Chemical Structure: Chemical Nomenclature. Inorganic Compounds
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Transcript of Chemical Structure: Chemical Nomenclature. Inorganic Compounds
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Inorganic Compounds- nomenclature
University of Lincoln presentation
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INORGANIC COMPOUNDSINORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• Compounds composed of elements Compounds composed of elements
other than carbon.other than carbon.
• Associated with the nonliving portion Associated with the nonliving portion
of the worldof the world
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NOMENCLATURE OF NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDSINORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds•Molecular CompoundsMolecular Compounds•AcidsAcids
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NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDSNAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS
1.1. CATIONS ( POSITIVE IONS)CATIONS ( POSITIVE IONS)
A. Cations formed from metal atoms A. Cations formed from metal atoms have the same name as the metal.have the same name as the metal.
NaNa++ sodium ionsodium ion ZnZn2+2+ zinc ion zinc ion
AlAl3+3+ aluminum ionaluminum ion
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B. If a metal can form cations of B. If a metal can form cations of different charges, the positive charge different charges, the positive charge is given by a Roman numeral in is given by a Roman numeral in parenthesis following the name of the parenthesis following the name of the metal.metal.
FeFe2+2+ iron (II) ioniron (II) ion CuCu++ copper (I) ion copper (I) ion
FeFe3+3+ iron (III) ioniron (III) ion CuCu2+2+ copper (II) ion copper (II) ion
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• Ions with different charges exhibit Ions with different charges exhibit different properties, such as color.different properties, such as color.
• Most of the metals that have variable Most of the metals that have variable charges are transition metals. charges are transition metals.
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• Apply Apply –ous–ous or or –ic–ic• The endings represent the lower and The endings represent the lower and
higher charged ions, respectively.higher charged ions, respectively.
FeFe2+2+ ferrous ionferrous ion CuCu++ cuprous ion cuprous ion
FeFe3+3+ ferric ionferric ion CuCu2+2+ cupric ion cupric ion
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IONIC CHARGES OF IONIC CHARGES OF REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTSREPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 0
Li+ Be2+ N3- O2- F-
Na+ Mg2+ Al+3 P3- S2- Cl-
K+ Ca2+ As3- Se2- Br-
Rb+ Sr2+ I-
Cs+ Ba2+
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FORMULAS AND NAMES OF COMMON METAL IONS WITH MORE THAN ONE IONIC CHARGE
FORMULA STOCK NAME CLASSICAL NAME
Cu+ Copper (I) ion Cuprous ion
Cu2+ Copper (II) ion Cupric ion
Fe2+ Iron (II) ion Ferrous ion
Fe3+ Iron (III) ion Ferric ion
Hg2+ Mercury (I) ion Mercurous ion
Hg2+ Mercury (II) ion Mercuric ion
Pb2+ Lead (II) ion Plumbous ion
Pb4+ Lead (IV) ion Plumbic ion
Sn2+ Tin (II) ion Stannous ion
Sn4+ Tin (IV) ion Stannic ion
Cr2+ Chromium (II) ion Chromous ion
Cr3+ Chromium (III) ion Chromic ion
Mn2+ Manganese (II) ion Manganous ion
Mn3+ Manganese (III) ion Manganic ion
Co2+
Co3+
Cobalt (II) ionCobalt (III) ion
Cobaltous ionCobaltic ion
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C. Cations formed from nonmetals C. Cations formed from nonmetals have names that end in have names that end in –ium–ium
NHNH44++ ammonium ionammonium ion
HH33OO++ hydronium ionhydronium ion
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EXERCISES:EXERCISES:
• Name each of the following:Name each of the following:1.1. SnSn2+2+
2.2. SnSn4+4+
3.3. KK++
4.4. BaBa2+2+
5.5. CoCo2+2+
6.6. CoCo3+3+
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1.1. SnSn2+ 2+ Tin (II) ionTin (II) ion
2.2. SnSn4+4+ Tin (IV) ionTin (IV) ion
3.3. KK++ Potassium ionPotassium ion
4.4. BaBa2+2+ Barium ionBarium ion
5.5. CoCo2+2+ Cobalt (II) ionCobalt (II) ion
6.6. CoCo3+3+ Cobalt (III) ionCobalt (III) ion
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2. ANIONS (NEGATIVE IONS)2. ANIONS (NEGATIVE IONS)
A. Monoatomic (one-atom) anions have A. Monoatomic (one-atom) anions have names formed by replacing the ending names formed by replacing the ending of the name of the element with of the name of the element with –ide–ide
HH-- O O2-2- NN3- 3- OHOH--
Hydride ionHydride ion Oxide ionOxide ion Nitride ion Hydroxide ionNitride ion Hydroxide ion
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B. Polyatomic (many-atoms) anions containing oxygen have names ending in –ate or –ite
• These are called oxyanions
• -ate is used for the most common oxyanion of an element
• -ite is used for an oxyanion that has the same charge but one less O atoms
NO3- nitrate ion SO4
2- sulfate ion
NO2- nitrite ion SO3
2- sulfite ion
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• Prefixes are used when the series Prefixes are used when the series of oxyanions of an element of oxyanions of an element extends to four members, as with extends to four members, as with halogenshalogens
• The prefix per- indicates one or The prefix per- indicates one or more O atom than the oxyanion more O atom than the oxyanion ending in –ateending in –ate
• The prefix hypo- indicates one The prefix hypo- indicates one less O atom than the oxyanion less O atom than the oxyanion ending in –iteending in –ite
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ClOClO44-- perchlorate ion (one more O perchlorate ion (one more O
atom than chlorate)atom than chlorate)
ClOClO33-- chlorate ionchlorate ion
ClOClO22- - chlorite ion (one less O chlorite ion (one less O
atom than chlorate)atom than chlorate)
ClOClO- - hypochlorite ion (one less O hypochlorite ion (one less O atom than chlorite)atom than chlorite)
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C. Anions derived by adding H+ to an C. Anions derived by adding H+ to an oxyanion are named by adding as a oxyanion are named by adding as a prefix the word hydrogen or dihydrogenprefix the word hydrogen or dihydrogen
COCO332-2- carbonate ioncarbonate ion
HCOHCO33-- hydrogen carbonate ionhydrogen carbonate ion
POPO443-3- phosphate ionphosphate ion
HH22POPO44--dihydrogen phosphate iondihydrogen phosphate ion
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COMMON POLYATOMIC IONSCOMMON POLYATOMIC IONS
3- charge
PO33- Phosphite
PO43- Phosphate
1+ charge
NH4+ Ammonium
1- charge
H2PO4-
Dihydrogen phosphate
C2H3O2- Acetate
HSO3- Hydrogen sulfite
HSO4- Hydrogen sulfate
HCO3-
Hydrogen carbonate
NO2- Nitrite
NO3- Nitrate
CN- Cyanide
OH- Hydroxide
MnO4- Permanganate
ClO- Hypochlorite
ClO2- Chlorite
ClO3- Chlorate
ClO4- Perchlorate
2- charge
HPO42
-
Hydrogen phosphate
C2O42- Oxalate
SO32- Sulfite
SO42- Sulfate
CO32- Carbonate
CrO42- Chromate
Cr2O72
- Dichromate
SiO32- Silicate
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3. IONIC COMPOUNDS3. IONIC COMPOUNDS
Names of ionic compounds consist of Names of ionic compounds consist of the cation name followed by the anion the cation name followed by the anion namename
CaClCaCl22 calcium chloridecalcium chloride
Al(NOAl(NO33))33 aluminum nitratealuminum nitrate
Cu(ClOCu(ClO44))22 copper (II)perchlorate copper (II)perchlorate
cupric perchloratecupric perchlorate
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EXERCISES:EXERCISES:
• What is the charge of the ion typically What is the charge of the ion typically formed by each element? formed by each element? 1.1. SulfurSulfur
2.2. Lead, 4 electrons lostLead, 4 electrons lost
3.3. StrontiumStrontium
4.4. ArgonArgon
5.5. BromineBromine
6.6. Copper, 1 electron lostCopper, 1 electron lost
1.1. SulfurSulfur 2-2-
2.2. Lead, 4 electrons lostLead, 4 electrons lost 4+4+
3.3. StrontiumStrontium 2+2+
4.4. ArgonArgon no ion formedno ion formed
5.5. BromineBromine 1-1-
6.6. Copper, 1 electron lostCopper, 1 electron lost 1+1+
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• Name the following compounds:Name the following compounds:
1.1.CuSCuS
2.2.KK33NN
3.3.SnClSnCl224.4.KK22SS
5.5.CaICaI22
6.6.NaINaI
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1.1. CuSCuS Copper (II) sulfideCopper (II) sulfide
2.2. KK33NN Potassium NitridePotassium Nitride
3.3. SnClSnCl22 Tin (II) chlorideTin (II) chloride
4.4. KK22SS Potassium sulfidePotassium sulfide
5.5. CaICaI22 Calcium IodideCalcium Iodide
6.6. NaINaI Sodium IodideSodium Iodide
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• Name the following:Name the following:
1.1. MgClMgCl222.2. SnClSnCl443.3. HgBrHgBr22
4.4. PbSPbS22
5.5. FeOFeO• Write the formula for each of the following:Write the formula for each of the following:
1.1. Magnesium bromideMagnesium bromide
2.2. Aluminum oxideAluminum oxide
3.3. Ferrous bromideFerrous bromide
4.4. Lead (II) sulfideLead (II) sulfide
5.5. Stannic oxideStannic oxide
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HOMEWORK:HOMEWORK:
• Name the following:Name the following:1.1. CoICoI22
2.2. CsCs22OO
3.3. ZnSZnS
4.4. KCIKCI
5.5. BaOBaO
6.6. CuBrCuBr22
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1.1. CoICoI22 Cobalt Iodide Cobalt Iodide
2.2. CsCs22OO Cesium Oxide Cesium Oxide
3.3. ZnSZnS Zinc sulfide Zinc sulfide
4.4. KCIKCI Potassium chloride Potassium chloride
5.5. BaOBaO Barium Oxide Barium Oxide
6.6. CuBrCuBr22 Copper bromide Copper bromide
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NAMES OF FORMULAS OF ACIDSNAMES OF FORMULAS OF ACIDS
• An acid is a substance whose An acid is a substance whose
molecules yield hydrogen ions molecules yield hydrogen ions
(H(H++) when dissolved in water. ) when dissolved in water.
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1. Acid based on anions whose names end in –ide.
Anions whose names end in –ide have he asociated
acids that have the hydro- prefix and an –ic ending
ANIONANION CORRESPONDING ACIDS CORRESPONDING ACIDS
ClCl-- (chloride) (chloride) HCl (hydrochloric acid)HCl (hydrochloric acid)
SS2-2- (sulfide) (sulfide) HH22S (hydrosulfuric acid)S (hydrosulfuric acid)
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2. Anions whose names end in 2. Anions whose names end in –ate–ate have have
associated acids with an associated acids with an –ic–ic ending, ending,
whereas anions whose names end in whereas anions whose names end in ––
iteite have acids with an have acids with an -ous-ous ending. ending.
Prefixes in the name of the anion are Prefixes in the name of the anion are
retained in the name of the acid.retained in the name of the acid.
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ANIONANION CORRESPONDING ACIDCORRESPONDING ACID
ClOClO44-- perchlorate perchlorate HHClOClO44 – perchloric acid – perchloric acid
ClOClO33- - chlorate chlorate HClOHClO3 3 – chloric acid– chloric acid
ClOClO22- - chlorite chlorite HHClOClO22 – chlorous acid – chlorous acid
ClOClO- - hypochlorite hypochlorite HHClOClO – hypochloric acid – hypochloric acid
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EXERCISES:EXERCISES:
Give the name or formula for the Give the name or formula for the following:following:
1.1.HH22SOSO44
2.2.HH22COCO33
3.3.Nitric acidNitric acid
4.4.Phosphoric acidPhosphoric acid
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Acknowledgements
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