Nomenclature• A System of Naming Compounds

• Compounds are two or more atoms of different elements bonded together.

Polyatomic ions

• Poly = Many

• Atomic = having to do with atoms

• ions = having a charge + or –

1. Electric charge is of two types: 1. Electric charge is of two types:

Positive and negative 2. Unlike charges attract and 2. Unlike charges attract and

like charges repel.like charges repel.

+ ++ _

Gilbert Lewis invents a chemistry learning technique.

He used dots to indicate the number of outer (valence) electrons around the atom of that element. He knew these dots would help students figure out how elements would combine.

Methane building blocks

Why eight?

(Sulfur dioxide SO2) Used as a preservative in wine for its

antibacterial properties, and as a bleaching agent in flour. Sulfur dioxide may be used to fumigate fruit and vegetables to extend their shelf life.

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-2sulfite

Occurs naturally in the atmosphere and as a pollutant gas from combustion of fuels with sulfur. Sulfur dioxide is one cause of acid rain.

sulfite -2

(Sulfite) Used to sterilize fermentation equipment and food containers, as well as for its antimicrobial properties. Generally meat, cereals and dairy products may not be treated with it as it destroys thiamine (vitamin B1) content. Over exposure to sulfites in food may cause an asthmatic attack.

1 out 100 people are sensitive to sulfite causing allergic reactions. Some people have died.

SO SO2

SO3 SO3-2

sulfite -2-2

Sulfuric Acid 2H+ + SO4-2

Calcium sulfate (casts, gypsum-drywall) (White Sands, NM)

Magnesium Sulfate (Epson salts)

Barium Sulfate (contrast medium for xrays)

Copper sulfate is an algaecide.

sulfate

Calcium Sulfate hemi hydrate

CaSO4 * ½ H2O

Calcium Sulfate hemi hydrate

CaSO4 * ½ H2O

CaSO4 * 2 H2O

CaSO4 * 2 H2O

White Sands, NM

CaSO4 * 2 H2O

White Sands, NM

Desert Rose

Epsom Salts [MgSO4 * 7 H20]

H2SO4

Sulfuric acid (battery acid)

Barium Sulfate (contrast medium for xrays)

chlorite chlorate perchlorate

Cl2 ClO- ClO2- ClO3

- ClO4-

Chlorate & perchlorate strong oxidizers

Metallic chlorates & perchlorates turn into salt plus oxygen. KClO3 KCl + O2

Fireworks, explosives, O2 for rocket fuel

hypochloriteSodium

Ammonia is created in the body from digestion of proteins and amino acids. If there’s an excess of nitrogen, the body converts it to urea, which is less toxic. Urea is expelled in the urine.

Some babies are born without the enzymes to convert ammonia to urea, so they develop hyperammonemia, which is fatal or will cause brain damage.

Ammonia is formed when animal waste is decomposed by bacteria.

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Ammonia added to water will form ammonium hydroxide (cleaning “ammonia”)

Ammonium nitrate: Fertilizer, explosivesAmmonium chloride: conducts electricity inside dry-cell batteries. Also used in cough medicines to hide the taste of bitter tasting medicines. Also used as expectorant.

+1

-1

The nitrite in the blood converts the hemoglobin in red blood cells to methemoglobin (“meta” + hemoglobin)

Metamorphosis (meta + morpho) change+shape

This reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen, causing a condition known as methemoglobinemia, or "blue baby syndrome."

High nitrate levels in drinking water can harm infants. Nitrate is converted into nitrite by bacteria that survives in infants’ stomachs.

by bacteria that survives in infants’ stomachs causing “blue baby syndrome”

NitriteNitrate

-1

-1

NO2-

NO3-

Acetate

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When hydrogen proton comes off or reacts with something, its electron is left behind. This makes the remaining molecule negatively charged. It then becomes the acetate ion. The negatively charged acetate ion is then attracted to anything positive, such as metals that have lost an electron.

-1Acetic Acid (vinegar)

C2H3O2-

Sodium acetate NaC2H3O2 is used for instant heating pads.acetate.

Calcium acetate Ca(C2H3O2)2 is used as a thickener in batters, butter, puddings, pie fillers.

Ammonium Ammonium acetate acetate

NHNH44CC22HH33OO22 is is

used in used in permanent permanent

waves products.waves products.

Cellulose acetate made from acetic acid and cellulose (wood fiber) used to make clear plastic, fabrics, and movie film (celluloid)

Gas chambers used a pesticide called Zyklon B, which decomposed to HCN. First used in camps to delouse and for Typhus.

Cyanide CN- is found in solution. Hydrogen cyanide HCN is the gas.

The seeds and pits of apricots, cherries, almonds, peaches, and apples contain amygdalin. Inside the intestine bacteria can convert this to cyanide. Under the name of Laetrile, amygdalin has been proposed as a treatment for cancer, but themedical communityhas rejected thisclaim.

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cyanide CN-

hydrogen cyanide HCN

Cassava is an important food source for 500 million people, but the roots contain a substance that, when eaten, can trigger the production of cyanide. Only proper cooking can neutralize the substance.