*PROTEINS vs. NUCLEIC ACIDS - PROTEINS : Structural & Functional
Nomenclature of Acids and Organic Functional groups
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Transcript of Nomenclature of Acids and Organic Functional groups
Nomenclature of Acids Nomenclature of Acids and Organic Functional and Organic Functional
groupsgroups
Nomenclature of AcidsNomenclature of Acids
Bianary Acids – compounds of HBianary Acids – compounds of H++ and and a non-metala non-metal– Use the prefix hydro and suffix –ic and Use the prefix hydro and suffix –ic and
add acidadd acid
Example: Example:
HCl – HCl – hydrohydrochlorchloricic acidacid
HBr – hydrobromic acidHBr – hydrobromic acid
OxoacidsOxoacids Contain H and O and another elementContain H and O and another element
– No prefix hydroNo prefix hydro
For ions ending in For ions ending in ateate add the suffix add the suffix
––ic and the word acidic and the word acid
Example:Example:HH22SOSO44 – (sulfate ion) sulfur – (sulfate ion) sulfuricic acidacid
HNOHNO33 – (nitrate ion) nitr – (nitrate ion) nitricic acidacid
HClOHClO33 – (chlorate ion) chor – (chlorate ion) choricic acidacid
OxoacidsOxoacids
For ions ending in ite add the suffix –For ions ending in ite add the suffix –ous and acidous and acid
Examples:Examples:
HH22SOSO33 – (sulfite ion) sulfur – (sulfite ion) sulfurousous acidacid
HNOHNO22 – nitr – nitrousous acidacid
HClOHClO22 – chlor – chlorousous acidacid
OxoacidsOxoacids
For acids with one less oxygen than For acids with one less oxygen than the –the –iteite ion use the prefix ion use the prefix hypohypo
For acids with one more oxygen than For acids with one more oxygen than the –the –ateate ion use the prefix ion use the prefix perper
ExampleExample
ClOClO22 is chlorite, so ClO is hypochlorite is chlorite, so ClO is hypochlorite
ClOClO33 is chlorate, so ClO is chlorate, so ClO44 is is perchlorateperchlorate
OxoacidsOxoacids
HClO is called?HClO is called?– Hypochorous acidHypochorous acid
HClOHClO44 is called? is called?– Perchloric acidPerchloric acid
HH33POPO44 is called? is called?– Phosporic acidPhosporic acid
Summary of OxoacidsSummary of Oxoacids
Anion Anion Acid NameAcid Name
ClO-ClO- (hypochlorite) (hypochlorite) hypochlorous acidhypochlorous acid
ClOClO22 - (chlorite)- (chlorite) chlorous acidchlorous acid
ClOClO33 - (chlorate)- (chlorate) chloric acidchloric acid
ClOClO44 - (perchlorate)- (perchlorate) perchloric acidperchloric acid
Origin of organic compoundsOrigin of organic compounds Naturally occurring organic compounds are Naturally occurring organic compounds are
found in plants, animals, and fossil fuelsfound in plants, animals, and fossil fuels All of these have a plant originAll of these have a plant origin Synthetic organic compounds are derived Synthetic organic compounds are derived
from fossil fuels or plant materialfrom fossil fuels or plant material
Functional groupsFunctional groups Functional groups are parts of molecules Functional groups are parts of molecules
that result in characteristic featuresthat result in characteristic features
About 100 functional groups exist, we will About 100 functional groups exist, we will focus on 10focus on 10
Useful to group the infinite number of Useful to group the infinite number of possible organic compoundspossible organic compounds
**You will need to memorize the family name **You will need to memorize the family name and associated general structure and associated general structure
The functional groups determine if The functional groups determine if a molecule is soluble in watera molecule is soluble in water– Hydrocarbons are only slightly polar Hydrocarbons are only slightly polar
and tend to be insoluble in waterand tend to be insoluble in waterThese include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, These include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes,
and aromatic compoundsand aromatic compounds
– Molecules with polar functional Molecules with polar functional groups tend to be soluble in watergroups tend to be soluble in waterThese include alcohols, carboxylic acids, These include alcohols, carboxylic acids,
amines, and amidesamines, and amides
DistillationDistillation
petroleum is refined petroleum is refined by boil the crude oil by boil the crude oil and condensing the and condensing the vapors between vapors between temperature ranges temperature ranges
The liquid collected at The liquid collected at each range is called a each range is called a fractionfraction and the and the process is called process is called fractional fractional distillation distillation
Carbon forms four bondsCarbon forms four bonds Carbon can form four bonds, and forms Carbon can form four bonds, and forms
strong covalent bonds with other elementsstrong covalent bonds with other elements This can be represented in many ways … This can be represented in many ways …
CH C
C CH
CH CH
Cl
Cl
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH3
C
CO
C
C
Cl
HH
H
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbonsC C C C
C C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
C C C C C
H
H
H
H
H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Alkanes Alkenes
Alkynes Aromatics
C C C C C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C C C C CH
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Mnemonic for first four prefixesMnemonic for first four prefixes
First four prefixesFirst four prefixes MMeth-eth- EEth-th- PProp-rop- BBut-ut-
Monkeys
Eat
Peeled
Bananas
?Decade
Decimal
Decathalon
Other prefixesOther prefixes
Pent-Pent-
• Oct-
• Dec-
• Hex-, Hept-, Non-
Basic names of hydrocarbonsBasic names of hydrocarbonsHydrocarbon names are based on: Hydrocarbon names are based on: 1) class; -ane, -ene, or –yne or other 1) class; -ane, -ene, or –yne or other
Functional groupFunctional group
2) # of C, 2) # of C, 1 meth- 2 eth- 3 prop- 4 but- 5 pent- 1 meth- 2 eth- 3 prop- 4 but- 5 pent- 6 hex- 7 hept- 8 oct- 9 non- 10 dec-6 hex- 7 hept- 8 oct- 9 non- 10 dec-
Name these compoundsName these compounds
7C, 9C alkane7C, 9C alkane
2C, 4C alkyne2C, 4C alkyne
1C, 3C alkene1C, 3C alkene
heptane, nonane
ethyne, butyne
does not exist, propene