Noisein&& Detectors - ANUamedling/obstech/obstech_9_detector...Noisein&yourdata& •...

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Noise in Detectors 8 March 2016

Transcript of Noisein&& Detectors - ANUamedling/obstech/obstech_9_detector...Noisein&yourdata& •...

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Noise  in    Detectors  8  March  2016  

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Remember:  •  Noise  in  your  data  propagates  to  any  measurements  you  make  from  it  

•  Most  astrophysical  data  have  noise  following  a  Gaussian  distribu@on,  so  errors  can  be  added  in  quadrature  •  σtot2  =  σ12  +  σ22  

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Noise  in  your  data  •  You  should  be  able  to  calculate  your  noise  theore&cally  AND  empirically  

 •  Empirical  noise  es&mates  look  at  your  data  and  es@mate  noise  directly  from  that  

•  Theore&cal  noise  es&mates  use  proper@es  of  the  detector  and  your  data  (measured  either  by  you  or  by  the  instrument  team)  •  First  we  have  to  talk  about  how  detectors  work  

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CCDs:  Charge-­‐coupled  devices  WiFeS  Fairchild  4kx4k  detector  

•  Op@cal  detectors  •  Silicon-­‐based  wafers  with  pixel  paRerns  etched  in  •  MOS  =  Metal-­‐oxide-­‐semiconductor  layers  

•  Photons  hit  a  pixel’s  surface,  and  the  photoelectric  effect  causes  an  electron  to  be  released  into  the  poten@al  well  

Image:  M

icroscop

yu.com

 

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Not  all  photons  create  an  e-­‐  

•  A  detector’s  quantum  efficiency  (QE)  describes  how  efficient  it  is  at  collec@ng  photons  •  #  read  out  electrons  /  #  incident  photons  

•  Factors  causing  QE  to  take  a  hit:  •  Reflec@on  off  the  surface  of  the  pixel  •  Absorp@on  in  intermediate  layers  of  detector  •  “Fill-­‐factor”,  where  part  of  the  surface  blocks  photons  •  Internal  losses  during  readout  

•  QE  is  wavelength  dependent!  

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Not  all  photons  create  an  e-­‐  

Image:  M

IT/Lincoln  Labs  

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CCD  Readout  •  To  shid  pixels  to  the  edge  to  be  read  out,  voltage  gates  shuffle  the  electrons  along  

•  Read  one  row,  then  move  all  rows  down  “bucket  brigade”  style  

Image:  J.  Ja

nesic

k,  Pixelvisio

n,  Inc  

Image:  Schmid,  Wikipedia  

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CCD  Readout  •  To  shid  pixels  to  the  edge  to  be  read  out,  voltage  gates  shuffle  the  electrons  along  

•  Read  one  row,  then  move  all  rows  down  “bucket  brigade”  style  

Image:  C.  Tremon

@  

Image:  Schmid,  Wikipedia  

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CCD  Readout  •  To  shid  pixels  to  the  edge  to  be  read  out,  voltage  gates  shuffle  the  electrons  along  

•  Read  one  row,  then  move  all  rows  down  “bucket  brigade”  style  

Image:  C.  Tremon

@  

Image:  Schmid,  Wikipedia  

Reading  out  your  chip  can  take  a  long  &me!  

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CCD  Readout  •  Final  stored  value  is  in  analog-­‐to-­‐digital-­‐units  “ADU”  (or  digital  numbers  “DN”)  with  a  typical  conversion  (“GAIN”)  of  2-­‐8  e-­‐/ADU  

•  “Readnoise”  =  noise  introduced  by  the  reading  out  of  your  detector  •  How  well  does  your  reported  signal  reflect  the  #  of  electrons  in  the  well?   Image:  C.  Tremon

@  

Image:  Schmid,  Wikipedia  

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In  pairs…  •  If  the  noise  in  your  image  in  photo-­‐electrons  is  σe-­‐  ,  what  is  σADU,  the  noise  in  your  image  now  that  it  is  in  digital  units?  

•  Put  your  answer  in  terms  of  the  gain,  G  

•  (3  minutes)  

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Orthogonal  Transfer  CCDs  •  Tonry  et  al.  1997,  PASP,  109,  1154  •  Can  shid  horizontally  and  ver@cally  at  the  same  @me  

•  Allows  on-­‐chip  image  mo@on  correc@on  •  Charge  shuffle  science  image  in  X  and  Y  during  exposure  

•  Requires  high  charge  transfer  efficiency  (CTE)  

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On-­‐chip  binning  •  Some@mes  it  may  be  worth  sacrificing  spa@al  resolu@on  in  order  to  save  on  readnoise  

• With  on-­‐chip  binning,  you  tell  the  detector  to  combine  adjacent  pixels  and  then  only  read  out  the  sum  of  them  

•  This  can  be  worthwhile  e.g.  when  the  seeing  is  so  bad  that  you  wouldn’t  have  the  spa@al  resolu@on  anyway  

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Nod-­‐and-­‐ShufAle  

1.  Object  spectra  are  recorded  in  alterna@ng  strips  

2.  Then  the  shuRer  is  closed  and  the  spectra  are  shuffled  to  the  adjacent  (previously  empty)  strip  

3.  The  telescope  moves  (“nods”)  to  a  sky  region  

4.  Sky  spectra  are  recorded  in  the  original  (now  empty)  strips  

5.  Shuffle  spectra  back  around  on  chip  and  repeat  

This  spectroscopy  technique  uses  half  the  detector  to  record  photons  and  the  other  half  as  storage  

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Nod-­‐and-­‐ShufAle  

1.  Object  spectra  are  recorded  in  alterna@ng  strips  

2.  Then  the  shuRer  is  closed  and  the  spectra  are  shuffled  to  the  adjacent  (previously  empty)  strip  

3.  The  telescope  moves  (“nods”)  to  a  sky  region  

4.  Sky  spectra  are  recorded  in  the  original  (now  empty)  strips  

5.  Shuffle  spectra  back  around  on  chip  and  repeat  

This  spectroscopy  technique  uses  half  the  detector  to  record  photons  and  the  other  half  as  storage  

This  is  great  for  sky  subtrac&on  but  can  kill  you  on  readnoise!  

 Why?  

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IR  Detectors  –  not  CCDs!  •  Hybrid  devices  

•  Silicon  CCD  mul@plexers  •  Indium  bonds  to  detector  array  (HgCdTe  or  InSb)  

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IR  Detectors  –  not  CCDs!  •  Hybrid  devices  

•  Silicon  CCD  mul@plexers  •  Indium  bonds  to  detector  array  (HgCdTe  or  InSb)  

Unlike  CCDs,  IR  detectors  can  be  read  out  non-­‐destruc&vely!      

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Non-­‐destructive  readout  •  Two  main  kinds  of  readout  

•  Fowler  Sampling:  Sample  the  counts  a  few  @mes  each  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  integra@on  

•  Linear  fisng:  Least-­‐squares  fit  to  slope  of  integra@on  ramp  (up-­‐the-­‐ramp  sampling)  

•  Slope  =  photon  rate  in  both  cases  

Fowler Sampling Linear Fitting

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Non-­‐destructive  readout  •  Two  main  kinds  of  readout  

•  Fowler  Sampling:  Sample  the  counts  a  few  @mes  each  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  integra@on  

•  Linear  fisng:  Least-­‐squares  fit  to  slope  of  integra@on  ramp  (up-­‐the-­‐ramp  sampling)  

•  Slope  =  photon  rate  in  both  cases  For  long  exposures,  Fowler  sampling  can  incur  less  readnoise  because  fewer  samples  are  necessary.  

Fowler Sampling Linear Fitting

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Chandra  ACIS  X-­‐ray  detector  •  Configura@on  of  10  CCDs  •  Unlike  op@cal  CCDs,  one  X-­‐ray  photon  releases  many  electrons  (~1000)  

•  Ader  every  (short)  exposure,  on-­‐board  sodware  catalogs  x,y  posi@on  of  photon  and  its  energy    

 

Image:  Chandra/Harvard/SAO  

But,  if  more  than  one  photon  hits  a  pixel  during  that  exposure,  can  cause  pileup  -­‐>  fortunately,  uncommon  for  X-­‐ray  astronomy!  

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Theoretical  Noise  Sources  •  Poisson  noise  from  your  object  =  sqrt(N)  •  Poisson  noise  from  the  subtracted  sky  =  sqrt(Nsky)  •  Noise  from  reading  out  your  detector  

•  Given  in  electrons,  usually  well-­‐characterized  •  Dark  current  

•  Thermal  noise  –  probability  of  electrons  jumping  the  bandgap  without  a  photon;  is  a  func@on  of  @me  (and  generally  temperature!)  

•  Rarely  important  in  the  op@cal,  but  a  bigger  deal  in  the  infrared  

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Expected  Signal  

Incoming    Count    Rate  

 (photons  per  

second)  

Total  incoming  energy  rate  at  your  detector  

Σ  =  (Fλ*Area*bandwidth*transmission)/(h  ν)  

Energy  per  photon  

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Expected  Noise  Terms  

•  Poisson  noise  from  your  object  

•  Poisson  noise  from  the  sky  

•  Readnoise  from  reading  out  your  detector  •  Can  include  “digi@za@on  noise”  

•  Dark  Current  

Σ  =  photon  count  rate  =  (Fλ*Area*bandwidth*transmission)/(h  ν)  

Sqrt(Σobj  *  texp  )  

Sqrt(Σsky  *  texp  )  

RN  *  Sqrt(npix)  

Sqrt(Σdark  *  npix  *  texp  )  

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Noise  terms  are  independent,  add  in  quadrature  

Σobj*texp    Signal  to    

Noise  Ra&o  

√  (Σobj*texp)  +  (Σsky*texp)  +  (Σdark*texp*npix)  +  npix*RN2    

Source  Noise  Sky  Noise  Dark  Current  Readnoise    

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Noise  terms  are  independent,  add  in  quadrature  

Σobj*texp    Signal  to    

Noise  Ra&o  

√  (Σobj*texp)  +  (Σsky*texp)  +  (Σdark*texp*npix)  +  npix*RN2    

Source  Noise  Sky  Noise  Dark  Current  Readnoise    

For  different  regimes,  different  noise  terms  dominate