Discussion Meeting on Algae based Bio-Fuels

for

Aerospace Applications

By

S . Ramamurthy

National Aerospace LaboratoriesNational Aerospace Laboratories

Bangalore-560 017

9 November2011

CONTENTS

OBJECTIVE

WORLD SENARIO ON POLLUTION

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION

COMPONENTS PRODUCING POLLUTION

CHARCATERIZATION OF AIRCRAFT COMBUSTOR

TECHNOLOGIES TO REDUCE POLLUTIONTECHNOLOGIES TO REDUCE POLLUTION

ALTERNATE FUELS

NAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIO FUELS

ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCES

ENVIORNMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES DGCA

CONCLUSIONS

DO WE NEED ALTERNATE GREEN FUEL ???

YES

WHY WE NEED???

OBJECTIVE

WHY WE NEED???

JUSTIFIED

WHAT FUEL???

4000shp, 72PAX,1650km 500km/h

CENTURY DIFFERENCE

Wright Brothers' Aircraft (1903)

127000kgs, 555 PAX,14800km,1065km/hr

RR+GE+P&W

275kgs,36m,12s

THE PROBLEM

Man-made (anthropogenic) CO2 emissions have a deleterious

effect on the environment because they contribute to

excessive concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the

atmosphere which cause global warming

Many areas of the world are experiencing climate change believed to be caused by the blanket of GHGs surrounding the

THE PROBLEM

GHGs surrounding the Earths atmosphere

Greenland Losing ice faster than it can be replaced

Alaskan Coastal Villages 2,000 year existence is threatened by

warming water and tidal erosion

Aircraft CO2 emissions account for only 2% of

total global CO2

emissions but have

THE PROBLEM

emissions but have

increased by 87% since

1990

Projection: rise in aircraft emissions will

accompany rise in

passengers

THE PROBLEM

passengers

228 million passengers in 2005

465 million passengers in 2030

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES FOR TRANSPORTATION

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES FOR AVIATION

IMPACT OF AVIATION EMISSION AND NOISE

HOW DO AVIATION-RELATED EMISSIONS AFFECT THE CLIMATE?

Carbon DioxideKnown global warmer: released in large quantities that linger longer

than others

Green House Gases (GHG) Trap heat from the sun in the earths atmosphere, making the Earth

habitable. Excess amounts of GHGs make the earth too warm

Water VaporHelps form condensation trails at high altitudes

Nitrogen OxidesProduces harmful ozone with sunlight but beneficially reduces

methane

Sulphate ParticlesReflect radiation

Soot ParticlesAbsorb heat

Aircraft Pollution

Aircraft pollute more than any other mode of transportation per passenger

Aircraft Car Train

191 grams of CO2 143 grams of CO2 43 grams of CO2

CO2 emissions released during round-trip flight = heating a home for a year

WHAT HAPPENS IN UPPER ATMOSPHERE?

Airplane condensation trails (contrails) across the English Channel

According to the IPCC, aviation produces 2-4 times more pollutionthan other industries because of place of pollution: high altitudes

IPCC-Inter government climate change

AEROENGINE

COMBUSTOR IN AIRCRAFT GAS TURBINE

A combustor is a component of a gas turbine engine where combustion takes

place. It is also known as a burner or flame can.

In a gas turbine engine, the main combustor or combustion chamber is fed high

pressure air by the compression system and feeds the hot, high pressure exhaust pressure air by the compression system and feeds the hot, high pressure exhaust

into the turbine components of the engine.

Combustors play a crucial role in many engine characteristics, including the fuel

efficiency of the engine and the level of emissions created by the engine.

FUNCTION OF COMBUSTION CHAMBER

To add energy to the system to power the turbines, and produce a high velocity gas to

exhaust through the nozzle in aircraft applications.

Completely combust the fuel

Low pressure loss across the combustor

The flame (combustion) must be held (contained) inside of the combustor.

Uniform exit temperature profile. Uniform exit temperature profile.

Small physical size and weight.

Wide range of operation

Environmental low emissions

AERO ENGINE COMBUSTOR CHARCTERIZATION

1. SPRAY QUALITY (Sauter Mean Diameter-SMD)

2. COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY (Fuel Energy Utilization)

3. TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION-Pattern factor

4. EMISSION Exhaust Gas Composition

COMPONENTS OF EMISSIONS

Five major components

Smoke

Carbon Dioxide (CO ), Carbon Dioxide (CO2),

Carbon monoxide(CO),

Unburned hydrocarbons (UHC),

Nitrogen oxides (Nox)

Composition TYPICAL %

NOX 620 34

CO2 850 46CO2 850 46

UHC 360 20

SMOKE 10

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

CAEP Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection

NOx Emissions Emission Metric (Dp/Foo)

Despite this progress in fuel efficiency, the aviation industry must

make considerable efforts to reduce absolute CO2 emissions

FUEL BURN

Improvements in fuel burn are dramatically more important than EMC

Improvements to fuel burn are 10 times more powerful than those to

Engine Maintenance costs

Technologies Can Further Reduce

Emissions

LIFT(aerodynamic)

Aerodynamics:

CFD

MDO

Wing/Fuselage Design

Alternative Fuels:

Biokerosene

DRAG(aerodynamic)

WEIGHT(structural efficiency)

TRUST(propusion efficiency)

Advanced Structures:

Composites

Metallic

Advanced Materials

Advanced Systems:

More Electric

Advanced Avionics and

Flight Control

F U T U R E A I R C R A F T

Environmentally sustainable

Not compete with existing food resources

Drop-in replacement for traditional jet fuel

Cost competitive

REQUIREMENT FOR FUEL

The airline industry seeks to develop non-food bio fuel which will offer aircraft cheaper fuel without affecting global food supplies

Convert biological material into renewable jet fuel that performs identically to traditional fuels while meeting the stringent performance specifications for flight.

FACTORS ALTERNATIVE FUEL OPTIONS

There are a number of alternative fuel options for aviation.

Main criteria for optimum fuel efficiency:

Aircraft need to be lightweight and have low drag (as well as efficient engines and wings)

Aircraft fuel needs to have a high energy content per unit volume and weight Aircraft fuel needs to have a high energy content per unit volume and weight

Most important - must remain liquid at low temperatures

PROPULSION DIVISION AT NAL

Has capability for characterizing and testing of bio fuels on aerospace combustors

Versatile large scale combustion test rigs

Aircraft combustors can be tested at flight conditions using bio jet fuels

Facility for spray Characterization

Fuel spray nozzles can be optimized with the facility for blend mixture

Emission and Smoke Analyzers

To evaluate engine exhaust gas compositionsTo evaluate engine exhaust gas compositions

Lab. Scale reactor

Conversion of bio mass to bio jet compatible with jet fuel

55HP Rotary Wankel Engine

NAL SARAS CIVIL AIRCRAFT-WITH DGCA CLEARANCE

LIFECYCLE GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY FUEL TYPE

CLIMATE MITIGATION METHODOLOGIES FOR TRANSPORTATION

Mitigation strategies for carbon footprint

Alternate fuels will play a key role in reducing CO2 / GHG reduction

Provide the aviation industry with a sustainable alternative to petroleum

based fuel

Enable the industry to reduce itscarbon footprint by reducing its

greenhouse gas emission

Allow to draw upon a variety of

WHY USE BIOFUELS FOR AVIATIONLPGS(Propane/Butanes/Propelenes/Butelenes)

Finished Motor Gasolene

Kerosene and Kerosene Type of Jet Fuel

3.5

18.6

4.1Available

Allow to draw upon a variety of different fuel sources to balance

supply/demand and cost fluctuations

Easier to implement than for othertransport modes

Drop in alternative to current fuels

Jet Fuel from petroleum crude is less than 5%

Kerosene and Kerosene Type of Jet Fuel

Heating Oil and Diesel Fuel

Naptha

Petoleium Coke

Lubricants, Waxes, Asphalt, Tar & Fuel Oil

4.1

11.7

1.1

3.3

2.2

Available

US Yields

in gallon

from a

Barrel of

Crude oil

Transport

Feed Stock Growth

FlightFlight

Distribution

At Airports

Conventional Fuel Bio Fuel

HOW DOES BIO FUEL HELP

Refining

Processing

Transport

Distribution

At Airports

Transport

Refining

Transport

Extraction

At Airports

Carbon dioxide emitted will be reabsorbed

as the next generation of feedstock is grown.

At each stage in the distribution chain,

carbon dioxide is emitted through energy use

Bio fuel Reduces Net CO2 into atmosphere

Ground Cultivation Raw Material Jet Fuel Aircraft Tank Operation

GHG PM,NOX,SO2,H2OGHG

CO

H2O

Transport CombustionProcessingRecovery

Change in

Land usage

Environmental Life Cycle Analysis

Well to-wake Life cycle Emissions & Energy

CO2

Relative net CO2 emission including production

-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Bio jet

F-T Bio mass

F-T Natural Gas

F-T Coal No. Seq

F-T Coal Seq

Jet A

Jet Fuel from crude oil

Bio Jet from synthesis

Bio mass from woody bio mass

?

??

EUROPEAN ENVIORNMENT AND ENERGY POLICY

Security of supplyInfrastructure for energy supply

Diversification : Renewable energy sources

- Includes transport : Bio Fuels

20:20:20 Targets by 2020Minus 20% green house gas emission

20:20:20 Targets by 2020Minus 20% green house gas emission

Improve energy efficiency by 20%

-Incentive through emissions Trading scheme

-Directive on energy performance of building applies

20% market share for renewable energies sources

- New Renewable Energies Directive:

10% bio fuels in transport

ASTM FUEL EVALUATION PROCESS

SOURCES OF ALTERNATE FUEL FEEDSTOCK THAT COULD BE USED WITHIN 10 YRS.

EXPLORING SUSTAINABLE BIOSTOCKS

POTENTIAL ALTERNATE AVIATION FUELS

ULS-Ultra Low Sulpher, SPK-Synthetic Paraffin Kerosene, HRJ-Hydra treated Renewable Kerosene

Alternate Fuel

Sources

Process Principal

Customers

Aviation Fuel

Status

COAL TO JET FUEL(CTL) *Fisher Tropsch

*Syngas (CO,H2) followed by

hydroprocessing to jet fuel

*US Military Certified by ASTMFuel production ramp upunderwayCOAL TO JET FUEL(GTL)

ALTERNATE FOSSIL SOURCES

Tar Sands/Shale, etc

*Requires high energy

sources for processing,

example Tar Sands

* Shale thru hydro

processing using catalysis

*Transportation and energy

industries

*Tar Sand Jet Fuel in

production

* Net CO2(life cycle )is a

concern

GEN 1 BIO FUELS *Oil extractions thru hydro *Potential applications in *Not in production because

SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL ALTERNATE AVIATION FUELS

GEN 1 BIO FUELS

Corn, Sugar Cane,

Plants/Seeds in the food

chain

*Oil extractions thru hydro

processing

*Ethanol basis for niche

markets

*Potential applications in

niche markets(e.g. Brazil,

China, India etc.)

*Not in production because

of cost and food chain

impact, technical challenges

due to heat release impact of

ethanol

GEN 2 BIO FUELS

Plant Oils not competing

with Food Chain, Camelina,

Jetropa,Babassu,halophytes

etc.

*Oil extraction involving

facilitators

* Bio crude hydroprocesed

to jet fuel

*Military commercial

*20% introduction by 2020 is

the goal

*Being investigated by

aviation companies ASTM

and demonstrator programs

* Certification of

process(ASTM) underway

GEN 3 BIO FUELS

Algae Sources

Cellulosic Plants, Switch

Grass and Sugar Cane

Biostock

*Hydro processed jet fuel

* Fermentation process and

finish up to jet fuel

Much research and process

development underway for

algae(15-25 yr horizon for

significant production)

*High potential for aviation

in the mid to long term (cost

is a concern)

ALTERNATE FUEL FLIGHT TESTS TO DATE

ENERGY CONTENT COMPARISION

ALGAE HAS HIGH ENERGY CONTENT ALGAE CAN BE GROWN VERTICALLY

COMPARISION OF BIO-FUEL PLANT RESORCES

Although Algae requires the most energy to grow and refine, it requires the least amount

of land and its refinement produces the least amount of greenhouse gas.

Conclusion- algae is the most viable bio-fuel for aerospace application

RELATIVE COSTS OF PRODUCING JET FUELS FROM DIFFERENT FEED STOCK

Alternate fuel options

Benefits/hurdles of alternate fuel

Cultivation

CONCLUSIONS

1. Need for alternate fuels

2. Bio fuels are being used in aerospace industries

3. Debating and discussions look for the following

Cultivation

Process of oil conversion

Photo bioreactor technologies

Characterization

Blending

Investment and economic viability

COLLOBORATION BETWEEN NIOT & NAL

FOR BIO FUEL DEVELOPEMENT