcript of Nonprofit Geography Mark I Wilson Michigan State University.
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Nonprofit Geography
Mark I WilsonMichigan State University
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OutlineWhat is geography?Maps and mappingNonprofit geographyThe nonprofit economy and geographyOur town
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What is Geography?
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What is Geography?"As a young man, my fondest dream was to become a geographer. However, while working in the customs office I thought deeply about the matter and concluded it was too difficult a subject. With some reluctance I then turned to physics as a substitute." - Albert Einstein
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What is Geography?"Geography is the study of the patterns and processes of human (built) and environmental (natural) landscapes, where landscapes comprise real (objective) and perceived (subjective) space." - Gregg Wassmansdorf, 1995
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Branches of GeographyPhysical geography
EnvironmentClimateLand use
Human geographySocialEconomicCultural
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Maps and Mapping
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The Challenge of MapsMaps are tools that provide information about spatial concepts, such as the location of landforms and settlements, and offer insights into the spatial organization of territoryIn addition to showing the location of features they are also used to provide directions, indicate ownership, specify authority and rule, and also be used as a source of propagandaMaps contain many universal elements, and can often be understood without a common language or culture
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Maps as Social ConstructionsMaps are often considered true presentations of the worldBUT they are a form of story-telling about the world that map makers wish to convey to readersMaps are not found naturally out there in the world but are made by people to depict the worldNo map can capture all of the information associated with a location, so the maker of the map must choose what to include and what to exclude.
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Squash a Ball/Peel an OrangeOne of the central problems of making maps is the translation from three to two dimensions
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Types of MapsTypes of maps
Purpose To locate places on the surface of the earth To show patterns of distribution of natural and man-made
phenomena To compare and contrast map information and thereby
discover relationships between different phenomena. AudienceProjection
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ProjectionsA globe is the best way to represent the planet, but it is difficult to show a lot of detail and it is bulky to use and interpretMap projections commonly take one of three forms: Cylindrical, Conic, AzimuthalFor more information: Map Projection Overview by Peter Dana. Online at: www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html
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Mercator Projection (Cylindrical)
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Peters Projection (Cylindrical)
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OnLine ResourcesPerry-Castañeda Library Map Collection
www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/index.htmlNational Geographic Xpeditions (Atlas and National K12 Standards)
www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditionsCensus Teaching Materials
www.census.gov/dmd/www/schmat1.html Geography of US Diversity (US Census)
www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/atlas.html
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MapsAmerican Factfinder (Census)
Factfinder.census.gov Florida Geographic Alliance
multimedia2.freac.fsu.edu/fga/maps.htmlEducation Place
www.eduplace.com/ss/ssmaps/index.htmlMSU Map Library
www.lib.msu.edu/coll/main/maps/online.html
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Nonprofit Geography
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Spatial Variation in Nonprofit Action Nonprofit actions varies by location, such as country, state, county, metropolitan area, town and neighborhoodVariation in donations, volunteering, types of nonprofit activitiesHow to account for different levels of action?
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The Four Sector EconomyHouseholdsGovernmentFor-profitNonprofit
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For Profit FirmsPrivate goods and servicesMarket orientedCustomer satisfactionVoluntary paymentFocus on profitEfficient at meeting consumer demands at minimum costWill not undertake unprofitable activities
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GovernmentCan provide public goodsCan regulate production (universal access)Coercive power through taxes/feesFocus on service/re-electionInfluence of pressure groups
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Public Goods2 Characteristics
Nonexcludability - consumers cannot be prevented from using or benefiting from itNonrivalry - one person’s use does not reduce the amount available for use by others
ExamplesNational defenseLighthouses
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NonprofitCan provide public goodsCan provide private goodsClient satisfaction, role of trustVoluntary payment/3rd party paymentFocus on service, break even
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Sector MixEcological metaphor
Organizations operate when and where they canOrganizations provide the goods and services that they are able to offerFertile conditions for operating (entrepreneurship, activity, type of goods/services etc).
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GovernmentFor-profitNonprofitHouseholds
The Nonprofit Niche
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The Nonprofit Economy & Geography
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The Nonprofit Sector in the US1.5 million organizations6% of the workforce$500 billion in expenses
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Michigan’s Nonprofit Sector 1999 IRS Data:
7,498 reporting public charities$28.0 billion in revenue$26.5 billion expenses$37.1 billion in assets300,000 jobs/6.2% of workforce
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Regional Variation in MichiganType and level of nonprofit activity varies by location across MichiganDifferent locations have different experience with nonprofit organizationsPublic opinion about nonprofit organizations varies across the state
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Giving and Volunteering by Region
020406080
100120
UpperPeninsula
NorthernLP
WestCentral
EastCentral
Southwest Southeast Detroit
per
cent
Giving Volunteering
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Need for Charitable Organizations Greater Now than 5 Years Ago
0 20 40 60
Michigan
UP
NorthernMichigan
West Central
East Central
Southwest
Southeast
Detroit
per cent
Strongly Agree
Somewhat Agree
Neither
SomewhatDisagreeStronglyDisagree
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Charitable Organizations Honest and Ethical
0 20 40 60
Michigan
UP
NorthernMichigan
West Central
East Central
Southwest
Southeast
Detroit
per cent
Strongly Agree
Somewhat Agree
Neither
SomewhatDisagree
Strongly Disagree
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Donations are used Appropriately
0 20 40 60 80
Michigan
UP
NorthernMichigan
West Central
East Central
Southwest
Southeast
Detroit
per cent
Strongly Agree
Somewhat Agree
Neither
SomewhatDisagree
Strongly Disagree
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Social CapitalSocial capital is a person's or group's sympathy or sense of obligation toward another person or group that may produce a potential benefit, advantage, and preferential treatment to that other person or group of persons beyond that which might be expected in a selfish exchange relationship.Social ties; trust; influence; resource, membership; networks; benefit; social relationships; connections; participation; and common good
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Social Capital in MichiganCommunity Benchmark Survey40 communities across the USIn Michigan
Metro DetroitFremont/NewaygoGrand RapidsKalamazoo County
Michigan Resultswww.cfsv.org/communitysurvey/mi.html
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Nonprofit Data for MichiganInternal Revenue Service
www.nccs.urban.org (Aggregate data by state)www.guidestar.org (By organization, zip code)
Census of Services (tax exempt organizations)1997 available; 2002 survey in Decemberwww.census.gov/epcd/www/econ97.html
Social Capital Community Benchmark Surveywww.cfsv.org/communitysurvey/results.html
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Our Town
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Nonprofits in Our TownMapping population, diversity, at risk residents3 sector economy in our town
Who does what?Organizations that make a difference in our livesHow important is the nonprofit sector to our town?
Qualitative indicatorsEconomic impact
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Additional InformationLTG Nonprofit Geography Website
Presentation downloadLinks to resourceswww.msu.edu/user/wilsonmm/LTG.htm
Mark WilsonOnline at www.mark-wilson.org E-mail: [email protected] Nonprofit Michigan Project: www.nonprofitmichigan.org