Part I – Speaking and ListeningFor this part of the exam, most Latin letters are used the same as English letters – with a few notable exceptionsNB - Consonants Vowels Dipthongs

V is like a w a is like a in father ae like y in byI is like a y e(short) like e in pet au like ow in wowC is like a k e(long) like ay in say

I(short) like I in hitI(long) like ee in keen

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Latin I

New York State

Proficiency Exam Review Packet

“CENTUM”

“RECENSUS FASCICULUS”

Nomen: ______________________________

Julius Caesar -

“VENI,VIDI,VICI”

I came I saw

I conquered

Part II – Answering QuestionsNB the following most frequently used interrogative or question words.Quis, qui – Who?Quid – What?Cur – Why?Ubi – Where?Quot – How many?

Part III – Reading Comprehension - Strategies

USE GRAMMAR! & (See Below for more strategies)

Questions are in chronological order according to the passage. (Pinpoint the answer)Use English derivatives to aid in figuring out words.Use process of elimination to better your chances. Mark up the paragraph (do not write a translation) with info you know.Memorize vocabulary and use your insight to shed light on vocabulary.

Case – tells the function of a noun in a sentenceNominative Case – Subject of a sentenceGenitive Case – Possession “of”Dative Case – Indirect Object “to/for”Accusative Case – Direct Object – Some Prep phrasesAblative Case – PASSDICE Prep phrasesVocative Case – Direct address (Marcus to Marce)

Corresponding Endings –

1st DeclensionSingular Plural

Nominative Case – a aeGenitive Case - ae arum Dative Case - ae isAccusative Case - am asAblative Case - a is

2nd Declension Masculine

Singular PluralNominative Case – us,r iGenitive Case - -i orum Dative Case - o isAccusative Case - um osAblative Case - o is

2nd Declension Neuter

Singular PluralNominative Case – um aGenitive Case - -i orum Dative Case - o isAccusative Case - um aAblative Case - o is

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3rd Declension – Masculine and FeminineSingular Plural

Nominative Case – roxs esGenitive Case - is um Dative Case - i ibusAccusative Case - em esAblative Case - e ibus

3rd Declension - NeuterSingular Plural

Nominative Case – ----- aGenitive Case - is um Dative Case - i ibusAccusative Case - ----- aAblative Case - e ibus

Present Tense Imperfect Tense Future Tense Perfect TenseSing Plural Sing Plural Sing Plural Sing Plural

1. o mus bam bamus bo bimus i imus2. s tis bas batis bis bitis isti istis3. t nt bat bant bit bunt it erunt

Present ImperfectSing Plural Sing Plural

1. sum – I am sumus we are eram I was eramus we were2. es – you are estis you are eras you were eratis you were3. est – she is sunt they are erat he was erant they were

Possum,posse,potui – to be able toPresent Imperfect

Sing Plural Sing Plural1. possum I am able possumus we are able poteram I was able poteramus we were able2. potes you are able potestis you are able poteras you were able poteratis you were able3. potest He is able possunt they are able poterat She was ablepoterant they were able

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volo, velle—present tense volo, velle—imperfect tense

Volo – I want Volumus – we want

Volebam – I was wanting

Volebamus – we were wanting

Vis – you want Vultis – you want

Volebas – you were wanting

Volebatis – you were wanting

Vult- h/s/I wants Volunt – they

want

Volebat – h/s/I was wanting

Volebant – they were wanting

nolo, nolle—present tense nolo, nolle—imperfect tense

Nolo – I do not want

Nolumus – we do not want

nolebam – I was not wanting

nolebamus – we were not wanting

Non vis – you do not want

Non vultis – you do not want

nolebas – you were not wanting

nolebatis – you were not wanting

Non vult – h/s/I does not want

Nolunt – they do not want

nolebat – h/s/I was not wanting

nolebant – they were not wanting

fero, ferre—present tense fero, ferre—imperfect tense

Fero – I bring Ferimus – we bring

ferebam – I was bringing

ferebamus – we were bringing

Fers – You bring

Fertis – you bring

ferebas – you were bringing

ferebatis – you were bringing

Fert – h/s/I brings

Ferunt – they bring

ferebat – h/s/I was bringing

ferebant – they were bringing

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Translation of Verbs!!!!!!!!!!!!Present Tense – is are (now) simple presentImperfect – was were…ing (ongoing past action)Future Tense – shall or willPerfect – has have –ed – completed past

eo, ire—present tense eo, ire—imperfect tense

Eo – I go imus – we go ibam – I was going

ibamus – we were going

is – you go itis – you go ibas – you were going

ibatis – you were going

it – h/s/I goes Eunt – they go ibat – h/s/I was going

ibant – they were going

Part IV Word Derivation Prefixes and Roots Prefixes

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1. a, ab - away from, by2. ad - to, towards, at3. ante - before in front of4. bene - well, good5. bi - 26. circum- around7. con - with8. contra- against9. de - down from, about10. ex - out of11. in - in , on ,into

12. inter - between13. intro - in, within, inward14. per - through15. post - after16. pre - before17. re - back, again18. semi - half19. sub - under20. uni - one

Latin Root Meaning English Example English Definitionag,act to do, drive react __________________________ann,anni,enni year _______________ __________________________aud bold audacity __________________________audi to hear _______________ __________________________aequ (equ) equal equilibrium __________________________am,amor love amateur __________________________aqu water _______________ __________________________bene good,well beneficial __________________________cid,cis kill,cut pesticide __________________________cap,cip,cept take interception __________________________capit head decapitate __________________________carcer prison incarcerate __________________________ced,cess,ceedgo proceed __________________________clud,clus shut,close preclude __________________________cor,cord heart cordial __________________________corp,corpor body corporation __________________________cred believe credulous __________________________cup wish cupidity __________________________cur,curs run recurrent __________________________dec ten decimal __________________________delect pleasing delectable _________________________di,dia through,across diameter _________________________dict ____________ dictate to say or read alouddoc,doct teach indoctrinate __________________________duc,duct lead transduction __________________________fact,fic,fect make,do proficient __________________________fer,lat bear,carry transfer __________________________fid faith fidelity _________________________flect,flex bend circumflex __________________________gam marriage monogamy __________________________grad,gress go egress __________________________habit live _________________________________here,hes stick adhere __________________________hom(o) man homicide __________________________iac,jac resting near adjacent __________________________iect,ject throw interject __________________________junct join conjunction __________________________leg,lect ______ illegible __________________________

lev light(in weight) levitate __________________________liber free liberate __________________________loqu,loc speak loquacious __________________________luc light(see) lucent __________________________magn large _____________ __________________________man(u) hand manufacture __________________________melior better ameliorate __________________________mit,miss send transmit __________________________monstra show demonstrate __________________________mort dead _____________ not subject to deathmov,mot move motivate __________________________mult many multitude __________________________naut sailor nautical __________________________nefar wicked nefarious __________________________nomin name nominate __________________________omni all omnipresent __________________________ped foot _______________ __________________________pel,puls drive impulsive __________________________pend hang pendulum __________________________photo light photosynthesis __________________________pon,pos put composition __________________________port carry _______________ __________________________pug fight pugilist __________________________pseud false pseudonym __________________________quies quiet acquiesce __________________________rupt break interrupt __________________________sci to know omniscient ___________________________scrib,script write _____________ __________________________sect cut bisect __________________________sen old senile __________________________sent feel sentient ___________________________sequ,secut following sequel __________________________spect ____________ _____________ __________________________stat stand stationary __________________________tac quiet taciturn __________________________tempor time temporary __________________________tang,tact touch tangent __________________________ten,tain hold retain __________________________termin end terminate _________________________tim afraid timorous __________________________

tract draw,drag retractable __________________________un one universe __________________________urb city urbane __________________________ven,vent find,come invention __________________________ver true veritable __________________________ver green verdant __________________________vert,vers turn divert __________________________vid,vis ______ vision __________________________vigil watch vigilant __________________________vinc,vict defeat invincible __________________________vit,viv live convivial __________________________voc,voke call invocation __________________________volv,volut roll,turn revolution __________________________sub under subterranean __________________________terra land,eath extraterrestrial __________________________Part V Mottoes and Phrases Used in Everyday English

I. carpe diem – seize the day

II. I cam I saw I conquered – veni, vidi, vici

III. Before mid-day – ante meridiem

IV. Around - circaV. From eggs to apples –

ab ovo usque ad mala

VI. And you Brutus – et tu Brutus

VII. Slip of the tongue – Lapsus Linguae

VIII. We who are about to die salute you- morituri te salutamus

IX. I think therefore I am – cogito ergo sum

X. In reverse – vice versa

XI. For the sake of an example – exemplia gratia (eg)

XII. Temporarily – pro tem

XIII. Note well – NB nota bene

XIV. And so forth etcXV. By the day – per diem

XVI. After mid-day post meridiem

XVII. And the others –et alXVIII. Pound - lbXIX. Almost - QuasiXX. Unwanted person –

persona non grataXXI. Solid earth – terra

firmaXXII. Time flies – tempus

fugitXXIII. With great praise –

magna cum laudeXXIV. After death – post

mortemXXV. Something for

something – quid pro quo

XXVI. With the highest praise – summa cum laude

XXVII. As it was before – status quo

XXVIII. Unknown earth – terra incognita

XXIX. May he rest in peace – Requiescat in Pace

XXX. Immediately – Stat! (Statim)

XXXI. If needed – S.O.S.XXXII. Senate and People of

Rome - SPQRXXXIII. Against - VERSUSXXXIV. Characters of the

play – dramatis Personae

XXXV. In memory – in memoriam

XXXVI. Buyer beware – caveat emptor

XXXVII. Beware of the dog – cave canem

XXXVIII. Agreement - consensus

XXXIX. With praise – cum laude

XL. Horn of plenty – cornu copia

XLI. Ever upward - excelsior

XLII. One out of many – e pluribus unum

XLIII. A new order of the ages – novus ordo seclorum

XLIV. He has smiled on our undertakings – annuit coeptis

XLV. Truth - veritasXLVI. Another self – alter

egoXLVII. Foster mother – alma

mater XLVIII. Foster child – alumnus(a)

Part VI Roman Culture –

Daily Life

Food- they did not have – chocolate, coffee and tomatoes – they used honey instead of sugar and olive oil instead of butter Clothing - tunica – everyday garment, toga – woolen wrap over tunic, toga virilis- toga of manhood, toga praetexta – purple bordered toga of gov’t officials, toga candida- white toga of candidates stola – floor-length dress, palla –shawl , bulla- charmTransportation- raeda carriage, plaustrum- wagon, cisium- light 2 wheeled chariot.Meals ientaculum – breakfast, prandium – lunch – cena - dinnerSchool Supplies- volumen – scroll, regula – ruler, charta – paper, stilus – pencil – calamus – pen – tabella- wax tablet.Parts of the House - atrium – atrium, cubiculum – bedroom, triclinium – dining room – culina – kitchen – taberna – shop – tablinum – den/study – peristylium – outdoor courtyard – impluvium – rainwater pool, compluvium – hole In the roof.Names

Publius Cornelius Scipio (Africanus)Praenomen Nomen Cognomen (Agnomen)

Roman Numerals – I – 1, V- 5, X- 10, L – 50, C – 100, D- 500, M - 1000

Myth and LegendsWhat is a Myth?In your own words, describe what a myth is and why they are important. Myths are stories created by a civilization to help explain the world around them. These stories are important because they make sense of an unexplainable world.

Olympian Gods and Goddesses – List Greek and Roman Names and symbols and place they what the ruled over.

Greek Roman Domain Symbol1. Zeus Jupiter King of gods Lightning2. Hera Juno Queen of gods peacock3. Poseidon Neptune god of sea trident4. Hades Pluto god of underworld darkness5. Athena Minerva wisdom and war owl

6. Demeter Ceres goddess of harvest wheat7. HephaestusVulcan god of forge anvil/fire8. Aphrodite Venus goddess of love mirror/shell9. Hestia Vesta goddess of hearth fire10. Hermes Mercury messenger god winged sandals11. Apollo Apollo sun, music, poetry,arts lyre laurel

wreath12. Artemis Dianagoddess of the hunt stag

Baucis and PhilemonMain Characters –Baucis and Philemon – Zeus and MercuryMetamorphosis(?) People to trees, Travelers into gods – et alBrief Summary – Disguised as weary travelers, Zeus and Mercury “test” the hospitality of the townspeople of Phrygia. They are turned away by all but the poorest family- Baucis and Philemon. The townspeople are punished with a flood and Baucis and Philemon are rewarded by guarding Zeus’ temple and leaving this life together – then turning into trees.Jason and The ArgonautsMain Characters – Jason, Hercules, Hera, King Pelias, King Aeetes, MedeaMetamorphosis(?) Hera as the “old woman” crossing the streamBrief Summary – Jason goes on a quest to capture the healing Golden Fleece “Ram’s Fleece” – from the land of Colchis. He returns heroically to become king.Demeter and PersephoneMain Characters – Demeter(Ceres) and Persephone (Proserpina) Hades(Pluto) Metamorphosis(?) Explanation of the changing of the seasons.Brief Summary – Persephone is abducted and taken to the underworld by Hades to be his wife. The sad Demeter, goddess of growing things, does not allow things to grow while her daughter is in the underworld. Persephone eats 6 pomegranate seeds while there, and therefore she must share her life 6 months on earth (spring and summer) and 6 months in the underworld (fall and winter).Orpheus and EurydiceMain Characters – Snake, Orpheus, Eurydice, Hades, Cerberus, CharonMetamorphosis(?) life deathBrief Summary – On their wedding day, jubilant Eurydice is bitten by a serpent and dies. She descends to the Land of Shades. Musician Orpheus, plays his lyre to gain

access to the underworld. He reclaims his wife with only one condition; don’t look back while you ascend to the land of the living. Unfortunately Orpheus does look back and loses his wife forever.

Theseus and The MinotaurMain Characters – Theseus, King Aegeus, Ariadne, King Minos, Minotaur (Half Bull/man)Metamorphosis(?) Hero FailureBrief Summary – Theseus learns he is the son of a king. He offers himself up to be on the ship of the 7 girls and 7 boys that are sent to Crete for sacrifice every year. He plans to kill the Minotaur. He receives the help of the Kings daughter Ariadne in the form of a ball of string and a dagger. He defeats the Minotaur but forgets to return under the white sail as he had promised. His father, thinking his son is dead, leapt into the sea that would forever bear his name – the Aegean Sea.Hestia and HephaestusMain Characters – Vesta (goddess of the hearth and home) and Vulcan (Blacksmith)Metamorphosis(?) NONEBrief Summary – FIRE! The vestals were the priestesses of Vesta that tended to the sacred fires in Rome. 30 years of unmarried service – hair worn in braids – whitened togas. Fire – a symbol of prosperity. Vulcan was the blacksmith of the gods.

Trojan WarMain Characters – Trojans(people of Troy) vs the GreeksMetamorphosis(?)NONE (Iliad written by Homer)Brief Summary – Judgment of Paris (a Trojan) – had to give the golden apple to the most beautiful goddess – All promised him something- Hera (his own kingdom), Athena (glory in War), or Aphrodite (the most beautiful woman). He chooses Aphrodite and she gives him Helen (She’s the Greek who was the “FACE THAT LAUNCHED A 1000 SHIPS”). King Menelaus and his brother King Agamemnon fight to reclaim her. The war is uneventful for 9 years – until clever Odysseus develops the Trojan horse. The Trojans think it is a sign of Greek surrender, and as the Trojan celebrate what they though was a victory, the Greeks climbed out of the horse – let

their friends in the walled city – and burned it to the ground. Greeks Win!

Hercules and his 12 LaborsMain Characters –Hercules, Zeus, Alcemena, HeraMetamorphosis -NONE (FORGIVENESS)Brief Summary – Hercules – demi-god – half mortal half immortal.Kills snakes in his crib. Kills his family in a fit of madness and must make up for his wrongdoing by completing 12 impossible tasks.

1. Kill the Nemean Lion – used its skin as his tunic.2. Kill the Hydra by cauterizing.3. Capture the Arcadian deer.4. Capture the Erymanthian boar-(died of exhaustion)5. Clean the Augean Stables – diverted 2 rivers.6. Eliminate The Stymphalian Birds – shot them with poison arrows,7. Deliver the Cretan Bull to King Eurystheus.8. Capture the Wild Mares of Diomedes.9. Get the Armor of Amazon Queen Hippolyta.10. Defeat the 3-bodied Geryon and capture his cattle.11. Fetch the Golden Apples of Hesperides.12. Capture Cerberus.

Daphne and ApolloMain Characters – Daphne, her father King Peneus, Apollo, CupidMetamorphosis(?) – girl into treeBrief Summary – Daphne was a girl who enjoyed the freedom of nature. She wished not to be married – but her father disagreed. Cupid intervened – he shot Apollo with a silver tipped arrow that made him fall madly in love with Daphne. However he shot Daphne with a lead tipped arrow that made her hate Apollo. Apollo chased Daphne until she turned into a tree.Artemis and ActaeonMain Characters – Artemis, Actaeon, Nymphs, Hunting DogsMetamorphosis(?) Actaeon into a stag.Brief Summary – Actaeon hunting with his dogs stumbles upon Artemis sacred

pool. She turns him into a stag(deer) for trespassing – and he his ironically killed by his own dogs.Arachne and AthenaMain Characters – Arachne, Athena(Old Woman) SpiderMetamorphosis(?) Old woman Athena and Arachne spiderBrief Summary – Arachne is an awesome but arrogant weaver (hubris) – Athena disguised as an old woman – attempts to convince Arachne to be more humble – she tells her off… Athena becomes herself – they have a weave competition – Arachne is turned into a spider. (Arachnophobia)Echo and NarcissusMain Characters – Echo, Hera, NarcissusMetamorphosis(?) Narcissus Flower (Daffodil)Brief Summary – Echo was punished by Hera to repeat the last word never the first. She was in love with Narcissus, but Narcissus did not love anyone else but himself. He dies staring at himself in a pool of water.

Glorious ApolloMain Characters – Apollo, Zeus, Leto, HeraMetamorphosis(?) the birth and beginnings and maturity of the god ApolloBrief Summary – Delphic Oracle – a temple dedicated to Apollo on the island of Delphi – that told the future. Keeper of the Horses of the Sun – which drew the sun chariot across the sky.King MidasMain Characters – Dionysus, King Midas, Marigold, Argos the dog.Metamorphosis(?) Everything into gold…Brief Summary – For helping out a follower of Dionysus, Dionysus gave Midas any wish he wanted. He chose “the golden touch”. However, it was a curse not a gift and had it reversed – realizing the most important things in life.CallistoMain Characters – Callisto, Arcas, Zeus, Hera, ArtemisMetamorphosis(?) Callisto Bear/ Arcas Bear

Bears ConstellationsBrief Summary – Jealous Hera turns Callisto into a bear – but she still wants to care for her son. Eventually they are both turned into bears and put into the sky as ursa

major and ursa minor – big and little dipper.Romulus and RemusMain Characters – Aeneas, Venus, Romulus, Remus, Ascanius, Mars, Rhea Silvia, mother wolfMetamorphosis(?) The Beginning of RomeBrief Summary – Aeneas sail to the place on the banks of the Tiber that will become Rome. Aeneas’ son – Ascanius – grew up, got married and had twin boys – Romulus and Remus. Rhea silvia dies and the twin boys are set adrift by their wicked uncle. They were rescued by a she-wolf and raised by a shepherd. Remus dies and Romulus becomes the founder of mighty Rome 753BC.Cupid and Psyche- “Love and the Soul”Main Characters – Psyche, Cupid, Venus, CeresMetamorphosis(?) mortal immortalBrief Summary – Psyche was a beautiful woman. Men stopped worshipping Venus because of her beauty. Venus sent her son cupid to shoot an arrow at Psyche so that she would fall in love with the meanest, ugliest man alive. However, when he saw how beautiful she was – he accidentally shot himself with an arrow – and fell in love with her. Cupid would not let Psyche see his face. So one night while he slept she caught a glimpse of his face – he woke… And left her because “Love can live only with trust”. Psyche sought forgiveness and performed tasks to make up for her distrust. Eventually she and Cupid were reunited on Mt Olympus.Aeneas Son of Venus, Escaped the Burning city of Troy after losing the Trojan War to the Greeks. The story of the Aeneid by vergil tells the 10 year journey around the Mediterranean – arriving eventually at the place that will become RomeOdysseus Clever Greek who came up with a way to end the (The Iliad) Trojan War – The Odyssey is the story of his travels home to Ithaca after winning the Trojan War.Romulus and Remus Twin brothers set adrift on the Tiber river. Saved and reared by a Shewolf. Romulus is the founder and first king of Rome and the Etruscans. Atalanta Beautiful athletic woman who was reluctant to take a husband. Told all of her suitors that if they could beat her in a race they could become her husband. If they lost the race they were killed. Hippomenes with the help of Venus devised a trick. While he raced Atalanta he threw 3 golden

apples into the woods to distract her. He won the race and won her hand in marriage. However the two of them did not perform a sacrifice to thank Venus and were turned into lions. Satyr - Half man Half goatCentaur Half man Half Horse

Perseus and Andromeda Andromeda is to be sacrificed to the Kraken. So he goes on a quest to get medusa’s head and kill the Kraken and Save Andromeda.Daedalus and Icarus Stuck in his own Labyrinth on the island of Crete, Daedalus devises a way for he and his son Icarus to escape… Wings! Icarus flies to high and his wings melt and he falls into the Icarian Sea.

Underworld Tantalus - TantalizingSisyphus - RockTartarus – Place in underworld for evil soulsElysian Fields – Place in underworld for good soulsCharon – ferryman of dead souls over the river Styx.

Prometheus and Pandora Prometheus gave fire to mankind – Pandora unleashed all of the evils onto mankind 0 as well as hope.

History and Public LifeJulius Caesar – Most famous Roman Leader – Conqueror of Gaul (France) – assassinated on the Ides of March – March 15th 44 bc. for electing himself – dictator perpetuum – “dictator for life” and becoming too powerful.Augustus Caesar - 27bc becomes first Roman Emperor – Pax RomanaPunic Wars – Roman General Scipio Africanus vs Hannibal the Carthaginian (Elephants across the Alps) for control of Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea- Mare Nostrum – OUR SEA!Seaport of Rome - OSTIASpartacus/Slaves – Slaves outnumber free people 6:1 – Spartacus leads a rebellion of slaves against Roman armies – He has some victories but he is eventually crushed and the slaves are crucified along the Appian Way.River of Rome - TiberMount Vesuvius - Erupted in 79ad – Buried the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii – “froze” Roman culture in time

Kings of Rome – Etruscan Monarchy- 753 – 509 bc – Last king Tarquinius Superbus

Etruscan Kings (7) – Romulus to Tarquinius SuperbusRepublic of Rome SPQR – Letters symbolizing the republic – Senatus Populusque Romanus – Senate and people of Rome. Roman Republic – 509- 27bc Empire – Augustus – first Emperor -Roman Empire – 27 bc – 476 ad

Hills of Rome – 7 – 2 most important – Palatine and Capitoline.Cincinnatus Declared dictator of Rome for 6 months and then returned to his farm and did not want ant gloryHoratius- Singlehandedly defended a bridge over the tiber RiverScaevola – “Lefty” – Burned off his right hand to prove his courage to the enemy.Art and ArchitectureBaths Community Centers…Caldarium – hot poolFrigidarium – cold poolTepidarium – warm poolApodyterium – changing roomPalaestra – exercise areaOleum et Strigilis – oil and scrapersBasilica Law Courts – to like out modern churches Forum Center of Roman life – market place et alArch The development of the arch was significant because it allowed the Romans to build up. The weight was displaced throughout the arch—thus more weight could be supported and allowed for taller structures. Aqueducts Used arches to deliver water to Rome from the hills.Regina Viarum “Queen of Roads”The Via Appia – Appian WayMosaics The art of decoration with small pieces of colored glass, stone or other material. Frescoes Are any of several related painting types. Our word comes from the word fresco ("fresh"). Fresco paintings are paintings done on wet plaster. Columns Doric Ionic Corinthian

Pantheon Building dedicated to all gods – with the oculus in the center of the dome.Campus Martius Field of Mars used to train soldiersColosseum Huge Amphitheater where gladiator fights were held.