NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING “MASSACRE”

download NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING “MASSACRE”

of 36

Transcript of NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING “MASSACRE”

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    1/36

    8

    KF HEJPIMHK RI\KJ]]JL \OJ KHKGIKB EH]]HMPJ

    Eh|}zezph \f}oif$ Oi}|fpihk

    ]fmij|y afp |oj Li}}jeikh|ifk fa Oi}|fpy Ahm|

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    2/36

    0

    KF HEJPIMHK RI\KJ]]JL \OJ KHKGIKB EH]]HMPJ

    Eh|}zezph \f}oif

    Afpjrfpl

    Ehky Hejpimhk} `jdijqj |oh| Gh~hkj}j eidi|hpy ~jp}fkkjd }dhzbo|jpjl ozklpjl} fa

    |ofz}hkl} fa Moikj}j miqidihk} ieejlih|jdy ha|jp jejpbikb qim|fpifz} apfe |oj @h||dj faKhkgikb fk Ljmje`jp 8=$ 89=23 |ojy pjajp |f |oh| mhpkhbj h} |oj Khkgikb eh}}hmpj+ Ipi}

    Mohkb} \oj Ph~j fa Khkcikb i} fkj rpi||jk rfpc |oh| mdhie} |f ~pfqj |oh| }zmo h|pfmi|ij}

    rjpj ikljjl ~jp~j|ph|jl+ Ofrjqjp$ ojp `ffc oh} `jjk dhpbjdy li}mpjli|jl$ qjjpikb h} i|

    lfj}$ }f ahp apfe |oj ahm|}+ Li}mjpkikb ~jf~dj rof ri}o |f mfk}zd| ahip hkl ie~hp|ihd

    }fzpmj}$ hkl |ojk hppiqj h| |ojip frk mfkmdz}ifk}$ hpj mjp|hik |f |zpk |f hmmfzk|} rpi||jk`y Hejpimhk} rof ri|kj}}jl }zmo mpiej}+

    Jyjri|kj}}j} |f Eh}}hmpj7 Hejpimhk

    Ei}}ifkhpij} @jhp Ri|kj}} |f Gh~hkj}j

    H|pfmi|ij} ik Khkgikb rfzdl }jje |f `j |ojiljhd pj}fzpmj afp |pz|o%}jjcjp} |f mfk}zd|+

    \oj `ffc$ ~z`di}ojl ik 89?< `y |oj Kjr

    Yfpc aipe E+J+ ]ohp~j$ i} `h}jl fklfmzejk|} ofz}jl h| |oj Yhdj Zkiqjp}i|y

    Liqiki|y ]moffd Di`phpy+ \of}j lfmzejk|}ikmdzlj dj||jp} rpi||jk `y Mopi}|ihkei}}ifkhpij} hkl f|ojp Hejpimhk} pj}ilikb ik

    Khkgikb h| |oj |iej |oj h|pfmi|ij} hpj hddjbjl

    |f ohqj fmmzppjl$ |f aheidy eje`jp} rof ohl

    dja| Khkgikb afp }hajp dfmh|ifk}+ Zkdicj~pf~hbhklh$ roimo i} lj}ibkjl afp ~z`dim

    mfk}ze~|ifk$ |ojy hpj ~piqh|j ik kh|zpj+ ]ikmj

    |ojy rjpj hllpj}}jl |f pjdh|iqj}$ rj mhk

    h}}zej |oh| |ojy j~pj}} |oj rpi|jp} |pzj}jk|iejk|}+ Roh| }fp| fa ~jf~dj ehcj

    h~~jhphkmj} ik |oi} `ffc6 \oj afddfrikb`ifbph~oimhd }zeehpij} rjpj |hcjk lipjm|dy apfeJyjri|kj}}j} |f Eh}}hmpj+

    Eikkij Qhz|pik7 Ik 8980$ Qhz|pik bphlzh|jl apfe |oj Zkiqjp}i|y fa Iddikfi} ri|o

    h ehgfp ik jlzmh|ifk+ \ojk }oj rh} mfeei}}ifkjl `y |oj Zki|jl Mopi}|ihk

    Ei}}ifkhpy ]fmij|y h} h ei}}ifkhpy |f Moikh+ Qhz|pik `jmhej mohipehk fa |oj

    jlzmh|ifk lj~hp|ejk| fa Bikdikb Mfddjbj rojk i| rh} afzkljl ik 8981$ hkl }oj

    fkmj }jpqjl h} hm|ikb ~pj}iljk| fa Bikdikb Mfddjbj+

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    3/36

    =

    Eikjp ]jhpdj @h|j}7 @h|j} rfk h Poflj} ]mofdhp}oi~ |f }|zly oi}|fpy h| Fafpl

    Zkiqjp}i|y hkl jhpkjl oi} E+H+ ik 890>+ \oj Zki|jl Mopi}|ihk Ei}}ifkhpy

    ]fmij|y |ojk mfeei}}ifkjl oie h} h ei}}ifkhpy |f |jhmo h| |oj Zkiqjp}i|y fa

    Khkcikb+ Oj rh} h ~pfaj}}fp ik |oj lj~hp|ejk|} fa ~fdi|im} hkl oi}|fpy hkl fkmj

    }jpqjl h} |oj qimj ~pj}iljk| fa |oj zkiqjp}i|y+

    /)

    Pf`jp| F+ Rid}fk7 @fpk ik Khkcikb ik 89>1$ Rid}fk rh} |oj }fk fa h Ej|ofli}|

    ei}}ifkhpy aheidy+ Rid}fk bphlzh|jl apfe ^pikmj|fk Zkiqjp}i|y hkl pjmjiqjl oi}

    E+L+ apfe Ohpqhpl Ejlimhd ]moffd ik 8909+ H~~fik|jl |f |oj }|haa fa |oj

    Zkiqjp}i|y fa Khkcikb of}~i|hd ik 89=:$ oj hppiqjl |ojpj ik 89=1+

    Djri} ]+ M+ ]ey|oj7 ]ey|oj pjmjiqjl oi} ^o+L+ ik }fmifdfby apfe |oj

    Zkiqjp}i|y fa Moimhbf hkl rh} h~~fik|jl |f |jhmo h| |oj Zkiqjp}i|y fa Khkcikb

    `y |oj Zki|jl Mopi}|ihk Ei}}ifkhpy ]fmij|y ik 89=1 hkl pjmjiqjl h @+L+ apfe

    |oj J~i}mf~hd \ojfdfbimhd ]moffd ik Mhe`pilbj$ Eh}}hmoz}j||}$ ik 8988+ Oj rh}

    fplhikjl h} h eiki}|jp ik |oj J~i}mf~hd Mozpmo hkl }j| faa afp Moikh ik 8980+ Oj}jpqjl h} mohipehk fa |oj Khkcikb @phkmo fa |oj Ik|jpkh|ifkhd Pjl Mpf}} ha|jp

    |oj mh~|zpj fa Khkcikb+ \fbj|ojp ri|o E+]+ @h|j}$ oj rh} jkbhbjl ik pjdija rfpc

    afp |oj pjazbjj}+

    Bjfpbj H+ Ai|mo7 @fpk ik ]zwofz$ Moikh$ ik 8??=$ Ai|mo rh} |oj }fk fa h

    ^pj}`y|jpihk ei}}ifkhpy aheidy+ Oj bphlzh|jl apfe Rff}|jp Mfddjbj ik 89>1$

    |ojk h||jkljl Zkifk \ojfdfbimhd ]jeikhpy ik Kjr Yfpc+ Oj rh} fplhikjl ik

    89>8 hkl pj|zpkjl |f Moikh |f rfpc ri|o |oj Yfzkb Ejk} Mopi}|ihk H}}fmih|ifk

    /YEMH) ik ]ohkbohi+ Oj }jpqjl h} lipjm|fp fa |oj ]haj|y Wfkj ha|jp |oj ahdd fa

    Khkcikb+

    R+ ^dzejp Eidd}7 Eidd} bphlzh|jl apfe Lhqil}fk Mfddjbj ik 89>= hkl pjmjiqjlh @+H+ apfe Fafpl Zkiqjp}i|y ik 898> hkl h @+L+ apfe Mfdze`ih \ojfdfbimhd

    ]jeikhpy ik 8980+ Eidd} }jpqjl zkljp |oj YEMH ik Moikh apfe 8980 |f 89=8

    hkl |ojk zkljp |oj ^pj}`y|jpihk Afpjibk Ei}}ifk @fhpl ik Khkcikb apfe 89== |f

    89

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    4/36

    ~hbj}$ lf kf| }jpqj |oh| ~zp~f}j+

    Kf| fkj fa |oj hz|ofp} fa |oj}j lfmzejk|} }|h|j} mdhie} |f ohqj ri|kj}}jl Gh~hkj}j

    }fdlijp} ezpljpikb miqidihk} h| hky |iej lzpikb |oj ~jpifl `jbikkikb ri|o |oj ahdd faKhkgikb /Ljmje`jp 8=) hkl jklikb ri|o |oj lhrkikb fa 89=?+ Kfp lil hky fa |oj

    ri|kj}}j} f`}jpqj Gh~hkj}j mfeei||ikb ph~j}$ fp dff|ikb+ Rojk |oj ei}}ifkhpij}

    pjmjiqjl pj~fp|} fa }zmo mpiej} apfe Moikj}j pjazbjj} hkl pz}ojl |f |oj mpiej }mjkj$|ojy kjqjp afzkl hky |phmj fa |oj mpieikhd}+ \oj`ffc} bpf}}dy ei}djhlikb |i|djkf|ri|o}|hklikb$ kfkj fa |oj}j Hejpimhk} rh} hk jyjri|kj}} |f Gh~hkj}j h|pfmi|ij}+

    Ik }jhpmoikb afp |oj pjh}fk roy |oj}j ~jp}fk} mhej |f `j qijrjl h} jyjri|kj}}j}$ I ehljh }ofmcikb li}mfqjpy+ I| mfkmjpk} |rf fa |oj ejk di}|jl h`fqj$ Eikjp ]jhpdj @h|j} hkl

    Bjfpbj H+ Ai|mo+ @f|o fa |oje mfk}i}|jk|dy li}}jeikh|jl hmmz}h|ifk} fa Gh~hkj}j

    h|pfmi|ij}$ ri|oik Moikh hkl h`pfhl$ apfe |oj efejk| |oh| Khkgikb ajdd+

    I| |zpk} fz| |oh| @h|j} rh} h ~hil hlqi}fp |f |oj Moikj}j bfqjpkejk|$ oipjl `y Moihkb

    Chi%}ojc oie}jda+ Oi} h}}ibkejk| rh} ~pflzmikb hkl ~z`dimiwikb ~pf~hbhklh mhddikb

    h||jk|ifk |f Gh~hkj}j h|pfmi|ij}+ @h|j} rh} ljmfph|jl |rimj `y Moihkb /fkmj lzpikb |ojrhp$ hkl hbhik ha|jprhpl}) afp oi} jaafp|}+8

    Roh| h`fz| Ai|mo6 Ik Ehpmo 89=?$ ha|jp h}}i}|ikb @h|j} ri|o oi} ~pf~hbhklh rfpc$ Ai|mo

    pj|zpkjl |f |oj Z] qih Ofkb Cfkb+ Fkmj |ojpj$ oj kf| fkdy |phqjdjl hdd fqjp |oj Z]ljdiqjpikb hk|i%Gh~hkj}j ~pf~hbhklh }~jjmoj}$ `z| hd}f rh} ik}|pzejk|hd ik |oj

    j}|h`di}oejk| fa |rf dhpbj ~pf%Moikh$ hk|i%Gh~hk fpbhkiwh|ifk} /Gzdy 89=?)$ }jpqikb h} hk

    faaimjp ik `f|o fa |oje+0

    \oj ik|jk| fa |oi} ~pf~hbhklh$ h} pjxzj}|jl `y |oj Moihkb

    bfqjpkejk|$ rh} |f mfkqikmj |oj Hejpimhk ~jf~dj |oh| Gh~hkj}j eidi|hpy ~jp}fkkjd rjpjmpzjd hkl `pz|hd$ hkl |f rik |ojip }ye~h|oy afp Moikh+ Fkmj |ojy rjpj hdibkjl ri|o Moikh$

    Hejpimhk} rfzdl df``y |ojip bfqjpkejk| |f }jkl hil$ `f|o aikhkmihd hkl eh|jpihd$ |f |oj

    Moihkb bfqjpkejk|+ \oj ~pf~hbhkli}|} lilk| mhpj roj|ojp |oj ikafpeh|ifk |ojy rjpjli}}jeikh|ikb rh} |pzj fp kf|+ ]zmo }|ph|hbje} hpj ahp apfe zkmfeefk3 |ojy hpj

    lj~dfyjl hdd fqjp |oj rfpdl$ jqjk |flhy+ Azp|ojpefpj$ Hejpimhk}$ rof lilk| ckfr ezmo

    h`fz| |oj Gh~hkj}j h| |oh| |iej /|ojy mjp|hikdy lilk| ckfr |oh| @h|j}$ Ai|mo hkl |ojip

    Wohkb Chiyzhk$ jl+Jyjri|kj}}j} |f Eh}}hmpj7 Hejpimhk Ei}}ifkhpij} @jhp Ri|kj}} |f

    Gh~hkj}j H|pfmi|ij} ik Khkgikb /Kjr Yfpc7 E+J+ ]ohp~j$ 89?

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    5/36

    :

    mfddjhbzj} rjpj ik |oj je~dfy fa |oj Moikj}j bfqjpkejk|)$ `jdijqjl |oj ejk}

    ~pf|j}|h|ifk}+

    Ik |oi} ~h~jp I ridd ljefk}|ph|j |oh| mfk|phpy |f i|} |oj}i}$ Jyjri|kj}}j} |f Eh}}hmpj

    ~pfqj} ljaiki|iqjdy |oh| |ojpj rjpj kf Hejpimhk ri|kj}}j} |f h eh}}hmpj+ ^hbj kze`jp}

    afddfrikb mi|h|ifk} ~pjmjljl `y JE pjajp |f |oh| `ffc+ I ridd hd}f pjajp |f h eh~ faKhkgikb |f jkohkmj pjhljp} zkljp}|hklikb+ Hlli|ifkhddy$ I ohqj i|hdimiwjl mjp|hik rfpl}$

    ehikdy pjdjqhk| lh|j}$ afp je~oh}i}+

    \oj Ik|jpkh|ifkhd Mfeei||jj hkl |oj ]haj|y Wfkj

    Ik eil%Kfqje`jp 89=2$ ]ey|oj hkl @h|j}$ `f|o ~pfaj}}fp} h| Khkcikb Zkiqjp}i|y$ hkl

    f|ojp}$ ikmdzlikb }fej Hejpimhk ei}}ifkhpij}$ li}mz}}jl |oj iljh fa j}|h`di}oikb h }haj|ywfkj |f hmmfeeflh|j kfkmfe`h|hk|}+ \oj mfeei||jj afpejl |f efqj |oh| ~dhk afprhpl

    rh} |oj Ik|jpkh|ifkhd Mfeei||jj afp |oj Khkcikb ]haj|y Wfkj /ojpjikha|jp Ik|jpkh|ifkhdMfeei||jj)+ Gfok Ph`j$ h Bjpehk$ rh} h~~fik|jl mohipehk+ \oh| ~pfmj}} i} lj}mpi`jl

    ik h dj||jp apfe R+ ^dzejp Eidd} |f oi} riaj lh|jlGhkzhpy 0

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    6/36

    1

    Mfk}zd%Bjkjphd Ch|}zf Fchwhci ohl mhddjl fk |oj 81|o |f |jdd z} |oh| roidj |ojy mfzdl kf|

    pjmfbkiwj z} djbhddy$ |ojy rfzdl ljhd ri|o z} h} |ofzbo |ojy ohl pjmfbkiwjl z}8 /JE

    0$ 89=? |f

    Gfok E+ Hddi}fk$ h }jmpj|hpy h| |oj Z] Je`h}}y rof ohl pj|zpkjl |f Khkcikb+ Ik h dj||jp|f pjdh|iqj} lh|jlLjmje`jp 0>$ 89=2$ ]ey|oj rpi|j} |oh| |oj Gh~hkj}j cj~| |ojip ~pfei}j+

    @z| |ojpj rjpj kf }ojdd} |oh| dhkljl ik fzp Wfkj fk |oj 80 |o$ }f ey }~f| eh~ afp

    |oh| lhy rh} mdjhp+ \oh| rh} fkj pjh}fk rj }dj~| }f ~jhmjazddy ri|o }ojddaipj

    bfikb fk hdd kibo|( Rj |pz}|jl |oj Gh~hkj}j bzkkjp} ie~dimi|dy kf| |f }ojdd |oj

    Wfkj+ /JE 0:* fa |oj

    Eh~ fa Khkcikb

    8O} ]ozo}i$Lfmzejk|} fa |oj Khkcikb ]haj|y Wfkj /]ohkbohi$ Cjddy ! Rhd}o$ 89=9)$ Lfmzejk|

    Kf+ =:+

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    7/36

    2

    Eh~ ~pj~hpjl ri|o |oj hil faJkmymdf~jlih fa Jh}| H}ihk Oi}|fpy$ i}}zjl `y Oji`fk}oh ik 89=?

    dhkl fmmz~ijl `y Ehkoh||hk I}dhkl ik Kjr Yfpc Mi|y+ \ojpj hpj 8= bh|j} ik |oj mi|y rhdd$

    hkl ik |oj 89=>} |ojy ~pfqiljl |oj fkdy jk|pj ik|f Khkgikb+ \oj ]haj|y Wfkj mfqjpjl =+9}xzhpj cidfej|jp}$ hk hpjh jxzhd ik }iwj |f Kjr Yfpc} Mjk|phd ^hpc+ @jafpj rhp `pfcj

    fz| ik ]ohkbohi$ |oj ~f~zdh|ifk fa Khkgikb rh} h`fz| fkj eiddifk+ @z| rojk |oj mfkadim|

    efqjl |frhpl Khkgikb$ ehky fa |oj mi|y} pj}iljk|} adjl+ Hmmfplikb |f h pj~fp| i}}zjl `y

    Rhkb Bz~hk$ ojhl fa |oj Moikj}j Kh|ifkhd ^fdimj Afpmj$ fk Kfqje`jp 0?$ |oj~f~zdh|ifk ohl lrikldjl |f 0>>$>>>+ Fk Ljmje`jp ? \hkb ]ojkbwoi$ mfeehkljp ik

    moija fa |oj Khkgikb Ljajk}j Afpmj}$ i}}zjl }|pim| fpljp} |f |of}j 0>>$>>> pjehikikb

    pj}iljk|} |f jqhmzh|j |f |oj ]haj|y Wfkj+$>>> fk Ghkzhpy 8>$>>> Moikj}j+

    Aip}| pj~fp|} fa Khkgikb} ljajh|

    Rojk Khkgikb ajdd fk Ljmje`jp 8= |ojpj rjpj aiqj Hejpimhk hkl @pi|i}o gfzpkhdi}|} ik

    |oj mi|y+ Ofrjqjp$ `jdijqikb |oh| hdd mfeezkimh|ifk} ej|ofl} ohl `jjk li}pz~|jl$ |ojydja| Khkgikb fk Ljmje`jp 8:$ `fhplikb |oj Z]] Fhoz$ h bzk`fh|+ Fkj fa |oje$Hpmoi`hdl ]|jjdj fa |oj Moimhbf Lhidy Kjr}$ |ffc h pj~fp| |oh| @h|j} ohl }jk| |f |oj Z]

    Mfk}zdh|j ik ]ohkbohi ri|o oie+:

    \oh| ejefphklze rh} }jk| |f |oj ]|h|j Lj~hp|ejk|$

    hkl i|} bi}| pjdhyjl |f \iddehk Lzplik fa |oj Kjr Yfpc \iej} hkl f|ojp gfzpkhdi}|}+ I|rh} hd}f ikmdzljl ik Ohpfdl \ie~jpdjy} Roh| Rhp Ejhk}$ hd`ji| ri|ofz| hky ejk|ifk

    fa @h|j}$ `z| i| i} mjp|hik |oh| @h|j} rh} |oj rpi|jp +1Hp|imdj} `h}jl fk |oi} ejefphklze

    bphmjl |oj}j kjr}~h~jp} fk Ljmje`jp 81 hkl 82$ hkl }jpqjl h} |oj aip}| pj~fp|} fa

    Gh~hkj}j h|pfmi|ij} ik Khkgikb+2

    Ojpj i} hk jmjp~| apfe @h|j} ejefphklze+

    ]fej ^im|zpj} apfe Khkcikb /Ljm+ 8:$ 89=2)

    H| Khkcikb |oj Gh~hkj}j Hpey oh} df}| ezmo fa i|} pj~z|h|ifk$ hkl oh} |opfrk

    hrhy h pjehpch`dj f~~fp|zki|y |f bhik |oj pj}~jm| fa |oj Moikj}j ikoh`i|hk|} hkl

    fa afpjibk f~ikifk+ \oj li}bphmjazd mfddh~}j fa Moikj}j hz|ofpi|y hkl |oj `pjhc%z~ fa |oj Moikj}j hpeij} ik |oi} pjbifk dja| qh}| kze`jp} fa ~jp}fk} pjhly |f

    pj}~fkl |f |oj fpljp hkl fpbhkiwh|ifk fa roimo Gh~hk `fh}|}+ Ehky dfmhd ~jf~dj

    apjjdy j~pj}}jl |ojip pjdija rojk |oj jk|py fa Gh~hkj}j |pff~} h~~hpjk|dy `pfzbo|

    hk jkl |f |oj }|phik} fa rhp mfkli|ifk} hkl |oj ieejlih|j ~jpid} fa `fe`hplejk|+

    H| djh}| |ojy rjpj pil fa |ojip ajhp} fa li}fpljpdy Moikj}j |pff~}$ rof ikljjl~h}}jl fz| ri|ofz| lfikb }jqjpj lhehbj |f ef}| ~hp|} fa |oj mi|y+

    @z| ik |rf lhy} |oj rofdj fz|dffc oh} `jjk pzikjl `y apjxzjk| ezpljp$

    rofdj}hdj hkl }jei%pjbzdhp dff|ikb hkl zkmfk|pfddjl li}|zp`hkmj fa ~piqh|j

    ofej} ikmdzlikb faajk}j} hbhik}| |oj }jmzpi|y fa rfejk+ Afpjibkjp} rof ohqj

    |phqjdjl fqjp |oj mi|y pj~fp| ehky miqidihk} `flij} dyikb ik |oj }|pjj|}+ Ik |oj

    \ie~jpdjy$ Ohpfdl G+$ jl+$ Roh| Rhp Ejhk}7 Gh~hkj}j \jppfp ik Moikh /Dfklfk7 Qim|fp Bfdhkw

    D|l+$ 89=?)+

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    8/36

    ?

    mjk|phd ~fp|ifk fa Khkcikb |ojy rjpj mfzk|jl yj}|jplhy h} h`fz| fkj |f |oj mi|y

    `dfmc+ H mfk}iljph`dj ~jpmjk|hbj fa |oj ljhl miqidihk} rjpj |oj qim|ie} fa

    }off|ikb fp `hyfkj|ikb ik |oj ha|jpkffk hkl jqjkikb fa |oj 8= |o$ roimo rh} |oj

    |iej fa Gh~hkj}j jk|py ik|f |oj mi|y+ Hky ~jp}fk rof phk ik ajhp fp jmi|jejk|$

    hkl hky fkj rof rh} mhzbo| ik }|pjj|} fp hddjy} ha|jp lz}c `y pfqikb ~h|pfd} rh}

    dicjdy |f `j ciddjl fk |oj }~f|+ Ef}| fa |oi} }jqjpi|y rh} `jyfkl jqjk |ojfpj|imhd

    jmz}j+ I| ~pfmjjljl ik |oj ]haj|y Wfkj h} rjdd h} jd}jrojpj$ hkl ehky mh}j} hpj~dhikdy ri|kj}}jl `y afpjibkjp} hkl `y pj~z|h`dj Moikj}j+ ]fej `hyfkj| rfzkl}

    rjpj `hp`hpfz}dy mpzjd+ /JE |f ha|jp ?7>> fk |oj efpkikb fa Ljmje`jp 8=+ ]ey|oj rpf|j h dj||jp }|h|ikb |oh|oj ohl kf|imjl kf li}|zp`hkmj} fp mohf} |ojpj |f oi} aheidy fk Ljmje`jp 0>+

    Rjk| fqjp |f Kikbohi Pfhl `y Bikdikb hkl afzkl fzp adhb} fz| fa ~dhmj hkl |fdl

    ~jf~dj h`fz| i|+ Afzkl }jqjphd li}mhpljl zkiafpe} ik |oj pfhl$ }f |fdl ~jf~dj hkl

    ~fdimj |f mhppy |oje fz| fa |oj Wfkj+ \ojk `hmc z~ |opfzbo \hf Cz \}zjk ofej+

    I lil kf| pjhdiwj i| rh} ?78:( \oj bhkb rjpj |opz `pjhcah}|3 `z| I h|j+ \ojy rjpj

    bdhl |f ckfr i| rh} }f ~jhmjazd fz|+ Ha|jp jh|ikb Bjfpbj |ffc ej fqjp ezmo |oj

    }hej pfhl |f }jj }fej |oikb} hkl rj mojmcjl z~ fk |oj Kh}o$ |ojk |f Bikdikb |fmfk}zd| Eikkij+ ]oj h}cjl ej roy I dffcjl }f rjhpy$ `z| I |fdl ojp I rh}

    jkgfyikb i|( /JE 0::)

    \oj Gh~hkj}j h||hmc mfk|ikzjl zk|id jhpdy ik |oj efpkikb fa Ljmje`jp 8=+ Ofrjqjp$

    ]ey|oj} dj||jp |jdd} z} |oh| ha|jp |oj mi|y ohl `jjk fmmz~ijl hkl ljajklikb Moikj}j|pff~} ohl dja|$ |oj ]haj|y Wfkj rh} ~jpajm|dy ~jhmjazd+

    H| |oh| ~fik|$ ofrjqjp$ ]ey|oj rh} kf| rjdd ikafpejl h`fz| |oj ofppfp} |oh| ohl

    zkafdljl `jafpj Khkgikb `jmhej ~jhmjazd$ h`fz| |oj adibo| fa Moikj}j |pff~} apfeWofkb}ohk Pfhl |opfzbo Yigihkb Bh|j hkl _ihbzhk |f |oj Yhkbwi Piqjp+ @z| kf|j |oh|

    lzpikb |oj ha|jpkffk hkl jqjkikb fa Ljmje`jp 80$ `jafpj Gh~hkj}j afpmj} hppiqjl$|ofz}hkl} fa Moikj}j }fdlijp} rjpj }of|$ `zpkjl |f ljh|o$ fp lpfrkjl+ Jqjk Ipi} Mohkbrh} zkh`dj |f ibkfpj |of}j jqjk|}3 }oj rpf|j h`fz| |oje ik \oj Ph~j fa Khkcikb$ h}

    afddfr}7

    Kf| }zp~pi}ikbdy$ |oj fpljp |f pj|pjh| |opjr |oj Moikj}j eidi|hpy ik|f hk z~pfhp+

    ]fej faaimjp} phk h`fz| |oj mi|y oh~ohwhpldy ikafpeikb hkyfkj |ojy mhej ik|f

    mfk|hm| ri|o |f ~zdd fz|+ \oj}j }fdlijp} |ffc faa+ F|ojp faaimjp} |fdl kf fkj$ kf|

    jqjk |ojip frk |pff~}+ Ik}|jhl$ |ojy }hqjl |ojip frk oilj}+ \ojip }fdlijp}

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    9/36

    9

    mfk|ikzjl |f aibo| |oj Gh~hkj}j3 |oikcikb |ojy rjpj ri|kj}}ikb h eh}} lj}jp|ifk

    rojk |ojy }hr f|ojp |pff~} adjjikb$

    |ojy ehmoikj%bzkkjl ozklpjl} fa

    |ojip adjjikb mfephlj} ik hk jaafp|

    |f }|f~ |oje+ Ik |oj oh}|j hklmfkaz}ifk |f djhqj |oj mi|y$ h| djh}|

    fkj Moikj}j |hkc pfddjl fqjp

    mfzk|dj}} Moikj}j }fdlijp} ik i|}

    ~h|o$ }|f~~ikb fkdy rojk `dfrk z~

    `y h ohkl bpjkhlj+

    Jqjk ik |oj dhpbjp$ |phbim }mojej

    fa |oikb}$ |oj pj|pjh| ohl i|} mfeim

    efejk|}+ H} }fdlijp} bpjr

    lj}~jph|j |f `djkl ik|f |oj

    ~f~zdhmj hkl |ojpj`y jdzlj mh~|zpj$ |ojy `pfcj ik|f }of~} |f }|jhd miqidihk mdf|oj}

    hkl zklpj}}jl ik |oj f~jk+ \oj }|pjj|} }ffk aiddjl kf| fkdy ri|o ohda%khcjl}fdlijp} `z| ri|o ohda%khcjl ~fdimj faaimjp}$ rof ohl li}mhpljl |ojip zkiafpe} |f

    hqfil `jikb ei}|hcjk h} }fdlijp}+ Fkj ehk pfhejl h`fz| rjhpikb kf|oikb `z| oi}

    zkljprjhp hkl h |f~ oh|$ ~pf`h`dy }|fdjk apfe |oj ofej fa h rjhd|oy bfqjpkejk|

    faaimihd+ Ik |oj jhpdy }|hbj} fa |oj pj|pjh|$ rojk h }je`dhkmj fa fpljp pjehikjl$

    jk|ipj }jm|ifk} fa |oj Moikj}j hpey rjpj }ojllikb |ojip zkiafpe}$ mohkbikb ik|f

    miqidihk mdf|oj}$ hkl ehpmoikb ik afpeh|ifk$ }iezd|hkjfz}dy+ @z| rojk |oj pj|pjh|

    |zpkjl ik|f h pfz|$ |oj }mphe`dj afp mdf|oj} bpjr zpbjk|+ ]fdlijp} rjpj hm|zhddy

    }jjk |opfrikb |oje}jdqj} fk ~jlj}|pihk} hkl pi~~ikb mdf|oj} faa |ojip `hmc}+

    \ojpj rh} fkdy fkj rhy |f bj| fz| fa |oj mi|y }hajdy ri|ofz| jkmfzk|jpikb |oj

    Gh~hkj}j$ hkl |oh| rh} |opfzbo |oj kfp|ojpk ohp`fp |f |oj Yhkb|wj Piqjp$ rojpj h

    adjj| fa gzkc} rjpj rhi|ikb afp |of}j rof mfzdl bj| |ojpj aip}|+ Ik fpljp |f pjhmo|oj ohp`fp$ }fdlijp} ohl |f aip}| efqj z~ |oj ehik hp|jpy fa Mozkb}ohk

    SWofkb}ohkU Pfhl$ hkl |ojk ~h}} |opfzbo |oj kfp|orj}| bh|j fa |oj mi|y$ mhddjl

    |oj Imohkb SYigihkbU$ fp Rh|jp Bh|j$ `jafpj |ojy mfzdl jk|jp |oj kfp|ojpk ~fp|

    }z`zp` fa O}ihcrhk S_ihbzhkU+

    H} |oj kibo| ~pfbpj}}jl$ |oj }fdlijp} afmz}jl fk bj||ikb |oje}jdqj} hmpf}} hkl

    h`hklfkjl |oj |hkc} hkl jxzi~ejk|+ \oj }mjkj bpjr qifdjk| h} `fh|} bpjr }mhpmj$

    hkl ik |oj jkl }fej |jk |ofz}hkl ejk rfzdl aibo| fqjp |rf fp |opjj qj}}jd}$}|pzbbdikb |f mphe |oje}jdqj} h`fhpl fp |f }mhpj faa f|ojp} `y aipikb }of|} ik |oj

    hip+ \jppiaijl mpjr} |pijl |f rhpl faa |oj }zpbikb ef` `y }rikbikb hj} lfrk fk

    |oj aikbjp} fa }fdlijp} rof mdzkb |f |oj }ilj} fa |ojip gzkc} hkl }he~hk}+

    Ikkzejph`dj ejk lijl |pyikb |f mpf}} |oj piqjp |oh| kibo|+ Ehky kjqjp jqjk ehlj

    i| ~h}| |oj bh|j+ \oh| jqjkikb h aipj `pfcj fz| fk Mozkb}ohk Pfhl$ hkl |oj adhej}}rj~| |opfzbo ojh~} fa heezki|ifk$ jkbzdaikb ofz}j} hkl qjoimdj}+ Ofp}j}

    jk}khpdjl ik |phaaim ~hkimcjl hkl pjhpjl$ ojibo|jkikb |oj mfkaz}ifk fa |oj ef`+

    \oj |jppfp%ehl }fdlijp} }zpbjl afprhpl$ |ojip efejk|ze ~z}oikb ozklpjl} fa

    ejk ik|f |oj adhej} hkl ozklpjl} efpj ik|f |oj |zkkjd$ rojpj |ojy rjpj

    |phe~djl zkljpaff|+ Ri|o |oj bh|j `dfmcjl hkl hk ikajpkf phbikb kjhp`y$ |oj

    }fdlijp} rof mfzdl `pjhc apjj apfe |oj ef` ehlj h ridl pz}o |f mdie` fqjp |oj

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    10/36

    8>

    rhdd}+ Ozklpjl} |fpj |ojip mdf|oikb ik|f }|pi~} hkl ckf||jl |oje ri|o `jd|} hkl

    ~z||jj} |f ehcj pf~j dhlljp}+ Fkj ha|jp hkf|ojp$ |ojy }mhdjl |oj `h||djejk|} hkl

    |f}}jl lfrk piadj} hkl ehmoikj bzk} apfe |oj ~hph~j|}+ Ehky ajdd hkl

    ~dzeej|jl |f |ojip ljh|o}+

    ]ikmj Mohkb rpf|j h`fz| |oj li}fpljpdy Moikj}j |pff~} ik }zmo lj|hid$ pjhljp} ridd pjhdiwj

    |oh| |oj Gh~hkj}j rjpj kf| pj}~fk}i`dj afp |oj ozbj kze`jp fa mfp~}j} li}mfqjpjl ik |ojhpjh} ejk|ifkjl ha|jp Khkgikb ajdd+ Fk |oj mfk|phpy$ |ojy rjpj |oj |phbim mfk}jxzjkmj} fa

    h apjkwijl h||je~| `y Moikj}j |pff~}$ rof ohl df}| hdd li}mi~dikj$ |f j}mh~j+ \oj}j

    ~h}}hbj} hd}f |jdd z} |oj |pz|o h`fz| ikgzpjl miqidihk} |pjh|jl h| |oj Bzdfz Of}~i|hd$ rofmdhiejl |oj Gh~hkj}j }j| aipj |f |ojip ofej} ha|jp |oj mi|y ajdd+ Azp|ojpefpj$ lzpikb |oj

    mohf} |ojpj rh} kf| fkj miqidihk hefkb |oj ofplj} fa }fdlijp}+ @f|o ]ey|oj} dj||jp hklMohkb ohqj ehlj i| mdjhp roh| rh} oh~~jkikb ik hkl hpfzkl Khkgikb `j|rjjk |oj kibo|

    fa Ljmje`jp 80 hkl |oj efpkikb fa Ljmje`jp 8=+

    Kfr dj| z} pjajp hbhik |f ]ey|oj} dj||jpfa Ljmje`jp 0> |f }jj roh| oj rpf|j h`fz| |oj

    mohkbj} |oh| ohl fmmzppjl ik |oj ]haj|y Wfkj$ roimo rh} ~jhmjazd fk |oj efpkikb fa

    Ljmje`jp 8=$ ha|jp |oj Gh~hkj}j jk|py ik|f Khkgikb+ Ik |oh| dj||jp ]ey|oj ejk|ifk}jkmfzk|jpikb Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp} afp |oj aip}| |iej fk oi} rhy |f oi} pj}iljkmj fk ^ikbmhkb

    Dhkj |f ohqj dzkmo+

    Rjdd fk fzp rhy ofej h| fkj rj afzkl |oh| |oj Gh~hkj}j ohl pjhmojl

    Crhkbmofr SBzhkbwofzU Pfhl+ Rj lpfqj lfrk |ojpj hkl ej| h }ehdd

    lj|hmoejk| fa h`fz| }i Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp}$ fzp aip}| `z| ahp apfe fzp dh}|( /H||oj mfpkjp fa ]ohkbohi Pfhl hkl Crhkbmofr Pfhl$ |ojy rjpj }jhpmoikb h `z}$

    `z| kf| ohpeikb |oj ~jf~dj+) /JE 0::)

    Ha|jp dzkmo ]ey|oj rjk| ri|o Gfok

    Ph`j$ mohipehk fa |oj Ik|jpkh|ifkhdMfeei||jj$ hkl h Pz}}ihk khejl Mfdhrof hm|jl h} ik|jp~pj|jp$ |f dffc afp h

    oibo%phkcikb Gh~hkj}j faaimjp+ \ojip

    ei}}ifk rh} |opjjafdl7 |f |jdd |oj

    Gh~hkj}j h`fz| /8) |oj ]haj|y Wfkj$ /0)

    |oj kjr Pjl Mpf}} Mfeei||jj3 /=)li}hpejl Moikj}j }fdlijp} ik |oj ]haj|y

    Wfkj+

    \oj }jmfkl i|je fk |ojip hbjklh

    mfkmjpkjl |oj Pjl Mpf}} Mfeei||jj$

    ojhljl `y Gfok Ehbjj$ roimo rh}j}|h`di}ojl `y |oj Ik|jpkh|ifkhd

    Mfeei||jj ri|o |oj hie fa f~jkikb h of}~i|hd afp rfzkljl Moikj}j }fdlijp}+ @jafpj I

    je`hpc fk h li}mz}}ifk fa |oj |oipl i|je$ I rfzdl dicj |f li}mz}} |oj mipmze}|hkmj} zkljp

    Ipi} Mohkb$ \oj Ph~j fa Khkcikb 7 \oj Afpbf||jk Ofdfmhz}| fa Rfpdl Rhp II/Kjr Yfpc7

    ^jkbzik$ 899?)$ ~~+ 21%22+

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    11/36

    88

    roimo |oi} lfmzejk| rh} ljdiqjpjl |f |oj Gh~hkj}j Hpey fk Ohkwofkb Pfhl kjhp

    _ikgijcfz+ Ik |oj }hej dj||jp ]ey|oj rpi|j}7

    ]zpj jkfzbo rj afzkl h lj|hmoejk| fa h`fz| 8>> ejk }i||ikb fk |oj }fz|o }ilj fa

    |oj pfhl$ hkl h dhpbj bpfz~ fa Moikj}j miqidihk} fk |oj f~~f}i|j }ilj dffcikb h|

    |oje+ Rj |pijl |f j~dhik |f |oj faaimjp |oj Wfkj hkl lpjr i| fk oi} eh~ fa

    Khkcikb$ kf|j i| rh} kf| fk oi} eh~+ Oj }hil |oj Of}~i|hd rfzdl `j hdd pibo| ia

    |ojpj rh} kf fkj ik |ojpj |oh| }of| h| |oj Gh~hkj}j+ H`fz| |oj li}hpejl }fdlijp}

    oj mfzdl kf| }hy+ /JE 0:1)

    \oz}$ h} ]ey|oj rpf|j$ |oj pjhd ri|kj}}j} |f |oj ha|jpeh|o fa |oj @h||dj fa Khkgikb

    pj~fp|jl |oh| |ojy rjpj }zppfzkljl `y ~jf~dj rof }jk}jl |oh| |oj Gh~hkj}j ohl kf

    ik|jk|ifk fa ohpeikb |oj miqidihk ~f~zdh|ifk fkmj |ojy jk|jpjl |oj mi|y+ Dj| z} mfe~hpj

    ]ey|oj} hmmfzk| ri|o roh| Mohkb rpi|j} h`fz| ri|kj}}j}+ I| i} f`qifz} |oh| }oj lil

    kf|oikb efpj |ohk ~hph~oph}j @h|j} ejefphklze+

    Jyjri|kj}}j} dh|jp mdhiejl |oh| |oj Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp}$ rof pfhejl |oj mi|y ik

    bpfz~} fa }i |f |rjdqj ejk$ aipjl h| hkyfkj ik }ibo| h} }ffk h} |ojy jk|jpjl |ojmh~i|hd+ Fdl ejk rjpj afzkl ahmj lfrk fk |oj ~hqjejk|$ h~~hpjk|dy }of| ik |oj

    `hmc fk roie3 miqidihk Moikj}j mfp~}j} dhy }~phrdjl fk hdef}| jqjpy `dfmcehky rof ohl lfkj kf|oikb efpj ~pfqfmh|iqj |ohk pzk hrhy h} |oj Gh~hkj}j

    h~~pfhmojl+

    Mohkb lj}mpi`j} |oj Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp} h} `jikb jxzi~~jl ri|o |hkc}$ ojhqy hp|iddjpy hkl

    |pzmc}$ h} |ofzbo h ozbj afpmj ohl jk|jpjl |oj mi|y+ Rj mhk |jdd apfe ]ey|oj} dj||jp |oh||oi} rh} kf| |pzj+

    Kfr dj| z} mfk}iljp |oj li}hpejl Moikj}j }fdlijp} ik |oj ]haj|y Wfkj+ \oj afddfrikb~h}}hbj i} apfe h dj||jp }jk| `y |oj Ik|jpkh|ifkhd Mfeei||jj |f |oj Gh~hkj}j eidi|hpy

    hz|ofpi|ij} fkLjmje`jp 8

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    12/36

    80

    li}hpejl }fdlijp} ik |oj ]haj|y Wfkj+

    Dj| z} pjajp hbhik |f ]ey|oj} dj||jp fa Ljmje`jp 0>+ Kfr oj lj}mpi`j} roh| oj }hr ha|jp

    oi} jkmfzk|jp ri|o 8>> Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp} h| _ikgijcfz fk oi} rhy |f Ik|jpkh|ifkhd

    Mfeei||jj ojhlxzhp|jp}+

    Mozkb ]ohk SWofkb}ohkU Pfhl rh} }|pjrk ri|o }|zaa |opfrk hrhy `y pj|pjh|ikb

    }fdlijp}+ H} rj h~~pfhmojl ]ohk}i S]ohkiU Pfhl Mipmdj$ h }ibo| }|hp|djl z}3 h

    mpfrl fa ejk ik ef|djy h||ipj mpfrljl hpfzkl hk hz|f rjpj mfeikb hpfzkl |oj

    mfpkjp+ Rj }ffk afzkl i| rh} Mohpdij ik h mhp djhlikb h bpfz~ fa li}hpejl

    }fdlijp} |f |oj Dhr Mfddjbj+ \ojy ozbbjl |oh| mhp( H| |oj mipmdj rj ej| h

    lj|hmoejk| fa }fdlijp} ik hpe}+ Rj |fdl |oje |f li}hpe hkl }fej fa |oje lil+

    /)

    H| ojhlxzhp|jp} rj afzkl h ef` fa ejk fz|}ilj |oh| ]~jpdikb hkl f|ojp} ohl

    `jjk li}hpeikb+ \oj ~dhmj rh} `jmfeikb hk hp}jkhd( \ojy rjpj ehpmojl ik|f |oj

    ~fdimj ojhlxzhp|jp} kjhp z}+ H`fz| 8=>> ik hdd$ hkl }fej }|idd ik }fdlijp} mdf|oj}+/JE 0:1)

    \ojpjafpj$ rojk ]ey|oj ehlj oi} |fzp fa |oj ]haj|y Wfkj fkLjmje`jp 8=$ oi} eikl rh}fk |oj }z`gjm| fa li}hpejl Moikj}j |pff~}+ ]ikmj oj ohlk| }jjk hky Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp}

    mfeei||ikb ezpljp} fp ph~j}$ fp dff|ikb$ oj rpf|j kf|oikb |f |oh| jaajm|+ @z| hmmfplikb |f

    @h|j} ejefphklze$ |oj Gh~hkj}j mfeei||jl h|pfmi|ij} fqjp h |rf%lhy ~jpifl+ \f

    zkljp}|hkl roy oj rpf|j |oh|$ rj ez}| hllpj}} |oj hm|zhd jqjk|} fa Ljmje`jp 8

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    13/36

    8=

    Fkj eibo| jqjk |oikc |oh| oj rh} rpi|ikb apfe |oj Gh~hkj}j ~jp}~jm|iqj+ Ik hky mh}j$ ojlj}mpi`jl |oj }i|zh|ifk ik Khkgikb |f oi} aheidy$ ofkj}|dy hkl f~jkdy$ `jmhz}j |ojpj rh}

    kf pjh}fk afp oie |f ikqjk| h }|fpy+ ]ikmj h| |oh| ~fik| @h|j} ohl hdpjhly hmmz}jl |oj

    Gh~hkj}j eidi|hpy fa mfeei||ikb h|pfmi|ij}$ rj ohqj kf mofimj `z| |f ~pj}zej |oh| oi}

    ejefphklze rh} ~pf~hbhklh$ hkl |oj lihej|pim f~~f}i|j fa |oj |pz|o+ Rj ckfr afp hahm| |oh| oj rh} hk hlqi}jp |f |oj Moihkb bfqjpkejk|+ I| i} }haj |f h}}zej |oh| @h|j}ik|jk|ifk rh} |f li}|fp| |oj |pz|o hkl ikqjk| h }|fpy |oh| rfzdl }zddy |oj pj~z|h|ifk fa |oj

    Gh~hkj}j eidi|hpy ik |oj eikl} fa |oj Hejpimhk ~jf~dj+

    Efpj lj|hid} h`fz| |oj }i|zh|ifk ik Khkgikb fkLjmje`jp 8$ |f roimo I ohqj hdpjhly pjajppjl }jqjphd |iej}$ oj

    lj}mpi`j} h ejj|ikb ri|o h Gh~hkj}j Je`h}}y }|haa eje`jp$ hd}f h||jkljl `y Ph`j hkl

    Afp}|jp+

    Rj phk fk |f S}imU Azczlh? h| ]ikb Chi Cf S_ikgijcfzU+ Oj i} H||hmo |f |oj

    Gh~hkj}j Je`h}}y+

    /)

    Oj }jk| z} |f |oj Mozkb Yhkb Ahkb \ijk SWofkbyhkb AhklihkU |f }jj hk faaimjp+

    Rj rjk| z~ |opfzbo `pfcjk bdh}} hkl }hkl |f h `jlpffe hkl |oi} faaimjp pjmjiqjl

    z} ik ohda lpj}} hkl h `hl `jhpl hkl h ahmj fa ipfk+ Oj ejpjdy pj~dijl |oh| |oj

    Oibo faaimjp ohl kf| mfej+ \ojy ohl ehlj ehky }hmpiaimj} bj||ikb |f Khkcikb

    hkl |oj Moikj}j ohl }of| |oj ~jf~dj+ \oh| rh} |oh|( H} }fej fkj }hil dh|jp$

    Ofdy }efcj$ |oj}j Gh~hkj}j `jdijqj |ojip frk ~pf~hbhklh( /JE 0:2%?)

    Rojk h Gh~hkj}j faaimjp |fdl ]ey|oj |oh| Moikj}j |pff~} ohl ciddjl miqidihk}$ |oj dh||jprh} }ofmcjl `jmhz}j }zmo hm|} mfk|phqjkj Rj}|jpk mfkqjk|ifkhd ri}lfe+ ]ey|oj }jje}

    |f ohqj |ofzbo| oj rh} ojhpikb Gh~hkj}j ~pf~hbhklh+ @z| ~pjqifz}dy mi|jl |j| apfe \oj

    Ph~j fa Khkcikb |jdd} z} f|ojpri}j$ i+j+$ |oh| Moikj}j |pff~} lil ikljjl cidd miqidihk}

    lzpikb |oj mohf} hmmfe~hkyikb |oj ahdd fa Khkgikb+ Rojk ]ey|oj$ Ph`j hkl Afp}|jp ej|

    h Gh~hkj}j faaimjp$ |ojy jk|pz}|jl h dj||jp pjxzj}|ikb mdjejkmy afp |oj Moikj}j |pff~} |ojyohl li}hpejl$ h ~fp|ifk fa roimo i} mi|jl h`fqj /Lfmzejk| Kf+ 8 ik Lfmzejk|} fa |oj

    Khkcikb]haj|y Wfkj)$ |f oie+

    \ojk |oj |opjj ejk |fzpjl |oj `z}ikj}} li}|pim| /fz|}ilj |oj ]haj|y Wfkj)+ Kjjldj}} |f }hy$

    |ojpj rjpj kf pjazbjj} |ojpj+ ]ikmj Afp}|jp lj}mpi`jl |oj |fzp ik efpj lj|hid |ohk ]ey|oj

    fp Ph`j$ dj| z} ohqj h dffc h| }fej dj||jp} oj rpf|j+

    Ojpj i} hk jmjp~| apfe h dj||jp |f oi} riaj lh|jlLjmje`jp 8

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    14/36

    8$>>> ~jf~dj ik |oj hpjh+ /JE 889)

    Hm|zhddy$ rj ckfr apfe ehky f|ojp hmmfzk|} |oh| |ojpj rjpj$ h| |oh| ~fik|$ 0>>$>>>

    ~jp}fk} ik |oj ]haj|y Wfkj$ |rimj |oj kze`jp mi|jl `y Afp}|jp+ ^hp|imzdhpdy kf|jrfp|oyojpj i} oi} pjajpjkmj |f dj}} |ohk 0: mfp~}j} fk |oj pfhl+ Hkl |of}j ajr mfp~}j} rjpj

    ljmiljldy kf| |of}j fa Moikj}j ciddjl `y |oj Gh~hkj}j ha|jp |oj dh||jp jk|jpjl Khkgikb+

    ]ey|oj qjk|zpjl fz|}ilj ri|o @h|j} fkLjmje`jp 8=$ `jafpj ji|ojp ehk jkmfzk|jpjl hky

    Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp+ Oj }hr mfp~}j} h} jhpdy h} |oh|+ H`fz| |oje ]ey|oj rpi|j} h} afddfr}

    ik oi} dj||jp faLjmje`jp 0>7

    Rj rjk| lfrk ]ohkbohi Pfhl hkl afzkl kf Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp} fk Crhkbmofr

    Pfhl+ Kjhp |oj ]jeikhpy rj afzkl h kze`jp fa ljhl miqidihk}$ h`fz| 0>$ rofe

    rj dh|jp djhpkjl ohl `jjk ciddjl `y |oj Gh~hkj}j `jmhz}j |ojy phk+ \oh| rh} |oj

    |jppi`dj |hdj |oh| lhy+ /JE 0:1)

    Kfrojpj lfj} ]ey|oj ejk|ifk |oh| oj ojhpl }of|} aipjl ik |oj ]haj|y Wfkj+ Efpjfqjp$

    kfkj fa |oj Hejpimhk} mdhie} |f ohqj ojhpl }of|} fk Ljmje`jp 8=+ Roy$ |ojk$ lil

    ]ey|oj `jdijqj |oh| |oj Gh~hkj}j ohl }of| h`fz| 0> miqidihk}6 \oj ~oph}j rj dh|jp

    djhpkjl pjeikl} z} fa @h|j} ejefphklze+ I| i} jh}y |f iehbikj @h|j} pjbhdikb oi}ofz}jeh|j ri|o |hdj} dicj |oj Gh~hkj}j ohqj `jjk ciddikb miqidihk} jqjp }ikmj |ojy

    jk|jpjl |oj mi|y+ Roh|jqjp |oj mh}j$ ]ey|oj lil kf| ri|kj}} hky |jppi`dj ezpljp}+

    Roh| lil Ehbjj ohqj |f }hy h`fz| mfp~}j}6 Dj| z} jheikj h dj||jp oj rpf|j |f oi} riaj

    fk Ljmje`jp 80$ ik roimo oj lj}mpi`j} |phqjdikb hpfzkl |oj mi|y |f jk}zpj |oh| |oj

    rfzkljl `pfzbo| `hmc apfe |oj apfk|dikj} rjpj `jikb |phk}~fp|jl |f |oj of}~i|hd+

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    15/36

    8:

    \ojk yj}|jplhy /]h|zplhy$ Ljm+ 88|o)$ I |ffc }fej rfzkljl }fdlijp} ik |oj Lpze

    \frjp he`zdhkmj |f h lpj}}ikb }|h|ifk afp rfzkljl }fdlijp} ik |oj Mh~i|fd

    \ojh|pj+ Gz}| `jafpj I hppiqjl h dhpbj }ojdd ohl ahddjk ik |oj }|pjj| hkl ciddjl h`fz|

    88 ~jf~dj+ \rf ef|fp mhp} rjpj `zpkikb ieejlih|jdy f~~f}i|j |oj Mh~i|fd

    \ojh|pj ik apfk| fa |oj Az Mohkb Of|jd+ Rj |ffc |oj he`zdhkmj hkl |oi} |iej

    rjk| lfrk h `hmc }|pjj| hd}f |hcikb |oj Afpl+ Ha|jp ~h}}ikb |oj Zkiqjp}i|y

    Eilldj ]moffd hkl `jafpj rj hppiqjl h| Ozh Mozkb SOhkwofkbU Pfhl rj }hr hkze`jp fa ljhl `flij} dyikb ik |oj pfhl+ H ofz}j ohl `jjk oi| `y h }ojdd hkl

    mdf}j |f 0> ~jf~dj ciddjl$ 2 fp ? fa |oje `jikb ozpdjl ik|f |oj }|pjj|+ H ~ffp fdl

    mfz~dj rjpj }ie~dy aphk|im h} |ojip }fk$ hbjl ==$ rh} dyikb ljhl ri|o h ozbj ofdj

    ik |oj apfk| fa oi} ahmj+ \ojy rjpj }ie~dy `j}ilj |oje}jdqj} ri|o bpija+ Bpjh|

    mpfrl} rjpj }|hklikb hpfzkl fz| fa mzpif}i|y hkl I |fdl |oje |f djhqj

    ieejlih|jdy hkl bj| `joikl }fej|oikb+ \oj eh}}j} ik Moikh hpj mjp|hikdyzkik|jddibjk| h`fz| }zmo |oikb}+ \ojpj rh} lhkbjp |oh| hkf|ojp }ojdd eibo| hppiqj

    h| hky efejk|+ /JE 81?%9)

    \oj mdf}j |f 0> mfp~}j} Ehbjj }hr

    fkLjmje`jp 88$ ez}| ohqj `jjk |oj}hej fkj} |oh| ]ey|oj kf|imjl fk

    Ljmje`jp 8=+ ]ey|oj jkmfzk|jpjl

    Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp} h| _ikgijcfz$azp|ojp }fz|o ik |oj mi|y+ Mfe~hpikb

    |oj hmmfzk|} rpi||jk `y hdd |opjj ejk

    /]ey|oj$ Afp}|jp hkl Ehbjj)$ rj

    pjhdiwj |oh| @h|j} mfk|jk|ifk |oh| |ojGh~hkj}j je`hpcjl fk h mhe~hibk fa

    }dhzbo|jp |oj efejk| |ojy jk|jpjl

    Khkgikb i} h `hdl%ahmjl dij+

    I| i} dicjdy |oh| }fej }ojdd} dhkljl ik|oj ]haj|y Wfkj$ biqjk i|} dfmh|ifk+

    @z| rj ckfr |oh| |ojy rjpj }|phy }ojdd}$ hkl |oh| |ojy dhkljl |ojpj `jafpj |oj mi|y ajddapfe h dj||jp }jk| `y |oj Ik|jpkh|ifkhd Mfeei||jj |f |oj Gh~hkj}j mfeehklikb faaimjp+

    Ljmje`jp 8

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    16/36

    81

    \oj kj| efpkikb I |ffc hk he`zdhkmj azdd fa rfzkljl }fdlijp} |f |oj Eiki}|py

    fa Afpjibk Haahip}+ Rojk rj ohl gz}| }zmmjjljl ik ojd~ikb z~ |oj }|j~} |of}j

    rof rjpj h`dj |f rhdc /}fej ohl |f `j |hcjk fk }|pj|mojp}) hdfkb mhej h }xzhl

    fa Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp} }fej fa rofe rjpj dicj ridl `jh}|}+ I rh} ojd~ikb h ~ffp

    ajddfr rof rh} mfeikb hdfkb ef}| ~hikazddy `z| h }fdlijp bph``jl oie apfe ej

    hkl `jbhk |f gjpc oi} rfzkljl hpe} |jppi`dy hkl |ijl oi} ohkl} |fbj|ojp hkl hd}f|oj ohkl} fa hkf|ojp rfzkljl ehk+ Afp|zkh|jdy I afzkl h Gh~hkj}j ejlimhd

    faaimjp rof mhej h`fz| |oh| |iej hkl ~fik|jl |f |oj `dffly mdf|oj} fa |oj}j ejk+

    Oj }~fcj ik Bjpehk hkl I }hil ik ~ffp Bjpehk |oh| |oi} rh} h of}~i|hd afp

    rfzkljl }fdlijp} hkl oj ehlj |oj }fdlijp} pjdjh}j |oje+

    /)

    I |ojk afzkl h ljmjk| Mfdfkjd rof }~fcj Jkbdi}o hkl |fdl oie I rhk|jl |f bf |f

    ojhlxzhp|jp} |f bj| ~jpei}}ifk |f |jkl |f |oj rfzkljl }fdlijp} hkl oj }jk| ej

    hkl |oj yfzkb Pz}}ihk |f ojhlxzhp|jp} ik fzp he`zdhkmj /`fppfrjl apfe |oj Pjl

    ]rh}|ich ]fmij|y)+ Rj rjk| |f |oj Mjk|phd Of|jd rj}| fa |oj faaimjp} Efphd

    Jkljhqfp hkl }hr h }ehdd ehk ri|o h ~fik|jl ojhl hkl ojhqy `jhpl+ I }hil|opfzbo Mfdh |oh| |ojpj rjpj ehky rfzkljl }fdlijp} ik |oj Eiki}|py fa Rhp hkl I

    rhk|jl ~jpei}}ifk |f efqj |oje |f |oj Eiki}|py fa A+H+ Oj rjk| `hmc ik|f hk

    ikkjp pffe rojpj |oj oiboj}| faaimjp ik |oj mi|y rh} dfmh|jl hkl |ojk }hil |oh| I

    ez}| rhi| }jqjphd lhy}+ I }hil |ojy ohqj kf| `jjk |jkljl |f afp lhy} hkl lil kf|

    jqjk ohqj hkyfkj |f `pikb |oje rh|jp hkl oj }hil rj ez}| rhi|+ Rj rjk| hrhy

    ik li}h~~fik|ejk|+ I pj|zpkjl |f |oj ojhlxzhp|jp} fa fzp Kjz|phd Wfkj Mfeei||jj

    hkl |ojpj afzkl h kze`jp fa rfzkljl }fdlijp} hkl |ffc |rf dfhl} fa |oje |f |oj

    Rfzkljl ]fdlijp} Of}~i|hd h| |oj Eiki}|py fa Afpjibk Haahip}+ Jhmo |iej I ohl

    liaaimzd|y ri|o |oj }fdlijp}+ ]fej oibo }|haa faaimjp} rj ej| ik h mhp rjpj haphil Irh} mhppyikb rfzkljl }fdlijp} hrhy `z| I |fdl oie rj rhk|jl |f `pikb |oje ik$

    kf| |hcj |oje hrhy+ \ojy bhqj z} ~jpei}}ifk |f `pikb fkj efpj dfhl+ /JE 82>%

    8)

    \ojpj hpj |rf pjh}fk} afp

    ikmdzlikb |oj}j lj|hidjl

    ~h}}hbj} h`fz| Ehbjj}hm|iqi|ij}+ Aip}|$ |ojy }ofr |oh|

    oi} |ofzbo|} rjpj afmz}jl fk

    |oj rfzkljl }fdlijp}$ roimoejhk} |oh| lzpikb oi} |phqjd}

    hpfzkl |oj ]haj|y Wfkj oj

    rh} kf| mfk}mifz} fa pjazbjj}

    `jikb ~jp}jmz|jl `y |ojGh~hkj}j+ \oj }hej rh} |pzj

    fa ]ey|oj hkl Afp}|jp+ \oh|

    kfkj fa |oj ejk pjajp} |fGh~hkj}j h|pfmi|ij} /roimo$

    hmmfplikb |f @h|j}

    ejefphklze$ j}mhdh|jllzpikb |oj |rf%lhy ~jpifl

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    17/36

    82

    ha|jp |oj Gh~hkj}j jk|py ik|f Khkgikb) i} ~pffa |oh| |ojpj rjpj kf h|pfmi|ij}+

    ]jmfkl$ |oj of}~i|hd |f roimo Ehbjj |phk}~fp|jl rfzkljl Moikj}j }fdlijp} rh}

    ~pf|jm|jl `y Gh~hkj}j eidi|hpy ~jp}fkkjd+ \oi} i} h mpzmihddy ie~fp|hk| ahm|$ `jmhz}j i|

    ~pfqj} |oh| |oj Gh~hkj}j rjpj kf| ciddikb rfzkljl }fdlijp} fk |oh| fmmh}ifk+ H efk|o

    dh|jp$ fkGhkzhpy 88$ 89=?$ Ehbjj rpf|j |oj afddfrikb |f oi} riaj7

    I ohqj ojhpl apfe lfm|fp} hkl kzp}j} ik |oj Ik|jpkh|ifkhd Pjl Mpf}} Of}~i|hd afprfzkljl }fdlijp} h| |oj Eiki}|py fa Afpjibk haahip} |oh| |ojy ohqj `jjk ~pf|jm|jl$

    `f|o ejk hkl rfejk$ hd|ofzbo kfkj fa z} afpjibkjp} ohqj `jjk hddfrjl |f jk|jp

    }ikmj Ljm 8

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    18/36

    8?

    miqidihk}+ H} lj}mpi`jl ik |oj afpjbfikb mi|h|ifk apfe \oj Ph~j fa Khkcikb$ |oj `flij} |oj

    pj~fp|jp} }hr ik |oj }|pjj|} fk |ojip rhy |f |oj Yhkbwi Piqjp rjpj kf| |of}j fa miqidihk}ciddjl `y |oj Gh~hkj}j$ `z| Moikj}j }fdlijp} rof rjpj }of| `y |ojip frk mfephlj} lzpikb

    |oj mohf} |oh| afddfrjl |ojip ljajh|$ fp rof lijl rojk jkbzdajl ik mfkadhbph|ifk}+

    Efpjfqjp$ |oj lfmzejk| }jk| `y |oj Ik|jpkh|ifkhd Mfeei||jj |f Gh~hkj}j hz|ofpi|ij} fkLjmje`jp 8: ehcj} kf ejk|ifk roh|}fjqjp fa Gh~hkj}j h|pfmi|ij}+ Ph|ojp |ohk pjajppikb

    |f |oh| lfmzejk|$ dj| z} ohqj h dffc h| h dj||jp ]ey|oj /|oj hz|ofp fa |oh| lfmzejk|) rpf|j

    |f oi} aheidy+

    Rjlkj}lhy efpkikb$ Ljm+ 8:|o$ hpejl ri|o |oh| kjr h~~jhd afp |oj li}hpejl

    }fdlijp} fk |oj `h}i} fa ozehki|y hkl pjmfbkiwikb |oj dhr} fa rhp /`f|o rhy}()

    rj rjpj bfikb |f }jj |oj oibo ehk rojk oj mhej+ @z| `jafpj |oj dj||jp rh}

    aiki}ojl$ Azczlh mhddjl h| fzp Ojhlxzhp|jp S}imU |f aikl fz| roh| |oj Wfkj rh}(

    Rj bhqj oie mf~ij} fa hdd |oj lfmzejk|} hkl hk}rjpjl oi} xzj}|ifk} h`fz|

    ~f~zdh|ifk$ affl }z~~dy$ j|m+ /JE 0:?%9)

    F`qifz}dy$ |oj Ik|jpkh|ifkhd Mfeei||jj} ehik mfkmjpk rh} |oj li}~f}i|ifk fa Moikj}j}fdlijp} rofe |ojy ohl li}hpejl+ \ojy hk}rjpjl xzj}|ifk} apfe Gh~hkj}j Je`h}}y }|haa

    eje`jp Azczlh \fczyh}z h`fz| |oj pjazbjj}+ \ojy lil kf| ejk|ifk Gh~hkj}j h|pfmi|ij}

    `jmhz}j |ojy rjpj kf| hrhpj fa hky+

    H| h ejj|ikb ojdl h| kffk fk Ljmje`jp 8: ri|o h pj~pj}jk|h|iqj fa |oj ]~jmihd ]jpqimj

    Mfp~}$ ]ey|oj z||jpjl kf| fkj rfpl h`fz| Gh~hkj}j h|pfmi|ij}+ Ojpj i} hkf|ojp jmjp~|

    apfe |oj }hej dj||jp+

    Ejhkroidj$ ]rjk$ fzp ik|jp~pj|jp apfe |oj Pjl ]rh}|ich$ h 1> yjhp fdl afpejp

    }jmpj|hpy ik |oj Gh~hkj}j Je`h}}y ojpj$ ohl hpphkbjl afp z} |f ejj| |oj ojhl fa|oj ]~jmihd ]jpqimj Mfp~} rof rh} |f hppiqjl S}imU |oh| lhy h| kffk+ ]f rj

    lh}ojl lfrk |ojpj$ hkl Azczlh rh} ri|o oie |f |phk}dh|j+

    /)

    \oj Moija fa |oj ]~jmihd ]jpqimj Mfp~} |fdl z} |ojy ez}| }jhpmo |oj mi|y afp

    Moikj}j }fdlijp}3 rfzdl ~f}| bzhpl} h| jk|phkmj} |f Wfkj3 ~jf~dj }ofzdl pj|zpk

    ofej h} }ffk h} ~f}}i`dj3 |pz}| ozehki|hpihk h||i|zlj fa Gh~hkj}j Hpey |f mhpj

    afp |oj li}hpejl Moikj}j }fdlijp}3 ~fdimj eibo| ~h|pfd ri|oik |oj Wfkj ia hpejl

    fkdy ri|o `h|fk}3 8>$>>> |hk fa pimj rj ohl }|fpjl ik |oj Wfkj mfzdl `j z}jl `yz} afp pjazbjj}3 |jdj~ofkj$ |jdjbph~o$ hkl rh|jp ez}| `j pj~hipjl$ }f oj rfzdl bf

    ri|o Ph`j |f ik}~jm|3 h}cjl z} |f h}}i}| ik bj||ikb 8>>%0>> rfpcjp} afp |oj kj|lhyridd ~hy3 ridd ik}~jm| pimj dfmh|ifk} hkl bzhpl+ /JE 0:9)

    \oj dj||jp jkl} ri|o ]ey|oj} j~pj}}ikb li}h~~fik|ejk| |oh| |oj 8$=>> Moikj}j

    }|phbbdjp} rofe oj ohl li}hpejl fkLjmje`jp 8= rjpj h~~pjojkljl hkl |hcjk hrhy `y|oj Gh~hkj}j+ Rj ez}| pjeje`jp |oh| Moikj}j |pff~} ohl }ojl |ojip zkiafpe} hkl

    ikaid|ph|jl |oj ]haj|y Wfkj+ H} |oj fmmz~yikb afpmj}$ |oj Gh~hkj}j rfzdl ohqj `jjk

    pjei}} ohl |ojy kf| }jhpmojl afp hkl h~~pjojkljl |oje+ ]ey|oj hkl f|ojp Hejpimhk}

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    19/36

    89

    pjajppjl |f |oje h} li}hpejl }fdlijp}$ kjqjp h} ~pi}fkjp} fa rhp+ \oj Hejpimhk}

    eibo| ohqj ojhpl pzefp} |oh| |of}j }fdlijp} rjpj jjmz|jl$ `z| |ojy kjqjp qjpiaijl |of}jpzefp}+

    Rhp jkl}$ `z| @h|j} dij} mfk|ikzj

    Ik oi} ejefphklze$ @h|j} rpi|j} |oh| mfzk|dj}} miqidihk} ajdd ~pjy |f Gh~hkj}j `pz|hdi|y

    afp |rf lhy} ha|jp |oj Moikj}j ljajh| ik Khkgikb+ Ofrjqjp$ h} I ohqj }ofrk h`fqj$

    hmmfzk|} rpi||jk `y ]ey|oj$ Afp}|jp$ Ehbjj hkl Qhz|pik /ik ahm|$ `y jqjpy Hejpimhkjmj~| @h|j}) lj}mpi`ikb |oh| }hej ~jpifl ahid |f ejk|ifk |oj ri|kj}}ikb fa Gh~hkj}j

    h|pfmi|ij}+ Kfr I rfzdl dicj |f ik|pflzmj |rf efpj lfmzejk|} |oh| azp|ojp lj}mpi`j |oj

    }i|zh|ifk ik Khkgikb+

    \oj aip}| i} h rpi||jk }|h|jejk| }z`ei||jl |f h eidi|hpy |pi`zkhd ojdl `y |oj Kh|ifkhdi}|

    bfqjpkejk| ik Khkgikb ik 89>>3 hkl afp ljh|o} fa zkhpejl ejk ik eidi|hpy mdf|oikb$ =:$>>>+ Fa |oj}j

    ezpljp}$ fqjp 9> ~jp mjk| fmmzppjl ik |oj aip}| |jk lhy}$ ef}| fa hdd ik |oj aip}|

    |opjj lhy}+ \ojpj mjp|hikdy rjpj efpj ciddikb} |ohk |oj}j$ `z| |ojip mipmze}|hkmj}

    dij fz|}ilj fa ey ckfrdjlbj$ hkl |ojpjafpj I lf kf| j}|ieh|j |ojip kze`jp+

    /]ibkjl) E+ ]+ @h|j}

    KhkcikbAj`pzhpy 1$ 89$>>> Moikj}j }fdlijp}

    hkl miqidihk} `j|rjjk Ljmje`jp 8= hkl 8:+ Ofrjqjp$ h} hmmfzk|} rpi||jk `y |opjj f|ojp

    Hejpimhk} |j}|iay$ |oj}j hmmz}h|ifk} hpj |f|hddy }~zpifz}+

    \oj }jmfkl i} h dj||jp rpi||jk `y R+ ^dzejp Eidd} |f oi} riaj$ lh|jl Ghkzhpy 0

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    20/36

    0>

    }fz|ojpk hkl }fz|ojh}|jpk }jm|ifk} fa |oj mi|y hkl ik |oj }z`zp`}$ rojpj |oj

    ojhqij}| aibo|ikb |ffc ~dhmj+ @z| |oj moija z}jazdkj}} fa |oj Wfkj oh} `jjk ik |oj

    ejh}zpj fa ~pf|jm|ifk i| oh} haafpljl |f |oj ~jf~dj }ikmj |oj fmmz~h|ifk+ I ri}o

    yfz mfzdl ohqj }jjk |oj rhy ~jf~dj adfmcjl ik|f |oj Wfkj lzpikb |oj jhpdy lhy}

    fa Ljmje`jp$ hkl I ri}o yfz mfzdl }jj ]ohkbohi Pfhl hkl Kikbohi Pfhl kfr+

    \oj}j |rf hpj kfr |oj ~pikmi~hd `z}ikj}} }|pjj|} fa Khkcikb+ Afpejpdy |oj}j z}jl

    |f `j \hi ^ikb Dz hkl Mozkb Ozh Dz SWofkbozh PfhlU$ |oj fdl Azkl Lzkb BihiSAzlfkb ]|pjj|U$ `z| |of}j }|pjj|} hpj kfr dhpbjdy `zpkjl fz|$ hkl ik}|jhl |oj

    afpejpdy efpj fp dj}} di||dj z}jl ]ohkbohi Pfhl z~ ~h}| Oiddmpj}| hkl |oj

    Hejpimhk Je`h}}y$ hkl Kikbohi Pfhl ik |oj kjr pj}iljk|ihd li}|pim|$ hd}f

    afpejpdy di||dj z}jl$ hpj kfr |oj ~pikmi~hd }|pjj|}+ ]ohkbohi Pfhl i} kfr }f

    mpfrljl |oh| fkj mhk ohpldy bj| |opfzbo i| ik h ef|fp mhp+ \oi} mohkbj i} hdd h

    eh||jp fa |oj dh}| ajr rjjc}+ \oj pjh}fk i} }ie~dy |oh| |oj ~jf~dj hpj ojpj ik |ojWfkj$ hkl `jmhz}j `y kfr }fej }fp| fa fpljp oh} `jjk j}|h`di}ojl$ }f |oh| |ojpj

    i} kf dfkbjp |oj zkiqjp}hd ~dzkljpikb hkl pf``ikb |oh| |ojpj z}jl |f `j$ |oj ~jf~dj

    kfr ohqj efpj mfkailjkmj |ohk |ojy ohl `jafpj hkl ohqj `jbzk |f mfej fz|

    hbhik fk |oj }|pjj|}+ \ojy ohqj }j| z~ }mfpj} fa |je~fphpy }of~} `y |oj }ilj fa

    |oj pfhl hkl `z}ikj}} i} `pi}c ik |oj}j hdd fa mfzp}j fk h }ehdd }mhdj hkl hdd

    ri|oik |oj Wfkj+ Fz|}ilj fa |oj Wfkj |ojpj i} kf `z}ikj}} h| hdd+ /JE 0$>>> fa |oje) `y Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp}$ rof|ojk ~pfmjjl |f ph~j h bpjh| ehky fa |oj rfejk+ ]mjkj} lj~im|ikb `j}|ihd Gh~hkj}j

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    21/36

    08

    }fdlijp} mh~|zpikb rfejk |pyikb lj}~jph|jdy |f j}mh~j hkl ph~ikb |oje fk Ljmje`jp 82

    |pibbjp j|pjej oh|pjl fa |oj Gh~hkj}j hkl Gh~hk+ Ia |of}j }mjkj} hpj ri|ofz| ahm|zhd `h}i}$|oj aide} ~pflzmjp} ohqj zkmfk}mifkh`dy hkl zkafpbiqh`dy ozeidih|jl Gh~hkj}j eidi|hpy

    ~jp}fkkjd+

    Hmmfplikb |f Qhz|pik} lihpy$ Gh~hkj}j eidi|hpy ~jp}fkkjd lil }jhpmo |oj ~pjei}j} faBikdikb Rfejk} Mfddjbj fkLjmje`jp 81$ `jmhz}j fa }z}~imifk} |oh| Moikj}j }fdlijp}

    rjpj oilikb |ojpj+ Ofrjqjp$ h| |oh| |iej kf }fdlijp `johqjl ik hk zk|frhpl ehkkjp+ ]oj

    ejk|ifk} |oh| fkLjmje`jp 82$ ik |oj eilldj fa |oj kibo|$ h `hkl fa ejk mhddikb|oje}jdqj} Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp} mhej ik|f |oj `zidlikb zkljp |oj mfqjp fa kibo| hkl |ffc }i

    yfzkb bipd} hrhy ri|o |oje+ H| |oh| |iej h }moffd je~dfyjj khejl Mojk rh} hd}f |hcjk

    hrhy+ Ofrjqjp$ hdd fa |oje pj|zpkjl }hajdy `y |oj kj| efpkikb+ Ojpj i} |oj pj~fp|

    Qhz|pik }z`ei||jl |f |oj hleiki}|ph|ifk fa |oj mfddjbj+

    @j|rjjk kikj hkl |jk fmdfmc |opfzbo h }ilj bh|j |ojy |ffc faa |rjdqj rfejkhkl bipd} hkl |oj faaimjp h| |oj bh|j ri|o z} |ffc fa Ep+ Mojk+ I| rh} kf| zk|id

    |ojy rjpj bfkj |oh| rj pjhdiwjl |oh| |oj |pimc rh} |f |hcj faa bipd}+ I lil kf|

    j~jm| |f }jj Ep+ Mojk hbhik afp I rh} }zpj |oh| oj rfzdl `j }of| fp `hyfkj|jl+\oh| mdf}ikb }mjkj I }ohdd kjqjp$ kjqjp afpbj|+ Ehpy$ Ep}+ \}jk hkl I }|hklikb

    kjhp |oj bh|j$ |oj }jpqhk|} ckjjdikb gz}| `hmc fa z}$ Ep+ Mojk `jikb djl fz| `y |oj

    faaimjp hkl h ajr }fdlijp}+ \oj pz}|ikb S}imU fa |oj ahddjk djhqj}$ |oj }ohlfr}

    ~h}}ikb fz| |oj }ilj bh|j ik |oj li}|hkmj fa rofe rj lil kf| ckfr$ |oj dfrmpij} fa |of}j ~h}}ikb fz|+ Ep+ Mojk rh} pjdjh}jl h| |oj ik|jp}jm|ifk fa ]ohkbohi

    hkl Mhk|fk Pfhl}$ hkl }i fa |oj bipd} mhej `hmc h| aiqj |oj kj| efpkikb

    zkohpejl`f|o fa |oj}j rj `jdijqj rjpj rpfzbo| `y ~phyjp+ /JE ==1)

    Qhz|pik rpi|j} |oh| 80 rfejk hkl bipd} rjpj |hcjk hrhy$ `z| |oj mfppjm| kze`jp rh} }i$hkl hdd fa |oje pj|zpkjl }hajdy+ /Qhz|pik lil kf| }jje |f `j rfppijl h`fz| |oj f|ojp }i$

    ~jpoh~} `jmhz}j }oj pjhdiwjl |oh| fkdy }i ohl `jjk |hcjk hrhy+) Ofrjqjp$ |oj `pz|hd hm|}fa Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp} f`}jpqjl `y ]ey|oj fk |oj kibo| fa Ljmje`jp 82$ rojk oj qi}i|jl

    Bikdikb Rfejk} Mfddjbj z~fk hk ikqi|h|ifk j|jkljl$ rh} ~jpmjiqjl h} ofppiaim jkfzbo

    |f `j pjjkhm|jl ik aide}+

    @z| |oj ikmiljk| |oh| fmmzppjl fk |oj kibo| fa Ljmje`jp 82 }jje} }z}~imifz}dy dicj

    }fej|oikb |oj Hejpimhk} fpmoj}|ph|jl |f iklimh|j |oj qifdjk| `johqifp fa Gh~hkj}j}fdlijp}+ Ia Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp} ohl hm|zhddy mfeei||jl }f ehky ph~j}$ rfzdl Qhz|pik ohqj

    rpi||jk h pj~fp| dicj |oj afddfrikb ha|jp |oj ahm|6

    \oj ~ffpjp ~jf~dj hpj }|idd `jikb lj~piqjl fa `jllikb hkl efkjy$ jqjk mf~~jp}

    `jikb |hcjk kfr$ hkl ofz}j} fa |oj afpejp rjdd%|f%lf ~jf~dj$ roimo rjpj ahipdy

    }haj ik |oj ]haj|y Wfkj$ hpj kfr `jikb lj~piqjl fa pzb} hkl phlif} hkl azpki|zpj+Rj lf kf| }jj |oj rofdj}hdj `zpkikb fa ofz}j} roimo |ffc ~dhmj apfe h`fz|

    Ljmje`jp 82|o |f Ghkzhpy 82|oi| rh} fk |oh| lh|j |oh| I }hr |oj dh}| aipj+ \ojef}| li}|pj}}ikb |oikb |oh| kfr ji}|} i} |oj mfk|ikzjl dff|ikb `y |oj dhf `jo

    }ikb$ |oj mfeefk ~jf~dj+ Ri|o kf dhr hkl fpljp ik |oj mi|y |oj ~ffp hkl |ojdhrdj}} ajd| ~jpajm|dy apjj |f bf ik|f hky ofz}j hkl |hcj apfe i| hky|oikb |ojy

    ri}ojl+ Fz|}ilj fa |oj afpejp ]haj|y Wfkj$ ehky ofz}j} ohqj `jjk pf``jl fa

    jqjpy|oikb$ jqjk ikmdzlikb lffp} hkl riklfr} hkl adffp}+ Ri|oik |oj dh}| ajr

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    22/36

    00

    lhy} I ohqj }jjk qjpy bffl lffp} hkl riklfr} afp }hdj hkl |oh| ejhk} |oh| |oj

    ljefdi}oikb ~pfmj}} i} }|idd bfikb fk+ Kh|zphddy fzp Moikj}j apijkl} hpj li}|pj}}jl

    `y |oi} `z| |ojpj i} kf|oikb |ojy mhk lf h`fz| i|+ /JE =

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    23/36

    0=

    h||je~|ikb |f ~pf|jm| |oj pjazbjj} apfe `jikb h||hmcjl `y }|phbbdjp} li}bzi}jl h} miqidihk}$

    rof ohl ikaid|ph|jl |oj ]haj|y Wfkj+ @h|j}$ ofrjqjp$ ik h }ofmcikb efqj$ |phk}afpejl|oi} ~pzljk| ~pfmj}} |f |oj rofdj}hdj ciddikb fa pjazbjj}+

    Hbhik$ I pjajp |f Qhz|pik} pj~fp|+

    \oj ^jpifl fa Pjbi}|ph|ifk7 \oj pjbi}|ph|ifk fa |oj ~jf~dj diqikb ik Khkcikb

    `jbhk h| |oj Zkiqjp}i|y fa Khkcikb fk Ljmje`jp 01 hkl dh}|jl |opfzbo |oj 02+

    Hdd |oj ejk hkl rfejk rof rjpj pjazbjj} fk |oj ehik mhe~z} fa |oj Zkiqjp}i|y

    pjbi}|jpjl lzpikb |of}j lhy}+ /JE ==2)

    Hkl ]ey|oj lj}mpi`j} |oj pjbi}|ph|ifk ~pfmj}} fk Ljmje`jp 01 ik h dj||jp lh|jl

    Ljmje`jp 02+

    Lzpikb |oj ha|jpkffk |ojpj rh} kf| h bpjh| ljhd |f lf h| |oj faaimj+ \pzmc} rjpj

    ik|jpajpjl ri|o `jmhz}j mffdij} mfzdl kf| rfpc zk|id pjbi}|jpjl hkl I }z~~f}j |oj

    }hej ridd `j |pzj |flhy+ @z| ha|jp ~jf~dj fkmj ~h}} |oj `zb`jhp fa pjbi}|jph|ifk

    S}imU |ojy ajjd ezmo pjdijqjl+ ]f ahp pj~fp|} fa hky dhpbj kze`jp} `jikb |hcjk faah} }fdlijp}$ h`fz| 0> apfe |oj Eilldj ]moffd SE]U+ /JE 021)

    Rj }jj |oh| ]ey|oj |ofzbo| 0> ejk ohl `jjk |hcjk apfe |oj eilldj }moffd+ @z| oj hd}f

    lj}mpi`j} |oj }i|zh|ifk h| Khkcikb Zkiqjp}i|y$ rojpj |oj ehgfpi|y fa |oj pjazbjj} rjpj

    hmmfeeflh|jl+ Fk |oi} fmmh}ifk @h|j} hkl ]fkj /hkf|ojp Hejpimhk ei}}ifkhpy) rjpjhd}f ~pj}jk|+ Fkj Moikj}j ehdj rh} h~~pjojkljl `z| |ojk pjdjh}jl+ Kf| fkj ehk rh}

    |hcjk hrhy `y |oj Gh~hkj}j+ Kj| rj ohqj h dj||jp rpi||jk `y ]ey|oj fkLjmje`jp 02+

    H| }z~~jp ]jhpdj }hil oj ohl `j||jp }|hy ri|o i| zk|id |oj pjbi}|ph|ifk rh} aiki}ojl+

    \ojy lil |oj ejk yj}|jplhy3 aip}| `y qfdzk|jjp ~pfmj}} h`fqj$ |ojk ojplikb |oje

    hpfzkl hkl h}cikb ia hkyfkj rfzdl bzhphk|jj |oi} ehk$ hkl hdd ~h}}jl `z| fkj+

    \ojk ]jhpdj hkl ]fkj bzhphk|jjl oie+ \flhy rjpj pjbi}|jpikb |oj rfejk efpj

    ph~ildy$ hkl |fefppfr ridd bj| |f ~piqh|j ofz}j}+ /JE 02?)

    \ojk roh| rh} |oj }i|zh|ifk h| Bikdikb Rfejk} Mfddjbj6 Qhz|pik} pj~fp| |f |oj mfddjbj

    hleiki}|ph|fp} i} qjpy lj|hidjl+

    Fzp pjbi}|ph|ifk }|hp|jl fk Ljmje`jp 0? hkl `y ikajpjkmj rj |ofzbo| i| rh} |f `j

    fa |oj rfejk diqikb fk fzp mhe~z}+ \oh| rh} kf| fzp ah|j$ ofrjqjp+ I| dh}|jl afp

    kikj dfkb lhy} hkl ejk hkl rfejk mhej apfe hdd }jm|ifk} fa |oj ]haj|y Wfkj

    hkl jqjk apfe |oj mfzk|py+ \jk} fa |ofz}hkl} mhej ik afzp h`pjh}|$ di}|jkjl aip}|

    |f |oj djm|zpj fk bffl mi|iwjk}oi~ hkl |ojk bf| |oj ~pjdieikhpy }di~ roimo jkh`djl

    |oje |f bf |f fkj fa Ep+ Mojk Mozkb%ahkb} pj}iljkmj} afp |oj aikhd }|j~ h|roimo |ojy rjpj biqjk h }|he~jl hkl kze`jpjl pjbi}|ph|ifk `dhkc ri|o |ojip

    khej z~fk i|+ Afp |oj aip}| ajr lhy} i| rh} diei|jl |f ejk+ \ojy afpejl ik dikj

    fz| fk Ohkcfr Pfhl hkl Kikbohi Pfhl h} jhpdy h} |rf fmdfmc ik |oj efpkikbhkl hdd lhy dfkb |ojy ehpmojl |opfzbo |oj mhe~z}+ I| ohl }kfrjl hkl yfz mhk

    iehbikj |oj hefzk| fa ezl |oh| |oj}j |phe~ikb ajj| `pfzbo| ik+ \oi} pjbi}|ph|ifk

    h| aip}| |ffc ~dhmj zkljp |oj eidi|hpy faaimjp}+ \rf bzhpl} fa }fdlijp} mhej jhmo

    |iej hkl jhmo bpfz~ ohl |f ohqj h `dhwikb `fkaipj hkl afp |oj faaimjp} rj

    azpki}ojl |rf mfhd `hdd aipj}+ H| aip}| I |ofzbo| |oh| i| rfzdl `j `j||jp |f ~pf|j}|

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    24/36

    0> ejk

    qfdzk|jjp |oh| |ojy ohl ji|ojp `jjk }fdlijp} fp eidi|hpy dh`fpjp} /|jpe z}jl kf|mdjhpdy li}|ikbzi}ojl afp afpmjl miqidihk dh`fp) fk |oj ~pfei}j |oh| ia |ojy

    qfdzk|jjpjl |ojy rfzdl `j hddfrjl |f rfpc$ ik}|jhl fa `jikb }of| h} |ojy rfzdlia |ojy lil kf| mfkaj}}+ \oi} efpkikb h ehk mhej |f |oj Zkiqjp}i|y ri|o aiqj

    `hyfkj| rfzkl} hkl }hil |oj bpfz~ fa |oje rjpj ehpmojl fz| |f Cz Dikb ]wj

    SBzdik \je~djU hkl |ojpj z}jl afp `hyfkj| ~phm|imj `y 8=> Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp}+ Oj

    ahik|jl apfe oi} rfzkl}$ hkl rojk oj hrfcj |oj Gh~hkj}j ohl dja|$ }f oj ehlj

    oi} rhy `hmc+ Rid}fk |oikc} fkj rfzkl i} }f }jpifz} oj ridd kf| diqj+ \oh| rh}

    fzp lij| afp dzkmo |oi} kffk rojk rj hdd pj~fp|jl( /JE 02?)

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    25/36

    0:

    \oz} rj }jj |oh| |oi} i} h pzefp |oh| @h|j} pjdhyjl |f ]ey|oj hkl f|ojp} h| dzkmo fk

    Ljmje`jp 02+ Rj ckfr |oi} `jmhz}j i| i} mfe~dj|jdy liaajpjk| apfe |oj mfk|jk| fa

    ]ey|oj}Ljmje`jp 01 dj||jp$ ik roimo oj ehcj} kf ejk|ifk fa h bpjh| ehky ejk `jikb

    |hcjk hrhy `y |oj Gh~hkj}j+

    \oj ~fik| @h|j} ri}ojl |f ehcj mhk `j afzkl ik oi} pj~fp| i}}zjl fk Ghkzhpy 0:$ 89=?+ I|

    h~~jhp} ik Lfmzejk|} fa |oj Khkcikb ]haj|y Wfkj+ \oj `jbikkikb fa |oi} djkb|oy

    lfmzejk| mfk|hik} ikafpeh|ifk iljk|imhd |f |oh| ik ]ey|oj} dj||jp fa Ljmje`jp 02 h`fz|hdd Moikj}j ehdj} ohqikb `jjk apjjl ha|jp @h|j} hkl ]fkj bzhphk|jjl |oj dh}| fkj$ rojk

    kf fkj jd}j rfzdl qfzmo afp oie+ \ojk @h|j} dhzkmoj} ik|f h lih|pi`j h`fz| |oj Gh~hkj}j

    eidi|hpy ~fdimj h`lzm|ikb hkl }dhzbo|jpikb miqidihk}+ @z| oj lil kf| ri|kj}} hky mpiej+ Oj

    i} }ie~dy pj~fp|ikb roh| oj ojhpl apfe h Moikj}j rof j}mh~jl ri|o oi} diaj+ Ojpj i} hkjmjp~| apfe |oh| pj~fp|+

    Ejhkroidj hkf|ojp jdjejk| ohl `jjk ik|pflzmjl+ \rf hlli|ifkhd faaimjp}$ ri|o

    oibojp }|h|z} h| djh}| afp |oi} ~hp|imzdhp gf`$ mhej ik afp ik}~jm|ifk+ Fkj fa |oje

    rh} qifdjk| ik oi} li}}h|i}ahm|ifk ri|o roh| ohl `jjk lfkj+ \oi} ehk ohl }ofrkbpf}} pfzbokj}} hkl }|z~ili|y lzpikb h qi}i| |f |oj Zkiqjp}i|y fk |oj ~pjqifz} lhy$

    hkl rj rjpj fa|jk |f jkmfzk|jp oi} jqid lfikb} hkl mfhp}j ej|ofl} h} ojhl fa |oj

    eidi|hpy ~fdimj afp |oi} li}|pim|+ \frhpl aiqj fmdfmc ik |oj ha|jpkffk$ |oj 0>> fp=>> ejk rjpj |hcjk hrhy ik |rf bpfz~} `y eidi|hpy ~fdimj+

    @h|j} oh} ik}jp|jl ik|f h ahm|zhd pjmfpl h }|fpy h`fz| ofr |rf faaimjp} apfe |oj eidi|hpy

    ~fdimj |ffc hrhy 0>>%=>> Moikj}j ehdj}+ Kf|j |oh| oj lfj} kf| }hy |oh| 0>> ejk

    qfdzk|jjpjl+ Ojpj hbhik$ oj i} |oj fkdy Hejpimhk rof rpi|j} h`fz| }zmo hk ikmiljk|+

    @h|j} |hdj mfk|ikzj}$ pjdh|ikb jqjk|} fa Ljmje`jp 02+

    Kj| efpkikb |ojpj mhej |f |oj Zkiqjp}i|y Of}~i|hd h ehk ri|o aiqj `hyfkj|rfzkl}+ Fk |rf fmmh}ifk} |oi} ehk pj~fp|jl ri|o ahip mdhpi|y |oh| oj ohl `jjk h

    pjazbjj ik |oj Di`phpy$ `z| rh} kf| ~pj}jk| h| |oj |jkki} mfzp|}3 oj rh} ~imcjl z~

    fk |oj }|pjj| hkl hlljl |f h bpfz~ |oh| lil mfej apfe |oj mfzp|}+ \oh| jqjkikb

    }fejrojpj |f |oj rj}|$ h`fz| 8=> Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp} ciddjl ef}| fa :>> }ieidhp

    mh~|iqj} ri|o `hyfkj| |opz}|}+ \oj qim|ie pjmfqjpjl oie}jda |f aikl |oj Gh~hkj}j

    bfkj$ hkl ehkhbjl |f mphrd `hmc lzpikb |oj kibo|+ Oj rh} kf| aheidihp ri|o |oi}

    ~hp| fa Khkcikb$ hkl rh} qhbzj h} |f ~dhmj}+ Hd}f fk |oj efpkikb fa |oj 02 |o

    |ojpj rh} `pfzbo| |f ej h ehk rof }hil |oh| oj rh} fkj fa => fp rof ohl

    j}mh~jl |oj ljh|o ej| `y ef}| fa |oj 0>> |f =>> |hcjk hrhy |oj ~pjqifz}

    jqjkikb+

    Dh|jp @h|j} pjbhdj} z} h| bpjh| djkb|o ri|o efpj }|fpij} h`fz| ejk rof pj|zpkjl |f |ojzkiqjp}i|y ha|jp khppfrdy j}mh~ikb `jikb ezpljpjl `y Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp}+ @z| kfr |oj

    lz~dimi|y fa oi} pj~fp|} i} f`qifz}+

    I`il+$ Lfmzejk| Kf+ :>+

    I`il+

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    26/36

    01

    \f |oj hmmfzk| fa |oi} ehk hkl oi} |j}|iefky ez}| `j hlljl |rf i|je}+ H

    pj}~fk}i`dj rfpcjp ik |oj Moikj}j Pjl Mpf}} pjxzj}|jl z} |f bf fz|}ilj fa Ohk

    Mozkb Ejk SOhkwofkb Bh|jU |f ik}~jm| h dhpbj kze`jp fa `flij} |ojpj+ Ep+

    Cpfjbjp fa |oj Ik|jpkh|ifkhd Mfeei||jj |fdl ej |oh| oj ohl f`}jpqjl |oj}j

    `flij} oie}jda$ ik |oj mfzp}j fa hk jhpdy qjk|zpj fz|}ilj |oj bh|j$ `z| |oh| |ojy

    mfzdl kf| `j }jjk apfe |oj Mi|y Rhdd+ \oj bh|j i} kfr mdf}jl+

    Ohkwofkb Bh|j i} kjhp |oj ~dhmj

    rojpj |oj qim|ie} |hcjk hrhy`y |oj Gh~hkj}j rjpj }z~~f}jldy

    ciddjl+ @h|j} rpi|j} |oh| Cpfjbjp$

    h Bjpehk kh|ifkhd hkl h eje`jpfa |oj Ik|jpkh|ifkhd Mfeei||jj$

    pj~fp|jl ohqikb }jjk kzejpfz}

    `flij} fz|}ilj |oj bh|j$ roimomfzdlk| `j }jjk apfe |oj mi|yrhdd+ Rj ohqj kf efpj

    ikafpeh|ifk h`fz| |oj iljk|i|y fa|oj Moikj}j Pjl Mpf}} rfpcjp+

    @z| I ajjd f`dibh|jl |f ~fik| fz|

    @h|j} mdjqjp$ }z`|dj hp|iaimj+ I|

    rh} ik hm|zhdi|y kf| Cpfjbjp rofh||je~|jl |f }jj |oj mfp~}j} apfe

    Ohkwofkb Bh|j$ `z| ]ey|oj hkl

    @h|j} oie}jda+ Rj ckfr |oh| |oi} i} }f apfe h dj||jp ]ey|oj rpf|j |f oi} riaj lh|jl

    Ghkzhpy 8+ Fk |oh| lhy$ ]ey|oj }zpqjyjl |oj mi|y fa Khkgikb apfe |oj Lpze \frjp$ |oj

    oiboj}| ~fik| ik |oj ]haj|y Wfkj+ Oj j}|ieh|jl |oh| h`fz| 8>* fa |oj mi|y ohl `zpkjl$ hkl

    |ojk hll} |oh| oj mdie`jl |oj rhdd fa Ohkwofkb Bh|j /hd}f ckfrk h} Ohki Bh|j)+ Dj| z}

    pjhl |oi} mhpjazddy+

    Ha|jp fzp |frjp j~jli|ifk hkl kf|ikb |oj rhy |oj pjazbjj} rjpj jkgfyikb |oj

    rhpe }zkky lhy$ `fy} |zpkikb mhp|rojjd} fk |oj Zkiq+ mhe~z}$ j|m+$ ]jhpdj hkl I

    |ffc h rhdc `hmc fa Bikdikb |f }jj ia rj mfzdl aikl hky fa |oj ojh~} fa `flij} fa

    ejk }of| |oi} rjjc+ Rj rjk| fqjp `y |oh| |je~dj Czdikb ]wj SBzdik \je~djU$ lfrk |opfzbo |oj qhddjy} |f |oj }fz|o$ }jhpmojl jqjpy ~fkl$ `z| lil kf| aiklhky `flij} jmj~| |oj mohppjl fkj} `hmc fa Bikdikb |oh| ]jhpdj afzkl h ajr lhy}

    hbfha|jp |oj `zpkikb ikmiljk|+ Rj afzkl |oj bhpljk ~df|} fqjp |ojpj dj}} |ohkohda z}jl z~$ `z| jqjpy ahpe ofz}j rh} lj}jp|jl+ Fkdy h ajr rjpj `hmc dfhlikb

    z~ ~ji \}hi SMoikj}j mh``hbjU |f mhppy fqjp hkl }jdd+ Kf| h ofz}j fz|}ilj fa |oj

    Wfkj rh} fmmz~ijl$ kf| jqjk fk |oj rj}| }ilj fa ]ichkb S_ichkbU Pfhl+ \ojk rj

    rjk| fk }fz|o `y \}ikb Dihk ]ohk SXikbdihkb}ohkU hkl fk |f |oj kjr bh|j h|Ohk}iejk SOhki Bh|jU+ /JE 0?1)

    Ojpj rj hpj |fdl ofr |oj pjazbjj} hpj jkgfyikb |oj Kjr Yjhp ofdilhy ~jhmjazddy hklmhdedy$ ri|o kf pjajpjkmj roh|}fjqjp |f Gh~hkj}j h|pfmi|ij}+ Mfk|phpy |f Qhz|pik} ajhp}$

    I`il+

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    27/36

    02

    ik}~ipjl `y pzefp} |oh| |ojpj rjpj h bpjh| ehky `flij} h| Bzdik \je~dj$ |ojpj rjpj kf

    `flij} |ojpj+ \oi} li}mpj~hkmy hdfkj rfzdl }jje |f li}mpjli| @h|j} |hdj fa ojhpikb h`fz||oje apfe h ehk rof j}mh~jl apfe |oj ezpljpfz} Gh~hkj}j+ ]z`}jxzjk|dy$ `f|o ]ey|oj

    hkl @h|j} rhdcjl hpfzkl fz|}ilj |oj ]haj|y Wfkj hkl }hr ofz}j} hkl aijdl} |oh| ohl

    `jjk `zpkjl+ @z| |ojy lil kf| jkmfzk|jp hky mfp~}j}+ \oj |rf ejk pj|zpkjl |f Ohki

    Bh|j hkl mdie`jl z~ |oj rhdd |ojpj+ \ojk$ |f }ze z~ |ojip |fzp$ ]ey|oj rpf|j |ojafddfrikb7

    \oj kj| pj}zd| fa fzp |fzp rh} |oh| |oj }i|zh|ifk pjbhplikb ~idj} fa `flij} i} dj}}

    }jpifz} hkl |ojpjafpj h efpj ahqfph`dj pj}zd|+ H} ahp h} f~~fp|zki|ij} afp ~jf~dj

    |f bf |f |ojip ofej} fz|}ilj fa |oj Wfkj$ |oj fz|dffc i} }|idd qjpy lhpc+ /Ohda fa

    |oj ofz}j} rjpj `zpkjl fz|}ilj Ohk}iejk SOhki Bh|jU+ Rj rjk| z~ fk |oj rhdd

    |ojpj hkl dffcjl lfrk fk |oj pzik}+ \oh| lfkj `y |oj Moikj}j `jafpj |ojGh~hkj}j jk|jpjl |oj mi|y+ /JE 0?1)

    \oz}$ hmmfplikb |f ]ey|oj} dj||jp$ i| rh} oj hkl @h|j} rof mdie`jl z~ |oj rhdd kjhp

    Ohki Bh|j$ kf| Cpfjbjp+ Roh| |ojy }hr h| |oj |iej rh} hk j~hk}j fa `zpkjl pzik}

    fz|}ilj |oj mi|y rhdd}$ |oj pj}zd| fa aipj} }j| `y Moikj}j |pff~}+

    Ojpj i} hkf|ojp jmjp~| fa bpjh| ik|jpj}| apfe h dj||jp ]ey|oj rpf|j |f oi} riaj fk Kjr

    Yjhp} Jqj$ |oj dh}| lhy fa 89=2+

    \oj ef}| }jpifz} h}~jm| fa |oj }i|zh|ifk$ hkl fkj afp roimo rj mhk }jj kf

    hljxzh|j }fdz|ifk xzimcdy$ i} |oh| |ojpj i} kf jmfkfeim `h}i} fa diaj afp |oi}

    mfeezki|y fa 0>>$>>>+ Ia |ojy bf SfkU `zyikb pimj apfe |oj Gh~hkj}j Hpey$ |ojk

    |oj efkjy ik |oj mfeezki|y ridd `j lphikjl fz|$ hkl kf pj|zpk+ \oj fkdy pj|zpk}jpqimj i} |oj affl roimo ef}| fa |oj mffdij} |oh| bf fz| |f rfpc afp Gh~hkj}j

    Hpey ejk$ kf| ik bpjh| kze`jp} yj|$ |oj qjpy ajr |oh| bj| hky ~hy$ hkl |oj ajr

    ejk kfr je~dfyjl h| |oj Rh|jp hkl Jdjm|pim Dibo| Rfpc}+ \oj fkdy f|ojp

    ikmfej ridd `j roh| ahpejp} mhk phi}j apfe |oj bpfzkl+ Fp roh| ~jf~dj mhk aikl

    fp dff| apfe f|ojp hpjh} ik |oj mi|y( /JE 0?0)

    /)

    Ofrjqjp$ i| i} pjehpch`dj ofr rjdd |oj di||dj }|pjj| qjkljp} hdfkb |oj pfhl cjj~

    h| i|+ Di||dj |f pi}c$ hdd |f bhik$ }f |ojy lhidy ~dy |ojip |phlj+ Hkl roh| h qhpij|y fa

    }|zaa+ Rj kfr }z}~jm| }fej fa i| i} dff|jl apfe hpjh} fz|}ilj fa |oj Wfkj rojpj

    `zpkikb oh} `jjk bfikb fk$ `z| hky|oikb |oj ~jf~dj mhk bj| ik kfr i} hdd |f |oj

    bffl( /JE 0?=)

    \rf rjjc} ha|jp |oj ahdd fa Khkgikb$ ]ey|oj} |ofzbo|} rjpj afmz}jl fk |oj `djhc

    jmfkfeim fz|dffc afp |oj pjazbjj} fkmj |ojy pj|zpkjl |f |ojip ofej}+ Kfrojpj ik hky faoi} dj||jp} lfj} oj rpi|j hky|oikb h`fz| |oj eh}} }dhzbo|jp fa pjazbjj} mpfrljl ik|f |oj

    ]haj|y Wfkj+ ]ey|oj lfj} kf| ~pfaj}} |oh| oj ri|kj}}jl jqjk fkj ezpljp+ Mdjhpdy$ oj rh}

    kf| hk jyjri|kj}} |f eh}}hmpj+

    ]|idd$ |j}|iayikb h| |oj IE\AJ ik \fcyf fk Gzdy 09$ 89

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    28/36

    0?

    H} I ohqj ljefk}|ph|jl `y mfe~hpikb oi} mdhie} ri|o hmmfzk|} rpi||jk `y ]ey|oj$ Eidd}$hkl Qhz|pik$ @h|j} dijl fk |oj ri|kj}} }|hkl+ Ojpj hpj }fej jhe~dj}$ |hcjk apfe |oj

    }|jkfbph~ojp} pjmfpl fa |oj IE\AJ ~pfmjjlikb}+

    8+

    \rjdqj |ofz}hkl ejk$ rfejk hkl moidlpjk rjpj ezpljpjl ik hkl kjhp |oj ]haj|yWfkj+

    0+ ]jqjk|y ofzp} ha|jp h dhpbj bpfz~ fa Moikj}j }fdlijp} }zppjkljpjl pibo| fz|}iljKhkgikb$ hkl rjpj li}hpejl$ |ojy rjpj hdd }of| ri|o ehmoikj bzk}+

    =+ Afp |opjj rjjc} Gh~hkj}j mfeei}}ifkjl hkl kfk%mfeei}}ifkjl faaimjp}ikaid|ph|jl |oj ]haj|y Wfkj fk h pjbzdhp `h}i}+ \ojpj |ojy }jhpmojl |opfzbo |oj

    ezd|i|zlj fa pjazbjj}$ h~~pjojklikb ejk }z}~jm|jl fa ohqikb `jjk }fdlijp}$

    rofe |ojy djl hrhy hkl ciddjl+>> rfejk ajdd qim|ie |f |oje+

    :+ \oj}j ofppiaim h||hmc} mfk|ikzjl afp kjhpdy |opjj rjjc}3 |ojy ik|jk}iaijl dh|jp$~jp}i}|ikb afp }i |f }jqjk rjjc}+1+ Afp }i |f }jqjk rjjc} ha|jp Khkgikb rh} fmmz~ijl$ Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp} dff|jlhdef}| jqjpy `zidlikb ik |oj mi|y+ Afp ik}|hkmj$ rojk }fejfkj /zkkhejl) |ffchlqhk|hbj fa |oj f~~fp|zki|y |f pjmfqjp oi} ~ihkf$ oj }hr 0>> }|fdjk ~ihkf} ik h

    }ikbdj rhpjofz}j+

    2+ @h|j} }hr fk |opjj fp afzp fmmh}ifk} oibo%phkcikb faaimjp} rh|moikb ri|ohez}jejk| roidj |ojip ikajpifp} ezpljpjl$ }of| fp ph~jl miqidihk}+

    I |pz}| I ohqj he~dy ljefk}|ph|jl |oh| ~pjqifz}dy mi|jl hmmfzk|} cj~| `y Hejpimhk}

    pj}ilikb ik Khkgikb /|oj |pzj ri|kj}}j}) |ofpfzbody li}mpjli| |oj hmmz}h|ifk} di}|jl h`fqj+

    Mfe~hpjl ri|o @h|j} ehdimifz} jyjri|kj}} pj~fp|}$ h }rfpk haailhqi| }z`ei||jl `y

    ]ey|oj |f |oj IE\AJ }|h|jl fkdy |oh| oj pjdhyjl ikmfeikb pj~fp|} fa mpiej} mfeei||jl

    `y Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp} fk h lhidy `h}i} |f |oj Gh~hkj}j hkl Hejpimhk je`h}}ij}+

    Rj aidjl kjhpdy |rf ~pf|j}|} jqjpy lhy afp |oj aip}| }i rjjc} fa |oj Gh~hkj}j

    fmmz~h|ifk+ Z}zhddy fkj fa |oj}j rh} |hcjk |f |oj Gh~hkj}j Je`h}}y `y Ep+

    Ph`j hkl ey}jda ik ~jp}fk3 |oj f|ojp rh} }jk| `y ej}}jkbjp+

    ]ey|oj kjqjp }hil |oh| oj ohl ri|kj}}jl hky mpiej}+ Rojk rj rfkljp roy @h|j}

    mfk|ikzjl |f `jhp ahd}j ri|kj}} jqjk ha|jp Gh~hk rh} ljajh|jl$ rj kjjl fkdy pjmhdd oi}

    }|h|z} h} hlqi}fp |f |oj Moihkb bfqjpkejk|+ I| i} }haj |f mfk}iljp oi} ljmj~|ifk} h| djh}||oj pjef|j mhz}j fa |oj ahk|h}|im `z| je~|y ~oph}j jyjri|kj}}j} |f |oj Khkcikb

    eh}}hmpj+

    Jqjk ik |oj ha|jpeh|o fa |oj |jppi`dj li}h}|jp |oh| qi}i|jl Gh~hk |oi} yjhp h ejbh|opz}|

    IE\AJ$ \phk}mpi~|} fa ^pfmjjlikb} ik F~jk ]j}}ifk$ ~~+ 010

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    29/36

    09

    jhp|oxzhcj afddfrjl `y h |}zkhei|oj pj}iljk|} fa |oj haajm|jl hpjh$ }fej fa rofe df}|

    h`}fdz|jdy jqjpy|oikb$ kjqjp }|ff~jl |f dff|ikb+ Ik}|jhl$ |ojy `johqjl ik hk fpljpdyehkkjp$ hkl lil |ojip `j}| |f ojd~ jhmo f|ojp+ \ojip ~h|ijkmj hkl }|fimi}e `jmhej

    ie~pik|jl fk |oj rfpdl} mfddjm|iqj mfk}mifz}kj}}+ I| i} h`}zpl |f |oikc$ jqjk afp h

    efejk|$ |oh| |oj ah|ojp} hkl bphklah|ojp} fa |oj}j li}h}|jp qim|ie} mfeei||jl h|pfmi|ij}

    hbhik}| ljajk}jdj}} pjazbjj} ik Khkgikb$ hd}f qim|ie} fa h li}h}|jp+

    Mfkmdz}ifk

    I ohqj kjhpdy mfe~dj|jl ey j~dhkh|ifk fa |oj }i|zh|ifk ik Khkgikb ik dh|j 89=2 hkl jhpdy

    89=? apfe |oj ~jp}~jm|iqj} fa |oj |pzj ri|kj}}j}7 ]ey|oj$ Afp}|jp$ Eidd}$ Ehbjj hkl

    Qhz|pik+ \oj mzppjk| lj`h|j mfkmjpkikb |oj jqjk|} |oh| |ffc ~dhmj$ ~pfqilikb fkj h}}zej}

    |oh| Gh~hkj}j eidi|hpy ~jp}fkkjd lil mfeei| h|pfmi|ij} |ojpj$ ~i|} |oj ^PM /roimo mdhie}|oh| |oj Gh~hkj}j ciddjl =>>$>>>%>$>>>) hbhik}| Gh~hk /roimo h}}jp|} |oh| |oj kze`jp fa

    miqidihk} ciddjl rh} kjbdibi`dj)+ Ofrjqjp$ h mhpjazd hkhdy}i} fa mfk|je~fphkjfz} pjmfpl}

    cj~| `y ]ey|oj hkl f|ojp Hejpimhk} zkjxziqfmhddy mfk|phlim| |oj ~pf~hbhklh$ roimo

    jehkh|jl apfe @h|j}+ I `jdijqj I ohqj mfkqikmjl pjhljp} |oh| qip|zhddy kf pjazbjj} rjpjciddjl fp ph~jl `y Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp}+ \oj hpbzejk| |oh| |ojpj rh} h eh}}hmpj |oh| mdhiejl

    =>>$>>> qim|ie} i} h efk}|pfz} dij$ hkl |ojpjafpj kf| rfp|oy fa lj`h|j+ Ofrjqjp$ ik

    mdf}ikb$ I rfzdl dicj |f li}mz}} ofr |oj efk}|pfz} dij mhej |f `j qijrjl h} |oj |pz|o+

    \oj kze`jp =>>$>>> ehlj i|} aip}| h~~jhphkmj ik |oi} mfk|j| ik 89=?$ ik h `ffc jli|jl `y

    fkj Ohpfdl \ie~jpdjy+ Ojpj i} }fej fa |oj mf~y apfe |oj |i|dj ~hbj+

    ROH\ RHP EJHK]

    \OJ GH^HKJ]J \JPPFP IK MOIKH

    H Lfmzejk|hpy Pjmfpl

    Mfe~idjl hkl Jli|jl`y

    O+ G+ \ie~jpdjyMoikh Mfppj}~fkljk|$Ehkmoj}|jp Bzhplihk

    Hkl ojpj hpj |oj aip}| ajr dikj} fa |j|+

    H| djh}| =>>$>>> Moikj}j eidi|hpy mh}zhd|ij} afp |oj Mjk|phd Moikh mhe~hibk

    hdfkj hkl h dicj kze`jp fa miqidihk mh}zhdi|j} S}imU rjpj }zaajpjl+

    \ie~jpdjy8>

    rh} hk Hz}|phdihk rof ~phm|imjl |oj hp| fa gfzpkhdi}e ik Ehkmozpih hklMoikh+ Rojk Khkgikb ajdd oj rh} ik ]ohkbohi$ rfpcikb h} h mfppj}~fkljk| afp |oj

    Ehkmoj}|jp Bzhplihk+ Ik Ghkzhpy 89=? \ie~jpdjy |phqjdjl |f Ohkcfz z~fk hk ikqi|h|ifk

    apfe R+O+ Lfkhdl$ h mfe~h|pif| }jpqikb h} hlqi}fp |f Moihkb Chi%}ojc+ Ik Ohkcfz\ie~jpdjy pjmjiqjl azkl} jhpehpcjl afp |oj ~pflzm|ifk fa hk|i%Gh~hkj}j ~pf~hbhklh+ H}

    }ffk h} oj pj|zpkjl |f ]ohkbohi$ oj }j| |f rfpc+ \oj `ffc \ie~jpdjy rpf|j ik oi}

    mh~hmi|y h} hbjk| ~pfqfmh|jzp afp |oj Moihkb bfqjpkejk| rh} Roh| Rhp Ejhk}+ I| rh}

    `h}jl fk dj||jp} hkl |jdjbphe} apfe @h|j} hkl Ai|mo ik Khkgikb$ h} rjdd h} lfmzejk|}

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    30/36

    =>

    i}}zjl `y |oj Ik|jpkh|ifkhd Mfeei||jj$ hkl ik|jkljl |f }jpqj h} ~pf~hbhklh

    ljefk}|ph|ikb |oj `pz|hdi|y fa Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp}+ \ojpjafpj$ rj kfr ckfr |oh| i|} mfk|jk|$ahp apfe `jikb }z`}|hk|ih|jl ahm|$ rh} ~zpj ~pf~hbhklh+ Ipi} Mohkb pjdijl ojhqidy fk

    \ie~jpdjy} `ffc+

    \ie~jpdjy rh} |oj aip}| |f `pfhmo |oj aibzpj fa =>>$>>> qim|ie} /ljhl fp rfzkljlMoikj}j |pff~} hkl miqidihk})+ @z| oj rh} kf| pjajppikb |f mh}zhd|ij} ik Khkgikb$ `z| ik hk

    j|jk}iqj rhp wfkj$ i+j+$ mjk|phd Moikh+ Azp|ojpefpj$ oj faajpjl kf ahm|zhd `h}i} afp oi}

    mdhie}$ kfp lil oj lf hky pj}jhpmo lj}ibkjl |f hppiqj h| |oje+ I| i} qjpy dicjdy |oh|\ie~jpdjy }ie~dy ikqjk|jl |oj kze`jp+ Pjhljp} rof hpj kf| aheidihp ri|o |oj Moikj}j

    dhkbzhbj ehy `j ik|jpj}|jl |f djhpk |oh| |oj kze`jp |opjj i} fa|jk z}jl ik Moikh |f ejhk

    ehky+ ^jpoh~} \ie~jpdjy mof}j i| afp |oh| pjh}fk+ Oj ehy ohqj |ofzbo| |oh| afp oi}

    ~zp~f}j} =>$>>> rh} |ff ajr$ hkl |opjj eiddifk |ff ehky+ H| |oj IE\AJ ~pf}jmz|fp}pjajppjl fa|jk |f Roh| Rhp Ejhk}$ |oj }fzpmj fa |oj hmmz}h|ifk |oh| Gh~hkj}j eidi|hpy

    ~jp}fkkjd }dhzbo|jpjl =>>$>>> Moikj}j+ @z| `jmhz}j |oi} aibzpj rh} h mfkmfm|ifk$ i|

    `jmhej lfpehk| ha|jp |oj IE\AJ jkljl$ kf| pjhpikb i|} zbdy ojhl hbhik zk|id |oj 892>}$

    rojk |oj Moikj}j pj}zppjm|jl i|+ Hpejl ri|o |oi} ckfrdjlbj$ rj mhk }jj ofrejhkikbdj}} i| i}+ Kjqjp|ojdj}}$ |oj kze`jp =>>$>>> i} jkbphqjl ik ozbj kzejphd} fk |oj

    pffa fa |oj Khkgikb Eh}}hmpj Ejefpihd Ohdd+

    Ef}| Hejpimhk} ohqj }jjk mfqjphbj fa |oj Kjr Yfpc fp Moimhbf ehph|ofk fk |jdjqi}ifk+

    \opjj ozklpjl |ofz}hkl i} ehky |iej} |oj kze`jp fa ~hp|imi~h|ikb pzkkjp}+ I| i}

    ikmpjli`dj |oh| ik |oi}$ |oj 08}|

    mjk|zpy$ |oj ^PM mfk}iljp} gz}|iaih`dj i|} mfk|jk|ifk |oh||oj Gh~hkj}j ezpljpjl h bpjh| kze`jp fa ~jf~dj /ehky |iej} |oj kze`jp fa pzkkjp} rof

    mfe~dj|jdy mfqjp `pilbj} hkl pfhl} afp }jqjphd ozklpjl ej|jp} pibo| ha|jp |oj `jbikkikb

    fa h ehph|ofk)$ hkl |oh| ri|oik h }ofp| ~jpifl fa |iej$ hkl |ojk `zpijl |ojip `flij} fplze~jl |oje ik |oj Yhkbwi Piqjp+ \oj Moikj}j hd}f mfk|ikzj |f i}}zj ~pf~hbhklh

    lfmzejk|} hkl aide}+ \oi} i} `johqifp |oh| ehcj} fkj ri}o |ojy rfzdl |hcj h dfkb$ ohpl

    dffc h| h ehph|ofk+

    I of~j I ohqj ehkhbjl |f mfkqikmj |of}j rof ohqj ohl |oj ~h|ijkmj |f pjhl |oi} ahp |oh|

    |ojpj hpj ozbj li}mpj~hkmij} `j|rjjk hmmz}h|ifk} |oh| |oj Gh~hkj}j ciddjl =>>$>>> ik

    Khkgikb hkl |oj jqjk|} hm|zhddy j~jpijkmjl `y Hejpimhk}$ hkl |oh| |oj eh}}hmpj |hdj

    rh} }~zk afp ~pf~hbhklh ~zp~f}j}+ \rf fa |oj kikj Hejpimhk} pjehikikb ik Khkgikb/|ojpj rjpj 0: afpjibkjp} ik hdd)$ @h|j} hkl Ai|mo mfk}~ipjl |f ehkzahm|zpj ~pf~hbhklh h}

    }ffk h} Khkgikb ajdd+ \oj f|ojp Hejpimhk}$ rof}j fkdy f|ojp }fzpmj fa ikafpeh|ifk rh}

    ojhp}hy$ `jdijqjl |oje+ \ojk @h|j} hpbzejk| `jbhk |f `hddffk+ I ohqj hdpjhly }|h|jl |oh|Ai|mo rh} hk hm|iqi}| rof j}|h`di}ojl h ~pf%Moikj}j$ hk|i%Gh~hkj}j fpbhkiwh|ifk /}jj Kf|j

    0)$ `z| ridd hll ojpj |oh| Ai|mo} riaj Bjphdlikj rh} h apijkl fa Moihkb} riaj$ ]ffkb

    Eji%dikb+ @h|j} hkl Ai|mo }jk| mf~y |f \ie~jpdjy$ rof rh} ik |oj ~pfmj}} fa ~z`di}oikb

    Roh| Rhp Ejhk}+ \of}j |opjj ejk dhzkmojl |oj kf|ifk fa |oj Khkgikb eh}}hmpj fz|

    ik|f |oj rfpdl+ \ojip jaafp|} kf|ri|o}|hklikb$ |ojpj i} kf jqiljkmj iklimh|ikb |oh| |oj

    `ffc jkgfyjl rilj mipmzdh|ifk+ ^pf}jmz|fp} h| |oj IE\AJ ehlj z}j fa i|$ `z| i| |ojk

    li}h~~jhpjl zk|id |oj 892>}$ rojk |oj ^PM z}jl i| h} h ~fdi|imhd |ffd+ \oi} ahm| hdfkjmfk}|i|z|j} ~pffa |oh| |oj Khkgikb eh}}hmpj rh} ah`pimh|jl$ hkl |oh| |ojpj rjpj$ fa mfzp}j$

    kf jyjri|kj}}j} |f h eh}}hmpj+

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    31/36

    =8

    Ik mfkmdz}ifk$ I rfzdl dicj |f ik|pflzmj |rf Moikj}j pjajpjkmj} /}z`ei||jl |f |oj IE\AJ`y |oj ~pf}jmz|ifk)+ \ojy hpj$ |f |oj `j}| fa ey ckfrdjlbj$ zkckfrk |f hkyfkj f|ojp

    |ohk Gh~hkj}j }mofdhp}+ \oj aip}| i} apfe h pj~fp| apfe hk johz}|iqj ikqj}|ibh|ifk

    mfklzm|jl `y |oj ~pf}jmz|ifk ik|f |oj eh}}hmpj ~jp~j|ph|jl `y Gh~hkj}j eidi|hpy

    ~jp}fkkjd+

    Lzpikb |oi} |iej$ ofrjqjp$ |oj Gh~hkj}j ohl ~z| }f ezmo jaafp| |f ljmjiqjhkl ik|jppz~| |oj ikqj}|ibh|ifk}$ |oh| i| lj~pj}}jl |oj bjkjphd ~z`dim+ Kf| fkdy

    rjpj |oj kze`jp fa ~jf~dj pj~fp|ikb |oj Gh~hkj}j mpiej} j|pjejdy ajr$ `z| hd}f

    jqjk rojk qi}i|jl `y ikqj}|ibh|fp} xzj}|ifkikb$ |ojy rfzdl biqj fz| kf

    ikafpeh|ifk+ \ojpj rjpj }fej rof rfzdl kf| |jdd |oj mfe~dj|j ahm|}$ roidj

    f|ojp} pjaz}jl |f |jdd |oj |pz|o afp ajhp fa |ojip pj~z|h|ifk+ \ojpj rjpj }fej

    rof efqjl |ojip pj}iljkmj `jafpj |oj ikqj}|ibh|fp} mfzdl mhdd fk |oje$ hkl xzi|j

    h ajr rof}j ah|j rh} zkckfrk+

    \oi} ikqj}|ibh|ifk rh} mfklzm|jl apfe 89?+

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    32/36

    =0

    ^jpoh~} \}jk rh} kf| hrhpj fa |oj lj|hidjl pj~fp| |oh| Qhz|pik$ ojp }z~jpifp$ ohl

    }z`ei||jl |f |oj mfddjbj hz|ofpi|ij}+ Ckfrikb |oh| |oj IE\AJ ohkljl lfrk gzlbejk|}fk |oj `h}i} fa bpfzkldj}} ah`pimh|ifk} dicj |oi} fkj$ roh| mfkmdz}ifk} ohqj yfz pjhmojl

    h`fz| |oj }f%mhddjl Khkgikb eh}}hmpj6

    8 ^pfa+ Oibh}oikhchkf ]ozlf li}mfqjpjl h kjr}~h~jp hp|imdj /}ofrk h| dja|) ik |oj

    Ljmje`jp 88$ 89=2 jli|ifk fa |oj Ozk|ikblfk$ ^jkk}ydqhkih Lhidy Kjr} }|h|ikb |oh|

    @h|j} rh} hk hlqi}fp |f |oj Moihkb bfqjpkejk|$ hefkb f|ojp Khkgikb%pjdh|jl lfmzejk|}ik |oj ~f}}j}}ifk fa Yhdj Zkiqjp}i|y+ \oj |j| fa |oj hp|imdj `jdfr @h|j} ~of|fbph~o$zkljp |oj ojhldikj Ik Khkcikb Ri|o Pf~j} afp Rhdd}$ pjhl} h} afddfr}7

    Afp efpj ikafpeh|ifk$ }jj Oibh}oikhchkf ]ozlf$ jl+ Khkcik gicjk7 Cfczeik|f bfczoi

    `zk}of chph yfei|fcz /Zkljp}|hklikb |oj Khkcikb Ikmiljk| ri|o |oj hil fa |f~%}jmpj|Kh|ifkhdi}| lfmzejk|}) /\fcyf7 ]f}oi}oh$ 0>>1)$ ~~+ 88?%9+ Afp |oj Jkbdi}o |phk}dh|ifk$

    }jj \f~%]jmpj| Moikj}j Kh|ifkhdi}| Lfmzejk|} Pjqjhd |oj \pz|o h`fz| |oj Khkcikb

    Ikmiljk|/|phk}dh|jl `y ]fmij|y afp |oj Li}}jeikh|ifk fa Oi}|fpimhd Ahm|)$ o||~7&&rrr+}lo%

    ahm|+mfe&MD>0V8&02V]>> ^pf|j}|hk| bpfz~} hkl hkmiddhpy `flij}+ I| rh}

    ieejk}jdy ikadzjk|ihd ik mfkqikmikb |oj Pff}jqjd| hleiki}|ph|ifk |f }z~~fp| Moikh+

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    33/36

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    34/36

    =>< /Khkcik hkwjk moi|hi kf cipfcz chkyhcz |fcjkcyz /Mfe~dj|j |phk}dh|ifk hkl hkhdy}i} faLfmzejk|} fa |oj Khkcikb ]haj|y Wfkj)

    `y \jkljk}oh+

    :+

    Hd}f$ ik h dj||jp |f }fej apijkl} lh|jl H~pid 80$ 89=?$ @h|j} rpi|j}7

    Efpjfqjp$ |oj `ffc z}j} h }|h|jejk| roimo I ~pj~hpjl fk |oj 8:|o fa Ljmje`jp

    |f `j z|idiwjl `y |oj qhpifz} mfppj}~fkljk|} diqikb S}imU Khkcikb fk |oh| lh|j+

    /JE =

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    35/36

    =:

    Ik oi} hp|imdj ik |oj Ljmje`jp 8?$ 89=2 jli|ifk fa |oj Kjr Yfpc \iej}$ Lzplik rpi|j} fa

    rofdj}hdj h|pfmi|ij} hkl qhklhdi}e h| Khkcikb$ fa ciddikb}$ fa rofdj}hdj dff|ikb$ |oj

    qifdh|ifk fa rfejk$ |oj ezpljp fa miqidihk}+ Oj lj}mpi`j} Khkgikb h} |phk}afpejl ik|f

    h mi|y fa |jppfp+ Lzplik hll}$ Hky ~jp}fk rof phk `jmhz}j fa ajhp fp jmi|jejk| rh}dicjdy |f `j ciddjl fk |oj }~f| h} rh} hky fkj mhzbo| `y pfqikb ~h|pfd} ik }|pjj|} fp hddjy}

    ha|jp lz}c+ Ehky }dhyikb} rjpj ri|kj}}jl `y afpjibkjp}+

    I| i} xzi|j mdjhp |oh| @h|j} ejefphklze afpejl |oj `h}i} afp |oj}j |rf hp|imdj}+ \ojhm|zhd }i|zh|ifk ik Khkgikb rh} lph}|imhddy liaajpjk|$ h} mhk `j }jjk apfe dj||jp} rpi||jk `y

    afpjibk pj}iljk|} fa Khkcikb |f |ojip pjdh|iqj}+

    ? ]ey|oj i} pjajppikb |f Azczlh \fczyh}z$ h Afpjibk Eiki}|py mdjpc+ Dh|jp oj rh} ~piqh|j

    }jmpj|hpy |f ^piej Eiki}|jp Yf}oilh ]oibjpz$ h eje`jp fa |oj Dfrjp Ofz}j fa |oj

    Gh~hkj}j Lij|$ eiki}|jp fa ljajk}j$ hkl eiki}|jp fa ~f}|} hkl |jdjmfeezkimh|ifk}+ \oj

    afddfrikb hpj jmjp~|} apfe hk ik|jpqijr mfklzm|jl `y rpi|jp \hkhch Eh}hhci+

    Ey lz|ij} ikmdzljl qi}i|ikb |oj faaimj fa |oj Ik|jpkh|ifkhd Mfeei||jj$ hk

    fpbhkiwh|ifk afpejl `y afpjibk kh|ifkhd}$ kjhpdy jqjpy lhy+ \ojpj rh} ezmo

    mfeikb hkl bfikb fa Moikj}j yfz|o}$ rof rjpj pj~fp|ikb ikmiljk|}+ Z}zhddy$

    roh| |ojy ohl |f }hy rh} }fej|oikb dicj |oj afddfrikb7 Gh~hkj}j }fdlijp} hpjbhkb%ph~ikb 8: fp 81 bipd} fk _ ]|pjj| pibo| kfr fp H `hkl fa Gh~hkj}j

    }fdlijp} oh} `pfcjk ik|f h ofz}j fk \hi~ikb ]|pjj|$ hkl i} kfr `zpbdhpiwikb i|+Roimojqjp Mfeei||jj eje`jp fp eje`jp} rh} hqhidh`dj /Pjq+ Ehbjj hkl Ep+

    Ai|mo$ afp ik}|hkmj) rfzdl ~pfmjjl |f |y~j z~ |oj pj~fp|} pibo| ik apfk| fa ey jyj}+

    I qfimjl ey f`gjm|ifk} |f |oj}j pj~fp|} hky kze`jp fa |iej}7 Gz}| h efejk|

    yfz mhk| }z`ei| h ~pf|j}| ri|ofz| qjpiayikb |oi} ikmiljk|+ ]fej|iej} I rfzdlik}i}| |oh| Mfeei||jj eje`jp} hmmfe~hky ej |f |oj }i|j rojpj |oj ph~j fp

    dff|ikb ohl }z~~f}jldy |hcjk ~dhmj+ Rojk rj hppiqjl |ojpj$ rj kjqjp afzkl

    jqiljkmj fa h mpiej} ohqikb `jjk mfeei||jl+ Kfkj fa |oj}j ~dhmj} rh} jqjkfmmz~ijl+ \oi} oh~~jkjl mfzk|dj}} |iej}+

    /]jj Eh}hhci \hkhch$ Khkcik gicjk kf }fch|}z /Roh| pjhddy oh~~jkjl ik Khkcikb)

    \fcyf7 \jkljk}oh$ 0>>8)3 rrr+}lo%ahm|+mfe&MD>0V8&2V]

  • 7/30/2019 NO AMERICAN WITNESSED THE NANJING MASSACRE

    36/36

    }jj+ Mfdh rjk| |ojpj dh|jp hkl }hil |oj ehk ohl `jjk }of| |rimj ik |oj ojhl+ /JE

    828)

    I| }jje} |oh| h ehk rof |pijl |f j}mh~j afp }fej pjh}fk fp f|ojp rh} }of|+ @z| h} Ehbjj

    rpi|j}$ oj rh} kf| h ri|kj}} |f |oj ciddikb+ Rojk mfpkjpjl h| |oj IE\AJ$ oj hlei||jl |f

    ohqikb }jjk fkj ezpljp$ `z| jqjk |oh| rh} h dij+

    Kfp lil oi} dij} jkl |ojpj+ Rojk h}cjl h| |oj IE\AJ h`fz| |oj ~f~zdh|ifk fa Khkgikb$

    Ehbjj }hil |oh| 0>>$>>> Moikj}j ohl }fzbo| pjazbj ik |oj ]haj|y Wfkj3 |ojk oj ohl |ojbhdd |f hll |oh| |ojpj rjpj h| djh}| =>>$>>> fz|}ilj |oj ]haj|y Wfkj$ roimo rh} ~h|jk|dy

    zk|pzj+ Jqjpy }ikbdj eje`jp fa |oj Ik|jpkh|ifkhd Mfeei||jj ckjr |oh| |ojpj rjpj qjpy

    ajr ~jf~dj$ ia hky$ fz|}ilj |oj wfkj+ \oh| i} roy |ojy rjpj h`dj |f lpiqj hpfzkl |oj mi|y

    ri|o }zmo jh}j+ @z| Ehbjj |fdl h mfdf}}hd dij fk |oj ri|kj}} }|hkl$ ~jpoh~} `jmhz}j ojrh} mfkailjk| |oh| kf fkj ik |oj mfzp|pffe ckjr jkfzbo |f xzj}|ifk oi} |j}|iefky+

    8>Rj ckfr afp mjp|hik |oh| \ie~jpdjy rh} hk hbjk| ~pfqfmh|jzp afp |oj Moikj}j

    Kh|ifkhdi}| ^hp|y apfe Hk Fqjpqijr fa ^pf~hbhklh F~jph|ifk} Mfklzm|jl `y |ojIk|jpkh|ifkhd Ikafpeh|ifk Liqi}ifk$ Mjk|phd ^pf~hbhklh @zpjhz$ Kh|ifkhdi}| ^hp|y /ik

    |oj ~f}}j}}ifk fa |oj Kh|ifkhdi}| ^hp|y Hpmoiqj} ik \hi~ji)+ Ik hlli|ifk |f `jikb |oj jli|fpfaRoh| Rhp Ejhk} /~z`di}ojl ik Bpjh| @pi|hik `y Qim|fp Bfddhkmw D|l+)$ \ie~jpdjy phk

    |oj \phk}%^hmiaim Kjr} ]jpqimj$ h }z~~f}jldy kjz|phd fpbhkiwh|ifk mfk|pfddjl ik hm|zhdi|y

    `y |oj Kh|ifkhdi}| ^hp|y$ roimo }jk| kjr} pjdjh}j} |f |oj Z]+ /Afp efpj ikafpeh|ifk$ }jj

    Ci|hezph Eikfpz$ \oj ^fdi|im} fa Khkgikb7 Hk Ie~hp|ihd Ikqj}|ibh|ifk$ |phk}+ Ohd Bfdl/Dhkohe$ Ehpydhkl7 Zkiqjp}i|y ^pj}} fa Hejpimh$ 0>>2)+