PROTESTANTISMNoelle Wells

The Beginnings

Protestantism began in the early 16th Century with Martin Luther and the 95 Theses in 1517.

After this, new forms began rising in the late 1520’s

Protestantism formed as Luther and others were dissatisfied with Catholic Church’s beliefs and decided to break away. Such beliefs were the selling of indulgences and

transubstantiation The term “Protestant” was first used in 1529

after a German Prince protested the Diet of Speyer.

Protestantism Denominations There are hundreds of Protestant Denominations

today. There are four groups Protestants can be

classified as Lutheran Anglican/ Episcopal Reformed Sectarian or Separatist (Anabaptist)

Early Leaders Martin Luther- Lutheran

Formed early 1500’s King Henry VIII- Anglican Church Ulrich Zwingli- Swiss Reformation

This eventually led to the Anabaptist This also resulted in the Amish, led by Jakob Amman.

John Calvin- Calvinism This includes the Reformed and Presbyterian Churched

These are some leaders of a few major divisions from the main Protestant Denominations

George Fox- Quaker Founded mid 17th Century

John Wesley and Charles Wesley- Methodist Church Founded in early 1700’s.

Robert Browne- Congregational Formed in 1582

John Smyth – Baptist This was formed in 1609

History of Lutheranism

Martin Luther initially had no desire to break from the Catholic Church.

1546- Emperor Charles V waged war against the major Lutheran regions. This was the War of Schmalkald, which the emperor won.

1555- Emperor Charles V gave formal recognition of the Lutheran Church at the Diet of Augsburg.

1576 and 1577- Jakob Andreae and Martin Chemnitz got a group to create the Formula of Concord.

1580- The Formula of Concord was incorporated with the Apostles, Nicene, and Athanasian Creed as well as the Augsburg Confession to create the Book of Concord. This embodied the confessional identity of German Lutheranism.

History of Lutheranism (cont’d) Around this time, Lutherans wanted to make an

inerrant Bible. Lutheran ideas moved to Bohemia, Poland, Hungary,

and Transylvania but had little government support there. It later moved to Scandinavia. By the 17th century, Sweden was Lutheran and a power in

Europe. Lutheranism was established in North America in the

17th century, the first large wave coming in 1740’s. 18th century- The European Enlightenment challenged

traditional Christian beliefs. Lutherans such as Christian Wolff and Johann S. Semier

supported the connection between reason and revelation. Later Lutherans decided reason was the way to understand

God; this is known as neology.

History of Lutheranism (cont’d) 1817- King Frederick William III of Prussia

decreed Lutheran and Reformed churches will use an identical order of worship; it met mixed opinions.

In the 19th century, the Lutherans began their “inner mission” to help the poor and downtrodden who had been influenced poorly by the Industrial Revolution.

20th century- European Lutheranism was still divided between liberal and conservative winds.

WWI initiated a conservative reaction. Dialectic theology- a movement during this time

that emphasized the otherness of God and the importance of the Word of God.

History of Lutheranism (cont’d) The end of WWI resulted in the disestablishment of the

Lutheran churches; they were no longer state churches. The Weimar Republic resulted in the separation of Church and State, although Lutherans still had a few privileges. Many Lutherans accepted Nazi policies at the rise of Adolf Hitler.

1934- Lutheran leaders joined Reformed leaders, creating the Pastors’ Emergency League, which created the Barmen Declaration, which affirmed traditional Protestant values.

By 1950s, Lutherans still had special privileges in certain countries, but church attendance was slowly declining.

1988- In America, two Lutheran churches, the American Lutheran Church and the Lutheran church in America formed the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. (ECLA)

Examples of Splits Pietism broke away in 1675. The father of

Pietism is Johann Arndt. Philipp Jakob Spener published Pious Desires, which is when the division truly began. It was institutionalized in Halle, Germany, by August H. Francke

19th Century- Theology of Lutherans was divided between three different beliefs. Liberal – Heinrich E. G. Paulus Traditional- Ernst W. Hengstenberg and Clause

Harms Meditation- Friedrich C. Schleiermacher

Old and New Lutherans joined together and led the Lutheran theology from 1840s-1870s

History of Reformed French Protestantism was largely from the

Reformed Church Huguenots during the second half of the 16th

century fought for official recognition. 1598- The Edict of Nantes was established in

France. Reformed churches had a lot of influence with

Hungary. In 1576, it emerged as a large power among them.

1648- The Treaty of Westphalia established the legality of Reformed churches in German states as the Prince decided, as per the Peace of Augsburg.

1660- Reformed Church members of England became known as noncomformists. They gained some freedoms in 1688 after the Glorious Revolution.

Religious divisions after the Treaty of Westphalia

History of Reformed (cont’d) Scotland refused to acknowledge William and Mary,

resulting in a Presbyterian Scotland. 1685- Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes.

250,000 French Protestants then emigrated from France, going to Prussia, Holland, England, and America.

1715- Louis XIV announced the end of toleration for Protestantism. The rule of Napoleon resulted in Reformed Churches under

state control. 1843- A schism in Scotland resulted in the Free

Church of Scotland. They reunited with the other free churches in 1929

1848- A free Evangelical Synod broke from the state-recognized church. They did not unite until 1938.

1884- A Reformed Alliance was formed in Germany this was to protect their legacy.

History of Reformed (cont’d) Partitioning of Hungary after WWI and WWII resulted in

many Reformed churches in Romania, Yugoslavia, and the USSR.

In Poland, prior to the Counter-Reformation there were many Reformed churches. By the late 20th century, there were only eight congregations in Poland.

January 1934- A synod resulted in a confessional statement in opposition to the German Christian’s corruption of the Word of God.

May 1934- the Barmen Synod occurred, when Lutherans and Reformed came together in the Barmen Confession of Faith.

1972- United Reformed Church was formed from the Congregational Union of England and Wales, and the Presbyterian Church of England.

1981- The Reformed Church on Anhalt joined the Union Evangelical Church

Major Splits

Presbyterian (Scotland) Reformed (Dutch and German) American Subdivisions (Have currently

rejoined to form United Church of Christ) Evangelical and Reformed Church Christian Church Congregationalists (Puritans)

Breakaway group was Unitarians

HUGUENOT CROSS PRESBYTERIAN CROSS

History of Anglican/Episcopal

1534- Act of Supremacy in England made King Henry VIII the supreme head of the Church of England. Henry VIII disestablished English monasteries, demolished Catholic

shrines, and made English Bibles be placed in every church. There are very few differences between Catholicism and the Church of

England under Henry VIII Thomas Cranmer under King Edward created the Book of

Common Prayer (1549 and 1552 editions) and the 42 Articles (1553)

1553- Queen Mary reestablished Catholicism 1558- Queen Elizabeth reestablished Protestantism

Anglicanism took shape under her reign. 1690- Anglicanism becomes what it is essentially today. 17th and 18th century Anglicanism focused on reason, simple

devotion, and moral living. In the late 18th century, Anglicanism in America became the

Episcopalian Church.

History of Anglican (cont’d) 18th Century- the Methodists broke away.

1833- the Oxford Movement, or the Catholic Revival tried to restore some of the forms of Catholicism to the Church of England.

1896- Bishop of Rome, Leo XIII declares Anglican orders null and void.

1910- First World Missionary Conference is held in Edinburgh.

1913- Anglicans revive Franciscan Movement 1930- Lambeth Resolutions on the Unity of the Church

results in more validity given to Anglican orders. 1931- Agreement of Bonn says that Anglicans will enter into

full communion with Catholics. 1992- Church of England allows for the ordination of women. 1998- Lambeth Conference in which eleven women bishops

partake.

Hierarchy of the Church of England

Major Splits

Baptists Pentecostal (formed 1901) Methodist (John Wesley)

Breakaway group- Wesleyan

History of Separatist (Anabaptist)

1522- Ulrich Zwingli began the Swiss Reformation. 1525- Felix Manz claimed baptism of infants was wrong,

resulting in the radical group, Anabaptists, being formed. Jan 21st- Sixteen adults were baptized.

1528- Anabaptists split into multiple groups, including the Hutterites.

1536- Menno Simmons converted, later creating the group Mennonites

Late 16th century- Hutterite colonies spread through parts of Europe.

1574- The Netherlands gave the Mennonites political freedom.

Early 17th century- Hutterites began being more accepted by other religious groups.

1622- Hutterites were expelled from Moravia, and went to Hungary and Russia.

History of Anabaptist/ Separatist (cont’d)

1693-1697- Jakob Amann split from the Mennonites to form the Amish Church

1767- Austria began persecuting Hutterites. 18th Century persecution of Mennonites resulted in

Mennonites migrating. 1860- Mennonite group in Russia went through a religious

awakening, calling for stricter measures in the church 1881- The Brethren split, forming the Old Order German

Brethren. During WWII and after- many communities formed by

Mennonites in Russia were destroyed. 1950- Hutterites joined three separate groups to make the

Hutterite United Brethren Church. 1992- A section of the Hutterites split into Committee

Hutterites and Schmiedeleut.

Anabaptist Baptism

Major Splits

Evangelicals Church of the Brethren Moravian Seventh Day Adventist Quakers, Mennonites

Amish, Hutterites

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Picture links(in order of appearance)

(Also included in bibliography)

http://www.the-highway.com/95THESES.html

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook1.html

http://www.tamrin.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=religions&action=print&thread=1395

http://www.cem.va.gov/hm/hmemb.asp http://www.victorianweb.org/religion/pari

sh.html http://laboringinthelord.com/2011/06/24/

bones-in-the-rafters-2/