Nightingale Health Journal (Nov-2013)

8/13/2019 Nightingale Health Journal (Nov-2013)

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Reader's Digest

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Family Health

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The Voice

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U Kyaw Swe Facebook

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'D vd k vk yf zd k Y jref rmEd k if iH aq; aumifpDOya'udk jy|mef;xm; ayr,f h aq;ukcG if h vd k ifpif r&S d bJ vlemawGudk Munfh½I ppfaq; uk ojcif;? a&'D ,dk? *sme,f? o

aq;aumifpDjyóem wif;pm? r*¾Zif;awGuwqifh ay:ay:xifxif aMumf jimjcif;? tmrcH txl;avQmhaps;rsm;e JY a,mifjyqGJaqmifNyD; aiGaMu; rsm; n§ pf ,l jcif;? jrefrmpum;- t*F vdyf pum;rwwf aom y nm&S if qd k ol rsm;? ol emjyK? uRrf ; usifqdkolrsm;udk ac:,luko apjcif;r sm; vkyfaeMuw,f? 'Dvd kjzpf&wm[m Oya'bJ&SdNyD ; enf;Oya'r&Sdao;wm? Oya' udk,füu acwfeJYrnDwmawG aMumif h vd k Y cG J pd wf txl ;uk orm; awmf ygarmu© a'gufwm jr od ef ;[ef (tNid rf ;pm; Ad k vf rS L;csKyf ESi fh wyfrawmfaq;0efxr f; ñT ef Mum;a&;rS L;a[mif ;) u a0 zef xm;ygw,f/

Family Health

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usef ;rma&;*sme,ftrS wf-38? Ed k 0ifbmv? 2013-ckES pf NIGHTINGALE 3

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jref rmbuf rS 21)? aoewf 'Pf &m 15 (xd k if ;buf rS 8? jref rmbuf rS7)? rd k if ;xd vl em 3 (xd k if ;buf urf ;rS 2? jref rmbuf rS 1) &S d cJ h ygw,f/ar;/ q&mwkdYtaeeJY b,fvkdtrsdK;tpm;ukd vTJajymif;wm (referral)

vkyfovJ/ ajz/ acgif;rSm 'Pf&m&NyD ;owdarhwmwk dYvkd qk d;qkd ;&Gm;&Gm;aygh/ usaemfwkd Y wk duf ½k duf rykdYEkdifwmawmifrS ol wkdYukd ajymjy&wmaygh / bmaMumif h vJ qk d &if usaemf wk d YrS mvnf ; referral vk yf zk d Yu tcuf tcJ trsdK;rsdK;&Sd w,f/ uav;qkd &ifawmh enf ;enf ;OD;pm;ay;NyD; ykd Yay; w,f/ tm;vk H;ukdawmh ryk dYEkd ifbl ;/ar;/ t½k d ;usdK;wmusawmha&m/ ajz/ t½kd;usd K;wmusawmh wcgwav 'DrS mvkyfay;Ekdifwmvnf; &Sd w,f/ Oyrm ajcacsmif ;/ vufacsmif ;rS mqkd &if usaemfwk dYtaeeJ Y ausmufywfwD; jyef pnf;ay;vkdY&w,f/

ar;/ oHacsmif ;xnf h wma&mvk yfovm;/ ajz/ tJ'gawmh rvkyfbl;/ aq;½kHBuD;rSmyJ vkyfw,f/ar;/ vlemawGu trsm;tm;jzifh rJaqmufuvm;/ jr0wDuvlemawGa&m rsm;vm;/ ajz/ jr0wD zufuvl emawGvnf ; &Sd w,f/ 'DzufukdyJ tm;uk d;NyD; vmMuw,fav/ar;/ jzwf wmawG vk yfovm;/ ajz/ vk yf w,f/ ajym&r,f qk d &if Oyrm- aq;vd yf aomuf rsm;wJ h ol awGqk d&if ajcaxmufykyfoGm;wwf w,f/ olY&JUaoG;awG ppf aq; Munf h w,f/ qD ;csd Ka&m*g&S d wmrsd K;awG usaemf wk d Y 'D rS m jzwf ay;w,f/ar;/ rD ;avmif NyD ; ta&jym;jyeftpm;xk d ;wmrsdK; vk yfovm;/ ajz/ tJ'gvnf; 'gPf&mi,f&if vk yfay;w,f/ tBuD;BuD;awmh rvkyfbl;/

ar;/ tNrJ wrf ;vk yfay;&ovm;/ ajz/ odyfr&S dvkd ygbl ;/ar;/ (a,mufsm;t*Fg)BuD;aq;xkd;xm;wJh vlemawGa&m aemufykdif;

vmao;ovm;/ ajz/ &Sdw,f/ befaumufujyef vmwJhvlawG rsm;w,f wcsdKUqkd &if a,mif ukd if ;NyD; ykyf vmwmawG awGY&w,f / a&jym;jyef uyf ay;

olw kd YXmerS m aygif;tk d;BuD; BuD ;eJ Yay gi f;N yD ; ykd ;ow fw,f/ "mwfa&mifjcnf eJY yd k;owfwmawmh r&Sdao;bl;/ar;/ X-ray ½k d uf wma&m &S dovm;/ ajz/ X-ray awmh r&Sdbl ;/ wu,fvk dY vl emu ½kduf csifw,fqk d&if usaemf wkd Yu request form a&;ay;w,f/ar;/ q&mwk d YXmerS m tcsif ;csif ; &ef jzpf vk d Y 'Pf&m&NyD ; a&muf vm wmrsdK;&Sdovm;/ ajz/ &S dw,f/ "m;eJYxkd ;wmwk dY? yk vif;eJY½kduf wmwkd Y? csdef;Bud K;eJ Y

½kd ufwmwkdY trsdK;rsdK;aygh awG Y&w,f/ar;/ jref rmjynf rS mqk d&if tJ'grsdK;u &Jta&;yd kif wJ htrI (police case) av/tjyifaq;cef;rSm jyvkd Y r&bl;/ a q;½kH BuD;rS myJ jyvk d Y&w,f/ q&mwkd YqD

rS mua&m/ ajz/ 'D rSmvnf ; usaemfwk dYuawmh wwfEkdifoavmuf a&Smifay; w,f/ wcgwav csKyfay;w,f/ 'gayr,fh 'D avmuftxd jyó em BuD ;BuD ;awmh r&S dygbl;/ oli,f csif ; tcsif;csif ; t&ufaomuf NyD ; jzpf wmavmuf yJ qk d awmh vk yf ay;w,f/ "m;xk d ;? aoewf ypf wm rsd K;usawmh usaemfwkdYa&Smifw,f/ odyfrvk yf&Jbl;av/ usaemf wkd YtwGuf jyóem&Sdw,f/ BuHKcJ hzl;wm vnf;&Sd w,fav/ar;/ q&mwk d YtaeeJ Y b,f vk d rsdK;uk d cG J pd wf vk yf uk dif&wm yk d rsm;ovJ/ ajz/ trsm;aomtm;jzifh tlus? rkwf (Hernia, Hydrocele) wkdY ykdrsm;w,f/ aemuf a,musf m;om;aMumjzwf wmwkdY vkyfw,f/

ar;/ ta&;ay:taeeJ Y a&muf vmwmrsdK;usawmha&m/ ajz/ ta&;ay:taeeJYu wcgwavrSyg/ tlusNyD; jyefoG if;r& wmawG/ ajym&r,f qkd &if qkd ;qk d ;&G m;&G m;r[k wf bl;/ vl emuvnf; tajctaet& ½kwfw&ufjzpfvmNyD; 'DrSmvmcG Jwm&S dw,f/ odyfr rsm;bl;/ wu,fvkd Yrsm; tcsd efMumNyDqk d&if awmh usaemfwk dYtaeeJ Y aq;½k HBuD;uk dykdYw,f/ ajym&r,fqk d&if tlawG yk yf Ek difw,f/ar;/ &ef jzpf vk d Y "m;awGeJ Y xk d ;wmrsdK;u Ad k uf xJ teuf BuD ;0ifoG m;wmrsKd ;/ ajz/ tJ'gawmh usaemfwkd YqD rSm rvkyf bl;/ aq;½kH BuD ;ukd yk dYw,f/ar;/ q&mwkdYqDukd ta&;ay:taeeJYa&mufvm&if vlemawGtaeeJYbmuk dt&if vk yfaqmif&r,fqk d wmuk d &Sif ;jyay;yg/ ajz/ wcgwav vl emu aoG ;awG wtm;xG uf w,f/ usaemf wk d YqD u wkd uf ½kd uf vmck dif ;w,f/ vmNyD ;rS vuf rSwf oG m;vkyf vkd Y&w,f/ tJ vkdtajctaerSm vlemu apmifhvk dYr&awmh bl;/ t&ifvk daeNyD/

'D uk d wk d uf ½k d uf rvmbJ eJ Y? vuf rS wf oG m;apmif h qk d &if aoG ;awG yk d xG uf oGm;r,f/ ykdqkd ;oGm;r,f/ aoG ;xGufrsm;&if raumif;bl;/ar;/ tckaemufykdif; q&mwkdYrSm aq;awG? ypönf;awGu bwf*suftajctaet& jywf vyf wmawG &S dovm;/ ajz/ wcgwav aq;awGu rvkHavmuf wmrsdK;awmh &S dygw,f/ tJ vkd tajctaersd K;jzpf vm&if usaemfwk d Yu wjcm;XmeawG uaeNyD ; cP,lok H;xm;&w,f/ wjcm;XmeawG vnf; aq;rvk Havmuf&if usaemf wk d Y Xmeuae cP,l ok H ;aeMuwmyJ/ wcgwav usaemf wk d Y cef YrS ef ;xm;wJ h vl emOD ;a&u enf ;aeNyD ;awmh vl emOD ;a& tajctae t& okH;&wJhaq;awGu rsm;oGm;wmrsdK;&Sdw,f/ usaemfwkdYrSm rvk H avmuf &if wjcm;XmeawG uae,l xm;NyD ; aemuf jyef ay;w,f/ XmeawGtrsm;BuD;qkd ayr,f h 'Dvkd yJ tjyeftvSef aygh/ar;/ Edkufwifa*;*sme,fpmzwfy&dowfudk wjcm;bmrsm; ajymcsif

ygovJ/ ajz/ jzpf Ek d if r,f qk d &if usaemf wk d Yuvnf ; vl emawG uk d vuf urf ;pm apmifav;awG ay;zwf wmrsd K;&S d ygw,f/ ay;zwf &J Uom;eJ Y wcsd KUqk d &if vkyfwJholuawmh vkyfaewkef ;yJ/ t"du ajymcsifwmu (a,muf sm;t*F g)BuD ;aq;xk d ;wmqk d &if raumif ;ygbl;/ vl i,f awG taeeJ Yaygh/ rvk yf zk d YajymaewmyJ/ vk yf wJ h ol uvnf ; vk yf aewmyJ/ raumif;ygbl;/ tJ'g *sme,frSm a&;xnfh ay;apcsifygw,f/

r,faw mfaq;cef;? cGJpdw fukESifh xdcdkuf'P f&mXmewm0efcH

apmt,f hwrG D;ESif hawGUqH kar;jref;jcif;

w, f/ jzwf awmh rjzwf&ygbl ;/ar;/ cGJpdwfwJhud&d,mawGub,f vk dtrsdK;tpm;awG vJ/ aj z/ ud &d,muawm h trsd K;rsd K;&S d wmaygh/ cG J pd wf cef ;rS m okH; zkd Yqk d&if ykd ;owf NyD ;om;

ud &d,maygh/ cGJpdwfcef ;xJrS myJ xm;w,f/ ½kd;½kd; aq;xnf h(Dressing) uk di fr,fqk d& if wae&mrS m xm;w,f/ usaemf wkdY vkyfukdi fNy D;NyDqk d&if IPU

Xmeukd ykdYw,f/ tJ'DXmeuae ykd ;owfay; NyD; jyef yk dYay;w,f/



usef ;rma&;*sme,f trS wf-38? Ed k 0ifbmv? 2013-ckES pf4 NIGHTINGALE

tpyxruawmh twlwl? aemufusawmh rS awG ;ac:yk H awG ajymif;vJcJh Muwmyg/ 'DurÇm ay:rSm acwf rD odyÜ Henf ;us (t aemufwkdif; aq;ynm)qk dwm ay:rvmcifu taemufwkdif; aq;ynmzcifBuD;vkdY todt rS wf jyKMuwJ h *&dvlrsd K; [pf yk d u a&;wD;vnf ; obm0"mwf BuD ; 4 yg; (yx0D? awaZm? tmayg? 0ga,m)uk dyJ tajccHNyD ; rusef ; rmol awG uk d aq;uk o&mrS m pOf ;

pm;awG;ac: tokH;cscJ hwmyg/ aemuf NyD ; 'D buf acwf rS mvk d aq;awmifh (Capsule)? aq; vkH;? aq;jym; (Pills, Tablets)

awG ray:cif xkd;aq;rsdK;pk H(I/M tom;aq;)? I/V taMumaq;?S/c, I/d (ta&jym;xkd;aq;) r&Sd cifwkef;u aq;rI efYeJ Yaq;&nf(Powder, Liquid) tajccHESpf rsdK; om &Sd ygw,f/

'D uaeY acwfrDcGJpdwf ud&d ,m wef qmyvm avqma&mif jcnf (Laser)? *grma&mifjcnf

okH;"g;(Gamma Knife)

?fMRI,

(PET) Scan qk d wmawG uk d ok H ;ae wJh Key Hole Laparoscopic

Surgery ac:wJ h Ak d uf uk d tayguf ao;ao;azmuf ukaewJ h q&m 0efawG&J U rd b? tbkd ;? tbG m; awG u wk dif ;&if;aq;? aq;NrD ; wkdawG&JU aus;Zl;eJ Y touf&Sif oef NyD ; acw fvlom;aemuf aygufawG ukd rsdK;qufjzefYcJ hMu vkdYom vlom;rs dK;E G,fp kawG quf jzpf aewmyg/

aqmifyg ;&Sifu ckvkdtp csD awmh acwf aemuf jyef qG J wJ h ol? avS BuD;xk d ;½k d ;½k d ;? tjrifusOf ;ol vk d Y xif MurS mygyJ/ pma&;ol t jrif rusOf ;? acwf aemufjyef r qGJygbl;/ acwfay:wckwnf ; ukdom txifBuD;od jrif wwf uRrf;orQukd jynf hpkH ukHvkHNyDvkdY em;xifaoG;a&muf? rme*kPf

ajrmufcsif ol awG? aemuf ayguf umvay:? aq;ynm q&m0ef tygt0if wk dif ;&if;aq;ynm? aq; Nr D;wk du kd txiftjri f ao;? ypfy,f½IH UcscsifolawG tm;vk H;ukd &nfpl;NyD ; 'D aqmif; yg;ukd a&;wmjzpfygw,f/

olYtcsde feJYol tcsdefrSef? enf ;vrf ;rS ef qk H ;jzwf? ok H ;wwf zkdY vkdygw,f/ (ig;okdif;rsm;? [if ;[k H )qk d wmrsd K; a&mNyH KNyD ; ok H ; zkdYawmh r[k wfbl;qk dwm owd

csyf apcsif ygw,f/ rsuf ar Smuf acwfumv acwfrD taemufwkd if ; aq;odyÜH ynm[m a&m*gjyóemrsd K;pk H uk d &mEIef;jynhf ajz&S if;Ekd ifNyD vm;/ 'Dar;cGef;ukd t&ifajzMunfhap csif ygw,f/

jynh fpk HNyDvkd Yajz&if ajzqkd ol [m a&wGif ;xJu zm;vkd jrif ol vk d Yqk d &if rS m;r,f rxif ygbl ;/ orm;ppfppf? tawGUtBuHK &ifh usu fo law Guawm h Ekao; w,f vkdY jrifygvdrfh r,f/

'gjzifh&if ta&SUwkdif;aq; ynm (wkdif;&if;aq;ynm)qkd wmua&m acwf aemuf jyef? a&S ; a&S;wkef ;uvk dyJvm;/ Oyrm aq;csd efyrmPukd uG rf;oD ;vkH; cefY? rusnf;aph? a&G;aphi,f yrmPqk dwJh t,ltqa[mif; awG eJY zuf wG ,faeqJ yJvm; qk d wm ar;csi fp&m ay:vmyg w,f/ 'DuaeY wkd;wufajymif; vJ aewJ h acwfBuD;eJ Ytwl wk dif; &if ;aq;awGukd acwf rD aq;csd ef yrmP? aq;awmif h? aq;jym;? tom;aq;? taMumaq;awG ay:ayguf tokH;jyKaewm? pOf quf rjywf aq;ok awoeawG jyKvk yf aeMuwm acwf rD ok w &S d ol wkdif; od Muygw,f/

wkd;wufacwfrDwJh Ekdi fiH wk d if ;vk d vk d rS m obm0aq;buf 0if y&aq;yif? wd&pämef xGuf

ypö nf;awG ukd pepfwus aq; ok awoejyK prf;oyf NyD ; acwf rDaq;0g;awGtjzpf zefwD;ae Muygw,f/ Oyrm- taemuf wk dif ;aq;ynmrS m ckxd &ifqkd if wk dufckduf ajz&S if;&cufcJ aeqJ jzpfwJ h HIV/AIDS a&m*grsdK;awG twG uf vG ,f vG ,f ul ul uk d ,f cH pGrf;tm;ukd jr§ifhwifay;EkdifwJh &J,kd yif (Noni) xG ufypö nf;awG ukd aq;&nftjzpf ypd zdw f ork'´&mwGif; Tahiti Ekd if iH xGuf

ypö nf;eJY tif'k deD;&S m;? uarÇm'D; ,m;Ekdifi Hjzpf aq;vkH;? aq; awmif h? jref rmEk d if iH jzpf &J ,k d azsmf &nf awG xk wf vk yf ok H ;pG J aeMuyg w,f/

aemufwrsdK;uawmh qD; ES if ;? a&cJ zk H ;awmif wef ;awG &S d wJ h [d r0EÅm? wdbufEkdifiH? jrefrm jynf ajrmuf zsm;a'o? w½k wf Ek d if iH taemuf awmif a'ouxG uf wJh owå 0gwykd if ;? tyifwyk dif; (&SD;y'D; - aqmif;cg abmuf zwf? aEG tcg rId yifzk H;) Cordy-

ceps

u aexk wfvkyfwJ h aq;Gilenya (Novartis Company)

[m 'DuaeYxd aq;okawoe jyKq J? tajz&Smq JjzpfwJh OD; aESmuf tm½kH aMumqkd if &m a&m *gwrsdK ; (Multiple Sclerosis)

twGuf tpGrf;xufwJh aq; aumif ;wvufyg/

vuf&S d tpG rf ;xuf iS uf zsm; a&m*g (Malaria) twG uf tok H; jyKaewJh Artemisinin, Arteme-

ther, Artesunate qk d wJ h aq;awG [m w½k wfwkdif;&if;aq; (y& aq;yif ) wrs dK; jzpfw Jh csif a[mufpk (Qinhao Su) ac: y& aq;yif jzpf NyD ; vl od rsm;wJ h a'ge yef;eJ Y cyfqifqifwl? trsdK ; awmf ygw,f/

aq;NrD ;wkd (Folk Medicine)

taMumif ;vnf; enf ;enf ;ajym csi fygw,f/ t"dutm;jzifh

aq;buf0ify&aq;yif? wd& pä mefxG ufypö nf;awGuk d ok H;Mu wmyg/ wckyJ &Sd wmu pepf w us acwfrD aq;od yÜH ok awoe jy Kr IawG tm;enf ;ao;wm aMumif h &,f? wcsd KUukd awmh aq; okawoejyKNyD; tpGrf ;xuf aq;yif eJ Y ypö nf ;rsm;jzpf ayr,f h aq;csdefyrmP wd usrIr&Sd wm jzpf ygw,f/ Oyrm ok H;cG ufw cGuf wif? yOöig;yg;BudKaomuf yg qk dwmrsdK;awGaygh/

aq;ynmok wjynf h pk H atmif BudK;pm;avhvmNyD; aq;NrD;wkd qkdwJh y&aq;awGukd pOf;pm; csifhcsd efum twkd if ;tqeJ Y yrm P enf;enf ;ukdom ta&;ay: okH; Ekd if ygw,f/

OyrmwcsdKUtaeeJ Yjy&&if acwf rD aq;ynm apmif h a&S muf rI awGeJ Y tvSrf;uGmwJ h vrf;yef ; qufo G,fa&;cufc J? a0;v H acgif;yg;a'ou uav;i,f wOD ; uk d ,f yl BuD ;NyD ; tzsm;wuf?]wuf}csuf rsufjzLvefae

w,fqkd ygpkdY/ b,f rSmvJ a&cJ ywftkHzkdY/ a&cJ? a&cJaowåm (vQyfppfrD;)/ b,frSm&S m&rvJ acwfrDbGJU& q&m0efBuD;awG/ ta&;ay: ]twuf}usxk d;aq;(Valium, Pheno) qk d wJ h xkd ;aq; awG/

teD ;qk H ; wrk d if? ES pf rk d if ausmf u acwfrD aq;ynmokw&Sdol? usef;rma&;0efxrf; ? usef;rm a&;vky fom;uk d ajy ;ac:Ek dif w,fyJ xm;/ tcsdef rD yghrvm;/

wkdif;&if;aq;? aq;NrD;wkd enf;wckjzpfwJh Muuf[if;cg; &Guf vufwqkyf? ESp fqk yf avmufukdacs? t&nfn§pfN yD; owåK&nf (t&Gufn§pf&nf)eJY acgif ;zsm;u ajczsm;txd oyf csNyD ; acsmif ;a&? prf;a&at; at; 'grS r[k wf oJa&ppf tk d ;xJ u at;jrjra&eJY rsufESmopf

ay;? ezl;ay: a&ywfwifMunfh yg/ tzsm;usygw,f/

wufwm (Fits &wm) jref jrefuszk dYuawmh uav;i,f &JU tay:EIwfcrf;om;txuf? ESm acgif ;aygufESpfckMum; tom; pkdifatmuf wnfh wnfhu csd Kifh cGuf ae&m (Philtrum) uk d vl BuD;

&JU vufn§d K;eJYcP 1 rdepf? 2 rdepfcef Y tomt,mzdxm; ay;yg/ Seizure/Fits/Convulsion

]twuf} cPav;eJ Y usoG m;yg vdrfhr,f/ tJ 'D ta&;ay: aq; NrD ;wkduk xkH;u a&S;a[mif; ab oZÆ e,? obm0 "r® aq;ynm eJ Y vuf n§ d K;xdyf eJ Y ES d yfwmu w ½kwfwk dif ;&if;aq;ynm uk xkH; xJu (w½k wf tyfpkduf uGuf)(Acupoint) wae&m (DU – 26)

(&if;usHK; - Ren Zhone) jzpfyg w,f/ tyfrpk dufbJ vufeJ YESdyf

wm (Acupressure) vkdYac:yg w,f/ tyf eJ Ypk d uf uk wmu (Acu-

puncture) jzpfygw,f/ aemufOyrmwcku 'efY'

vGef&Gufpdrf;&nf tokH ;jyKrIyg/ aoG;wk d;aewJ holwOD;ukd q&m 0ef? aq;0efxrf;? usef ;rma&; vkyfom; ac:jyzkd Y? oGm;jyzkd Y t ajctaeray;? tcsdef r&&if 'ef Y 'vGef &Guf pd rf;&nf (owåK&nf) t&nf n§ pf NyD ; xrif ;pm;ZG ef ; ES pf ZGef; (Two Table Spoon)? vuf zuf &nf tMurf ;yk *H ok H ;yk H wyk H cef Y

ukd wkdufauR;NyD; acwåcP pd wf Nid rfouf pG m tem;,l apyg/ aoG;aygif csdef (BP) wu,fus ygw,f/ 'D ae&mrSm BuH Kvk dYajym jycsif wmu (Reserpine) ac:wJ h taemufwkd if;aq; odyÜ Henf;eJ Y azmf pyf xm;wJh aoG ;wk d;usaq; qkdwm bkr®& mZmac:wJh y& aq;yif (Rauwolfia Alkaloid) u xk wf vk yf xm;w,f qk d wmygyJ/

wcsd KUuvnf ; ajym Mu w,f / &J,kd az sm f&nfq kdwm ausmufuyfraumif;olawGeJY? qD;cs dKa&m*gtwGuf aumif ; w,f/ tpGrf;xufw,fqkdwJh ysm;NrD;&G ufqkd wm ausmufuyf raumif;olawGeJY rwnfhbl;/ okH;vkdYr&bl;vkdY qkdMuw,f/ rSef ygw,f/ tcsd eftqr&Sd? t &rf ;uma&m okH ;Mu&i fawm h b,ft&mrqkd wefaq;? vGef ab; jzpf Ekd ifwmaygh/

taemufwkdif;aq;rS ma&m 'Dvk drokH ;oifh wJh tajctaeawG(Contraindication) awG r&Sdbl; vm;/ ab;xGuf qkd;usd K; (Side

Effects) awG eJ Y uif ;&J Uvm;/ ar;? ajzMunhf yg/

odyf&S dygw,f / taemuf wk d if ; aq;0g;tñT ef ;wk d if ;rS m wG J zufrok H;oif hwJ h tjcm;aq;0g; awG (Drug Interactions)? rokH; oifhwJ hvlem tajctae (Con-

traindication)? ab;xG uf qk d ;usd K;

&S d aMumif ; owd ay;rI awG yg&S d yg w,f/ 'gaMumif h aemif tcgrSm wk dif ;&if;aq;xkwfvkyf ol awG uvnf ; 'Dvkd yJ owday;rIawG aq;0g;tñTef;awGrSm ygoifh aMumif ; tBuHjyKvkd ygw,f/

awG ;ac:rIt,ltq

wkdi f;&i f;aq;ynmeJY t aemufwkdif;aq;ynm t"du uG mjcm;wmu awG;ac:rIt,l tqrSm jzpfygw,f/

ta&SUwkdif;aq;ynm (w ½kwf? tdEd´, tm,k aA'? *syef? ukd;&D ;,m;? xkdif; ? uarÇm' D; ,m;? vmtk d ½k d ;&maq;ynm rS ef orQ obm0w&m;? r[mbl w "mwfBuD;av;yg;eJY w½kwf rS mqk d &if "mwf BuD ;ig;yg; (0l &S if ;- Wu Shing wcsd KUuvnf; tm umo"gwfqkd wmyg xnf hpOf;

pm;NyD; ) obm0"mwfoabm w&m;awGukd n§dEIdif;aygif;pyf wm (twk d ;tavQmh? Yin - Yang

"mwfawG)ukd o[ZmwrQw atmif xdef;n§d ay;wmawG jyK vk yfNyD; vl Yywf 0ef ;usifoabm w&m;awGeJY tqifajyatmif zefwD;usef;rmapwmrsdK;qkdwJh tawG;tac:/

taemufwk dif ;acwfrD aq; od yÜH rSmusawmh a&m*grSeforQ jzpf &wJ h taMumif ;&if ;cH (Cause/

Aetiology) ukd t"du tm½kHxm;

pOf;pm;NyD;awmh a&m*gtawmf rsm;rsm;uk d (Germs) oD tk d &D? a&m *gykd ;rTm; tajccHpOf ;pm;w,f/ 'grS r[k wf rsd K;½k d ;AD ZaMumif h jzpf wmvm;vk d Yvnf ; pOf ;pm;w,f/ cG J pd wf uk ynmrS musawmh (Infec-

tive, Metabolic, Traumatic,

Degenerative, Autoimmune)

pojzif h tqihfqifh pOf;pm; w,f/ Acquired ( wck ck aMumifh jzpfwmvm;)/ arG;&myg (Cong-

enital) aMumifh jzpfwmvm;vkd Y vnf ; pOf ;pm;w,f/

aemuf NyD ; NcH Kik HpOf ;pm; ajym &&if wkdif;&if;aq;ynmqkdwm "mwfn§ day;wmrkdY tcsde f,l& w,f/ taemuf wk dif ;aq;ynm rS musawmh (Removal of Cause)

jzpfapwJh t&if ;tjrpfukd z,f &Sm;zk dY pOf;pm;wmrkdY jzwf xkwf z,f &S m;zk dYvkd &i f jzwfx kwf(Surgical Removal)? jznfh zk dYvkd &if xyf jznfh (Parenteral Ther-

apy – I/v Therapy, Blood and

Fluid) (aoG ;eJ Yt&nf )? (Replace-

ment Therapy) qkd wmawG csuf csif ;vk yf wmrk d Y (jzpf pOf ) Dynam-

ic u jrefqefw,f/ acwf pum; eJ Ya jy m& &i f

aumif;&ifvnf ; csu fcs if; ? anmif ; (ao)csif &if csuf csif ;yJ/Sorry vkdYqkdNyD; rSm;vkdYr&bl;/ [kdrSmaoNyD/ wdusw,f? jref

wd kif;&if;aq;-aq;NrD;wd keJ Ytaemufwd kif;aq;ynmoD [ol

pmrsufESm (6) odk Y




urÇ mtES H Y tMurf ;zuf rI awG wdk;yGm;vmwJhtwGuf oD;jcm; aq;ukorI qdkif&m vd ktyfcsuf awG &Sdvmw,f/ 'gud k Terror

aq;ynmqdkNyD; ac:qdkvmMu w,f/ NynfolYusef ;rma&; bm om&yfcGJwc kNzpfap olYrleJYol Nzpfap pDrHukoay;aeayr,fhTerror aq;ynm&J U xl ;Ncm;csuf awGudk od&Sdem;vnf xm;oifh ygw,f/

tpö a&; tawG YtBuH KawG u rS D ;Nirf ;ud k ;um;p&m Nzpf aew,f/ 2000 ck ESpfuwnf;u 2006 txd tpöa&;t&yfom; 1100 towfcH&NyD; 7500 avmuf 'Pf &m temw&Nzpf cJ h Muw,f/ taocH AH k;cG Jorm;awGu &yf uGuftxJxd azmufcGJcJhMuvdkY Nzpfygw,f/ 'DvdkAHk;azmufcGJrI

awG [m pydef? NAdwdoQ? wl &uD? tif'dkeD;&Sm;? a*smf'ef? tD&wf wd k if ;Nynf awG rS mvnf ; NzpfcJ h Mu w,f/ tpöa&; tawGYtBuHK uawmh aq;zuf qdk if &m pDrHuk orIawGudk wdk;wufvmapyg w,f/

Terror aq;ynmwG if e,f y,f BuD ;av;ck &Sdygw,f/ (1) Nyifqif xm;Ncif ; (2) xdcd kuf rI uk o&ef pDrHyHk (3) 'Pf&mtrs dK;tpm ;rs m;

ES ifh uk oenf ;

(4) pd wfyd kif ;qdkif&m xdcdk ufrI rsm;

(1) Nyifqif xm;Ncif ; Nyif qif xm;Ncif ;wG if pH NyK cG J

pdwfukorIqdk if&mudpö tygt 0if vufvS rf ;rSD wJhae&mawGrS m

aq;0g;awGudk pkaqmif;xm; Ncif ; vk yf ief ;rsm; yg0if ygw,f/ od k avS mif xm;wJ h aq;0g;ypö nf ; awG[m Nzpf yGm;wJ h taMumif; &if;awGeJY udkufnD&r,f/ AHk; ayguf uG J rI omru ZD 0vuf euf? "mwkvufeufeJY a&'D ,dk owå d <uypö nf;awGaMumifh Nzpfwwf wJh temw&awGtwGufvnf; Nyif qifxm;&r,f/

pkaqmif;xm;&r,fh aq; 0g;awG uawmh a'gifhoef;a&m *gtwGuf Ciprofloxacillin eJYDoxycillin vdk aq;awG? "mwk vuf euf awG aMumif h tm½k H aMum xdcdkufrIudk umuG,fukoay; EdkifwJh Atropine eJ Y Pyridostig-

mine vd kaq;awG? a&'D,d kowå d <uypö nf;aMumifhNzpfwJh Nyó emawGudk ukoEdkifwJh Potas-

sium iodide vd k aq;awG Nzpfyg w,f/

tpöa&;rSmvdk ,ltufpfrSm vnf; trsd K;om; aq;0g;pk aqmif ;od kav Smif a&; Xmeu wd k if ;Nynf &J Uae&m &S pf ck rS m (vH k NcH K wJ hae&mawG rSm xm;xm;w,f) wef 50 av;wJh aq;xkyfawG ud k toifh Nyif qifxm;ygw,f/ 12 em&DtwGif;rSm NzpfyGm;wJh a'oawGqD yd kYaqmif Ed kifatmif pDrHxm;ygw,f/

Nyif qif xm;Ncif ;vk yf ief ;wG if

NzpfyGm ;&wJhtaMumif;&i f;awG wdk;yGm ;vmE dkifw,fqd kwmud k od&S dxm;oifhw,f qdkwmyg w,f/ aq;½k HawGrSm ta&;ay: uk orIrsm;udk aq;½kH&JU vkyfEdkif pGrf ;&nfxuf 20 &mcdkifEIef ; ydk vGefpGmaqmif&GufEdkifwm tpö

a&;tp dk;& owdxm;rdw,f/ tpö a&;aq;½k H tawmfrsm;rsm; rSm tedrfhqHk; vdktyfcsufrsm; xuf ausmfvGefum t&H oif h t oH k;NyKEdk if wJh tpD trH awG vkyf aqmifxm;ygw,f/

2005 ck ESpfrSm a*s½kqvrf aq;½kHwckrSm ta&;ay:aq; uk orI pif wmwck zG if hvS pfxm; w,f/ pif wm taqmuf tOD rS m eH &H av;xyf ygwJ h twG uf ayguf uG J rI 'Pf awG ud k cH Ed k if w,f/ av 0if avxG uf aumif ;atmif vnf ; pDrHxm;w,f/ zGifh ydwfEd kifwJh ESpfxyfrSefNywif;awGygw,f/ wNcm ;aq;½k Hr sm ;w Gi fvnf ; aNr atmufcef ;aw G&S dNyD ; uk wif tvG wf awGeJY taMumaq; oGif;wdkifawGudk xm;ay;xm; ygw,f/

t&Hoifh Nyifqifxm;Ncif; wG if usef ;rma&;vk yf om;awG ud k Mud Kwif oif Mum;ay;xm;&r,f/ pD rH uk oyH k awG tygt0if toH k ; NyK&r,fh t&mrsm;udk od &S dEdk if &ef vuf csmay;Ncif;? pDrD emeJ Y vuf awGYavh usifh Ncif ;awG ud k NyKvkyf xm;Mu&w,f/

wu, fhtNzp ftysufvd k (vuf euftrsdK;rsKd ;aMumifh Nzpf &wJhNyóemawG) twkzefwD; NyD; BudKwifavhusifh xm;wm awG ud k tpö a&;aq;&k H awG rS m Nrd KU

awmftvdkuf? a'oqdkif&mt vd kuf vk yf aqmifMuwm awGY& avh &Sdw,f/

(2) xdcd k uf rI uko&ef pD rH yH kTerror aq;ynm&JU 'k wd,

tpdwftydkif;rS xdcdkuf'Pf&m

&vmMu&if b,f vd k pD rH uk o Mu rvJ qdkwm Nzpf w,f/

tpöa&;rSm tMurf;zufcH& NyD; 'Pf&m&wJ hvlawGud k trsdK; tpm;oH k ;rsd K; cG J Ncm;xm;ygw,f/ 'g[m ta&;ay: pDrHukoa&; tzG J UawG &J Uvk yf aqmif csuf awG yJ Nzpf ygw,f/

wd k uf cd k uf cH &wJ h ae&mrS mwif wwfEd kifoavmuf uk orIay; Edk if&ef Nyifqifxm;Ncif ; Nzpfyg w,f/ (Oyrm touf½SLvrf; aMumif ; zG if h xm;ay;Ncif ;eJY aoG ; xG uf vG ef Ncif ;awG ud k &yf wef Yap Ncif;/)

'Pf&m tNyif;xefqH k;vl awGudk tqif h 1 xd cd kuf'Pf&m ukopifwmudk yd kYaqmif ay;yg w,f/ 'D pif wmrS m tqif h Nrif h ud &d ,mawG eJ Y txl ;uk ocsufawG

NyKvk yf ay;Edk if w,f/ xdcdkuf'Pf&m odyfrNyif;

xef wJh vlawG udkawmh tqifh 2 od kYr[kwf tqif h 3 xdcdkuf 'Pf&mu k pifwmaw GqD ydk Y

aqmif ay;ygw,f/ 'Dvd k vkyf aqmifxm;Ncif;aMumifh aq;½kH awGrSm vlemNynfhusyfvmr,fh NyóemawG udk aNz&Sif ;NyD;om; Nzpfaeygw,f/

wd k uf cd k uf cH &tNyD ; vl emawG udk aq;½ kHaw Gudk vlemwif ,mOf Nzi fh rdep f 20 twGi f;

a&muf& Sdatmi f pDr Hxm;wm vnf; awGY&w,f/

vl emawG aq;½k Ha&muf vm wme JY ta& ;ay:ukorIXme 0if ayguf rS mwif cG J pd wf uk orm; awmf tBuD;tuJawGu (vl emrsm;udk ) 'Pf&mtaNctae ay:rl wnf NyD ;tqif h cG J ay;ygw,f/

touftEå&m,f pdk;&dr f& wJh vl em? tawmftoif h pdk ;&d rf & wJh vlemeJY pdk;&drfp&mrvd kwJh vl emqdkNyD; cGJ Ncm;ay;ygw,f/

aq;½kHwckeJYwck? aemuf

tmPmyd kif awGe JYr dom;pkaw G tMum; qufoG,faNymqdkEdk if a&;twGuf vkdufem&r,fh t csuf tvuf awG ud k vnf ; a&;qG J xm;ygw,f/

tMurf;zuform;awG[m aq;½k Haq;ce f;awGudkvnf ; azmufcGJwdkufcdkufavh&Sdw,f/ vlemwif ,mOfawGud k tMurf; zuf vuf euf udk if orm;awG u armif ;ES if vmwwf oNzif h aq;½k H t0if 0wG if (xd cd k uf 'Pf &m Nyif ; xef wJ h vl emawG ud k o,f aqmif

vmyap) ppfaq;Mu&w,f/

(3) 'Pf&mtrsdK;tpm;ESifh ukoenf ;rsm;

wwd ,vk yf ief ;uawmh vl emawG&JU 'Pf&mtrsdK;tpm;eJ Y uk oenf ;awG Nzpfygw,f/

azmuf cG J rI jzpf pOf awG aMumif h AH k ;'Pf &m&ol awG ud k uk owwf &ef orm;awmfawGeJY usef ;rm a&;vk yf om;awG avh usif h xm;& r,f/ xdk YtNyif AHk;aygufuGJ rI&JU tusdK;qufawGudk od&Sdxm;& r,f/ AHk;aygufuGJygu yxr qHk;NzpfpOfrSm avzdtm; ½kwf w&uf aNymif;oGm;wJhtwGuf em;pnfaygufuGJapw,f/ t qkwfawGeJY tNcm;t*FgawGudk ysufpD;apw,f/

tMurf;zufa&;&m aq;ynmrdwfqufTERROR MEDICINE

'k wd ,NzpfpOf uawmh tuG J tpawGaMumif h cE¨mudk, ft wGif;yd kif ; azmuf xGif ;0if a&muf wJ h 'Pf&mawG Nzpfygw,f/

wwd , NzpfpOfuawmh t aqmuf tOD ;awG Nyd KusNyD ; zd rd vd k Y xdcdkuf&wJh'Pf&mawG jzpfyg w,f/

aemufqHk ;'Pf&mawGu awmh rD;avmifuRrf;wmawG? aMurG 'Pf &mawG eJY tqd yf "mwf awGud k ½S Lrd vd kY Nzpf wJ h temw& awG Nzpfygw,f/

'Pf&mtrs dK;tpm;ay: rl wnfNyD; ukoa&;enf;emawG uG Jjym;ygw,f/ vlae&yf uGuf twGif; aygufuG JrIwG if 'Pf &m aygif;pHk awGYNrifEd kifygw,f/ ao;i,fw Jh AH k;tpteawG aMumifh tom;pawGtwGi f; azmufxGif;'Pf&mawG? t½kd;

usd K;? aoG ;aMum tm½k H aMum ysuf pD;Ncif;awG awGY&w,f/ ayguf uGJrItm; t&Sde faMumifhqd k&if tqkwf? em;pnfysufpD ;rI p onfwd kYtNyif rD;avmif'Pf &m awG yg (vl wOD ;wnf ;rS myif ) t rsdK;pHk awGYEdk if ygw,f/

'Pf &m&wJhvl awGuvnf; rsm;r,f? 'Pf&mawGuvnf; trsd K;pH k r,f qd k &if b,f vd k uk o &rvJqdkwmudk tpöa&;cGJpdwf q&m0efrsm;u vdkufem&r,fh pnf ;rsOf;awGud k csrS wfay;xm;

ygw,f/ Oyrm.. azmu fxG if ;0if a&muf'Pf&m rsm ;Nym;y gu aoG ;xGuf rvG ef ap&ef ywf wD; eJY pnf ;aESmifay;Ncif ; NyKvkyf yg w,f/ 'Pf &m Nyif ;xef wJ h ae&m awGudkawmh cGJpdwfukoay;yg w,f/ taw GYt BuH Krs m;t& vlemrSm taNctaewnfNidrf aeNyD[k xif&aomfvnf; tp yxru rawG YcJhaom 'Pf&m aMumifh taNctae ydkqdk;vm wwf ygw,f/ 'gaMumif hvnf; vl emudk xyfcgxyf cg prf ;oyf ppfaq;Mu&ygw,f/ 'grSom tpydkif;wGif rxif&S m;aom t a&;BuD ;wJ h ud k ,f wG if ;'Pf &mawG ud k awGY&SdEdk if ygw,f/

pmrsufESm (6) od kY

a ' g u f w m

w i f h a Z m f O D ;



usef ;rma&;*sme,f trS wf-38? Ed k 0ifbmv? 2013-ckES pf6 NIGHTINGALE aygufuGJrIaMumi fh &&SdwJh

'Pf&mawG tNyif tNcm;ydk ;rTm; vuf euf awG aMumif h Nzpf wJ h a&m *gaw Gyg ukoMu&ygw,f/ Oyrm- a'gifhoef ;? yvdyf? ausmuf BuD;/

"mwkvuf euf awGeJY "mwf

a&mifNcnf ysufNy,fapwJh aq; awGudkvnf ; aqmifxm;&yg w,f/

(2) tcif ;jzpf yG m;NyD ;aemuf pd wf yd kif ;qd kif&mxdcd k uf rI

Terror aq;ynm&J U pwkw ¬ tydk if;rSm tMur f;zufcH&ol awG&JU pd wfyd kif ;qdkif&m tusdK; quf awG Nzpf w,f/

Oyrm- 9^11 av,mOf wdkufcdkufrI NzpfNyD;aemufydkif; wG if a'go? yl aqG ;rI? pdwf "mwf

ysufNym;Ncif; pwJh vu©Pm awG ud k tMurf ;zuf cH &ol awG rS m aygif;½Hk;awGYcJh&ygw,f/ um; rawmfwqNzpfvdkY cHpm;&wJh

pdwf'Pf&mawGxuf tMurf; zuf cH&vdkY Nzpf wJh pdwf'Pf&m awG u yd k rd kNyif ;xef w,f qd k wm od omygw,f/ 'gaMumif h vnf ; pdwfydkif;qdkif&mysuf,Gif;rIawG ud k aocsmpG muk ozd k Yvd k ygw,f/

Nzpf yG m;NyD ; aNcmuf vtwG if ; (pdw fydki f;qdk if&mxdcdkufrIu dk)

xd xd a&muf a&muf ruk oygu woufvHk ; evef rxlEdkif Nzpf oGm;wwf ygw,f/

tpöa&;EdkifiHwGif tMurf; zuf cH &Ncif ;awG&J U tusd K;quf awG ud k vl xk u b,f vd k wk ef Yjyef ovJ qd kwmudk od&S datmif NyK vk yf Muygw,f/

vl rI a&;vk yf om;awG eJ Y pd wf ydkif;qd kif&muRrf;usifolawG pk aygif;um rl Mud Kausmif ; tygt 0if ausmif;awGudk tvnft ywf oG m;a&muf Muygw,f/ vl

i,fav;awG&J U tNyKtrlawGudk ol wdk Y&J Uq&mawGqD rSm ar;Nref ; Muygw,f/ tMurf;zufcH&rI aemufydkif; pdwf'Pf&m&aewJh

uav;awG ud k &S mazG awG Y&S d Ed k if NyD ; uk orIay;Ed kif ygw,f/

azm fjycJhwJh e,fy,fBuD; av;&yf tygt0if tMurf ;zuf orm;awG&J U wd kufck d uf rIaMumif h Nzpfay:vmwJh aq;zufqd kif &m taMumif;t&mtm;vHk;u dk pk aygif;NyD; Terror aq;ynmvdkY

ac:qdk Muw,f/ Terror aq; ynm[m ta&;ay:aq;ynm? uyf ab;tEå &m,faq;ynm pwmawGeJ Y qifwl wm&S dayr,f h xl;Ncm;wJh tcsu ftvufu av;awG &S dygw,f/

txufygtcsufav;csuf tNyif wd k uf cd k uf rI aemuf uG ,f u &nf &G ,f csuf? usef ;rma&; apmif h a&S muf ay;ol awG ud k Ncd rf ;ajcmuf rIeJYwuG txl;vH kNcH Ka&;udpö &yfawGyg yg0ifaew,f qdkwm awGY&SdEd kifygw,f/ xdkYaMumifh

Terror aq;ynmr Sm tMurf; zufcH &olrsm;twGuf aq;pDrH uk oqdk if&m tygt0if 'Pf&m temw&rsm;rS mvnf; trsdK;rsdK;

uGJNym;rI &S dum yH kpHpH kvS ygw,f/ 'Daq;ynm[m tqufr

Nywf zG H YNzd K;wd k ;wuf&ef vd k tyfae NyD ; pH NyKcGJ pdwfrI omru vl wOD; Ncif;eJY vlxkw&yfvHk;twGuf umuG,fa&; ? ukoa&;? Nyef vnf xlaxmifa&; udpö rsm;yg vdk tyf ygw,f/

tMurf;zuform;aw G&J U wd k uf cd k uf rI awG ud k umuG ,f &ef eJ Y tm;ay;tm;aNr§ muf rNyKrd &ef vl xkw&y fvHk ;u BudK ;yrf ;tm; xkwf&r,f/ BudKwifjyi fqif umuG ,f jcif ;?Nyef vnf xl axmif jcif ;ud pö &yf rsm;wG if ta&;rBuD ; wJ h vdktyf csufqd kwm r&Sd Edk if/

Terror aq;ynm&JU rodr NzpfwJ ht&mawG udk vl wOD;jcif; taeNzif h Nzpf ap? tzG J Ytpnf ;rsm; uNzpfap ydk rd k od&Sdvmygu vl xktwGuf xda&mufpGm um

uG ,fay;Ed k if vmrS m Nzpf ygw,f/ tMurf ;zuform;r sm;&ef wGef;vSef Ed k if ygap/

a'guf wmwif haZmfOD ;

ab;toG ,foG,f aiG eJ Y0,f? tHh zG,f½l;rdkufcef;/ aq;vdyfaomuf½SL a&m*gxl? aool rdk ufrJcef;/ aq;vdyfaMumifhao urÇmajr? rsm;ayudef ;*Pef;/ aomufol vnf;ao ½SLolao? rS wfavvl 6 oef;/ aomufvdk Yomay aovd kYae? jzpfaxG rxl;qef;/ ol\qdk;usd K; ud k,fh qdk;usd K;? ES pfrsdK; xdcdkuf &rf;/ 6 odef;ab;vl raomufol? taiGU½SL aoqHk;cef ;/ ESvHk;aoG;wd k; trsd K;rsd K;? ab;qdk;a&m*g>yrf;/ oufwrf;rjynfh aoqHk;\? owf onfhaq;vd yfpGrf;/ aq;ukp&d wf aiG ,dkzdwf? aq;vdyfaiG vkMurf ;/ aiG vk"m;jy zdwf ac:Mu? Amvt½l;ESrf ;/ aq;vdyfaomuf½SL pG Jrufol? tyl avmuf NrdKufcef;/ ESpf axmifhoH k;q,f cefYrSef;w,f? aor,f vl&S pf oef;/ aq;vdyftcGef aiG wdk;aumufap? wif ;av þpnf;urf ;/ aq;aiGUuif;pif ÓPftjrif ? qifjcifcsrSwf prf;/ odapvefYxdwf pmom;ESd yf? aq;vdyfrvGwfwrf;/ owday;pm zwfapum? ol ig tjrifvef;/ pyGefqmay; jr§LqG,fao;? raES ;uefYowfprf ;/ y½d krd k;&S if; zsm;a,mif ;jcif;? t&Sif;umuG,f prf ;/ aq;vdyfjzwfyGJ qif,ifETJ? tNrJ aumif;jrwf cef;/ aq;vdyfzd k;aiG pm;0wfae? oHk;av rmrmusef ;/ pm;aomufqd kif rsm; ½H k;cef;rsm;? a&Smif &Sm;aq;vdyfrSef ;/ trsm;ae&m wm;jrpfyg? a&Smifp&m aq;aiGU&rf;/ aq;vdyfaMumfjim tm;rem? wm;yg aumif;zd kYrSef;/ aq;vdyfqef Yusifa&; pGrf;aqmif ay;? raES; touf u,fcef;/ usef ;rmaewHk aiGrukef? vHk ;pHk aysmf&Tif usef;/

qvd kif ;a&T vif ;

yJ/ rsuf arSmuf acwfumvBuD; xJrSm usef;rma&;rl0g'trsdK ; rsd K;eJY rwnf NidrfwJh Ek dif iHa&;t ajymif ;tvJ? pm;0wfaea&; tcuftcJ pwmawG aMumif h r aooif h wJ h ol? raooif h wmawG aoaeMu&w,f/

aiGaMu;"ejynf hpk Hol? wwf EkdifolawGtwGuf wenf ;tm; jzifh Nrd KUaea&ay:qD? vl Yrvkdif vTm vlwdk if;usef;rma&;? vlxk usef ;rma&;awG eJ Y uif ;a0;wJ h ]p &dwf tukef ay; - usef ;rma&; pepf rl0g'} jzpfcJh&if vufw qkyfpm vlwpkyJ usef;rmr,f/ aiG aMu;csd KUwJ h rpk H vif ol awG vl Y b0u pG ef YcG mMu&zkd YyJ rsm;r,f /

jref rmEkd if iH rSm ck awmh apw em&S if? oma&;? ema&;? vl rI a&; toif ;awG xGufay:vmvkdY

awmfygao;&JU/ 'Dvkyfief;rsKd; awGu wkdif;j ynfrSm&Sdoifhvkd tyfwm/ 0rf;yef ;wom BudKqkd &rSm/ 'Dvkd vlxk tajcjyK pOf; pm;wJh usef;rma&;rl 0g'awG ukd vufawGUtaumif txnfazmf zkdY t"du wm0ef&Sdwmu Ekd ifiH

&JU tpkd;&/ 'Dawmh aq;ynmok wawG

jynh fpk Hw,fyJxm;/ aiGaMu;"e csdKUw Jhqif;& Jae&if acwfrDt aemufwkdif; aq;ynmukxkH; awGeJY b,fvk dukorI cH,lEkd if rSmvJ/ vrf;ab;uGrf;,mqkdif? ukefpk Hqkd if u &rf ;orf;? rS ef ;ay;

wJ h aq;awmifh? aq;jym;? aq; 0g;twG J? tpyf awGy J vG,f vG,f 0,f ok H ;/ a&m*gaysmuf &if vnf ;aysmuf? raysmuf &if vnf ; vl b0 aysmufMuayawmhaygh/

a&m*gtEkt&if h/ aemufqk H ; tcsdef vl Yb0ae0ifqnf ;qm/

'Dtykdif;rSm wcsd KUuvnf; usef ;rma&;ok oenf ;awmh a&m *gEk pOfrS m enf;vrf;wus ruk oMuwmawG&S d ovk d pepf wus acwfrD aq;ynmeJ Y ukorIcH,l Muayr,fh taemufwkdif;aq; ynm&JU tpG rf;rxufjrufao; wJ h tjcm;wbufawGrSm (bm oma&;enf ;)eJ Y uk o? ouf om &m&MuwmawG? "mwf n§ d obm0 wkdif;&if;aq;ynmeJY touf quf &S if aeol awG vnf ; wyk H w yif &SdMuygw,f / ÓPfrr D? wxG mwrk d uf eJ Y bmoma&;enf ; eJ Y b,f vk d ouf omEd k if rS mvJ vk d Y rxif vk dufMuygeJY/

rd brsd K;½k d ;pOfquf ,k H Munf ukd;u G,f&mbmomukd rd½kd ;z vmbmom0ifvkd Yom cH,lxm;

ol awG? bmomukd zmomv0g aeolawG[m aocgeD; 'grSr [k wf a&G ;p&menf ;vrf ; r&Sd Mu awmh rS om BuH &mr& bmomuk d owd &wwf MuwmawG wu,f &S dygw,f/

,kHMunf&mbmomrSeforQ

qef w,f? rS ef uef zk dYvkd w,f/

tqH k ;tjzwf (Judgement)

'D awmh b,f vk d vl em? b,f vk d ae&mrS m b,f uk xk H ;ok H ;r,f/ okH ;oi fhw,fqk dwm ]orm;} (a&S;wkef;u aq;ynmrS m eu© wåt,l tq tawG;tjrif awG yg yg0if vkdY ]orm;}eJ YwG JNyD; o rm;^[l;&m;) q&m0efrSr[kwf bl ;/ touf eJ Yxd awG Uuk d ifwG ,f olrS eforQ wkdif;&if;aq;q&m? usef;rma&;0efxrf; ? usef;rm a&;vkyfom;/ tm;vk H;eJYqkdif wmu qifjcifwkHw&m;? ykdif; jcm;a0zefodjrifrI/ aq;ynm tawG UtBuH K? ok w ukH vkH <u,f 0rI? rSefuefaomqkH;jzwfcsuf(Right Diagnosis, Right

Judgement, Right Decision,

Right Treatment) qk d wJ h (R) av; vkH;ay: rlwnf w,f/

aemufxyf xnfhoGif; pOf ; pm;oif h wmu vl rI a&;? aiG aMu; jynhfpkHrI? vlem&JUa&m*gtEkt &ifh/ aemuf qkH ;tcsdef qk d wmawG

ck d if rmwJ h ,k H Munf csuf pd wf "mwf eJY pdwfukd avhusifhysdK;axmif &ifvnf; pdwfwefckd; - pGrf; tifawGeJ Y a0'emawG ukd ausmf vT m;Ek d if w,f qk d wm wu,f vk yf Munh f ukd,f awGUBuHK? ajymr,kH? Bu HKrSod MurSmyg/ pdwfwck wnf;? bmoma&; wck wnf ;

awmh r&bl ;aygh/ oufqdkif&m aq;0g;eJY wGJzufzd kYawmh rarh oifhyg/

wavmu tonf;a&m *geJ Y uG ,fvG ef oG m;wJh pma&;ol &J U rd wf aqG wOD ;[m acwf ynm wwfwOD ;rkdY usef;rma&;okw awG eJ Y taemufwkd if;aq;ynm ukd tm;ukd ;cJ hayr,fh taemuf wkdif;aq;ynm&J U tm;enf ;ae ao;wJhtcsufaMumifh aiGaMu; pD;yGm;a&;tajctae (tonf ; a&m*g? tonf ;uif qmuk ozk d Y? tonf;tpm;xkd;uk zkdY? jrefrm Edk ifiHa&m Ekd ifiHwumrSm odef; aygif ;rsm;pGm a':vmaygif ;rsm; pGm ukefusr,fh tajctae) p wmawGaMumifh wk dif;&if;aq;y nmukd ol Yb0aemufqk H;tcsdef awGrS m okH ;cJh ygw,f/ olYukd t aemuf wk d if ; aq;ynmtm;ruk d ; vk d Y taoapm&wmvk d Y rS wf csuf ay;vkd Y r&ygbl;/

taemufwkd if; aq;ynm wzufurf;cwf wwfajrmuf usrf;usifol cG J pd wf q&m0ef BuD ; awG orm;awmf BuD ;awG ukd,f wkdif aowJhtxd vsufqm; vsuf? wkd if;&if;aq;ukd csif hcsd ef rS D0JwmawG rjrif bl;? rMum;bl ; ao;vkdYyg/ 'Dvkd csifhcsdefwkdif; xGm okH ;wwfol awG trsm;BuD ; &S d ygw,f/

aqmif;yg;tqkH;rowfcif

aus;Zl ;&S if uG ,f vG ef ol cG J pd wf uk q&m0efBuDwOD ;&J U b0rSwf csufuk d azmf jyvk dygw,f/

tJ'guawmh q&mwkd Y ]t xl;ukq&m0ef}qkdwJh q&m0ef awG[m ]wvrf;oGm;}? tm½kH pkduf? txl;uk vrf ;ukd vkd ufcJh Muawmh ukd,f odwmwckyJ rSef

w,fxifMuw,f/ olwkdYrod wm? rwwfwmawG trsm;BuD; yg/ wcsd KUuvnf; q&m0efqk d NyD ; uk d ,f od wmyJ [k wf vS NyD xif? rmefwuf Muw,f/ obm0"r® w&m;wkdY? wkdif;&if;aq;ynm wkd Yuk d txifao;? tjrifao; ypfy,f Muw,f/

]wu,fawmh aq;ynm qkdwm yifv,fork'´&mvkd us,f 0ef;wmrk dY b,f aq;ynm rqk d tok H ;0if? vl Yabmif avmu uk d tusd K;jyKwmcsnf;yJ/ owd? ÓPfyZOf? qifjcif? ol Yae&meJY ol ok H ;wwf zk d Yom vk d ygw,f}vk d Y qk dcJ h zl ;ygw,f/ oif ,l vkd Y rqk H ; EkdifwmawG trsm;BuD ;yg/

Acute Appendicitis (ta&; ay: tl twufa&mif&rf ; ayguf uG J xG uf wJ h tem)?Gastric Peptic

Ulcer Perforation and Peritonitis

(tpmtd rf em ayguf xG uf NyD ; 0rf ; wGif;ajr§;a&mif&rf;em) ta&; ay:tajctaeawG rSm tcsdef rDcG J pdwfukozkdY rjzpfrae? rvGJr aoGvk dtyfovk d taemuf wkdif; aq;ynm wwfEkdifpGrf ;&S dwJh t ajctaeu ausmfvGefwJh? w enf ;qkd &&if tajctae? tcsd ef tcgay: rl wnf NyD ; uk ooif h wJ h jznfh pGufaq;ynm (Compli-

mentary Medicine) tjcm;okH;p &m^a&G;p&menf;vrf;? aq;y nm (Alternative Medicine) qk d

NyD ; 'DuaeY rsuf arSmufumv urÇmBuD;ay:rS m xif ay:ausmf Mum;aewJ h aq;ynmqkd wm o bm0"r®? y&aq;yif? wd &pämef xG uf ypö nf ;awG eJ Y a&m*ga0'em awGuk d ukay;EkdifwJ h wkdif;&if; aq;ynm? obm0aq;ynm trsd K;rsdK;awG ygyJ/

ta&;BuD ;wmu a&m*ga0 'em&Sif &JU cHpm;ae&wJha0'em? a&m*gukd oufom? pdwfcsrf; om? usef;rmapzkd Yyg/

owå 0gwk d if ; a&S mif vT J r&Ek d if wJh tedpö aojcif;w&m;qkd wmuk d b,folrS rvGef qefEkd if ygbl ;/ taemuf wk d if ;aq;ynm wckwnf;ukdom wpkdufrwf rwf? wzufoufpGJukdif? qkyf zuf &if ; vl Yb0u apmpD ;pG m pG ef Y cGmoGm ;Muol rdw faq Gq&m 0ef awG trsm;BuD ;&Sd ygw,f/

aq;ynm&S if (orm;)wkd Y&JU wm0ef [m pOf quf rjywf acwf rDwkd ;wufwJh aq;ynmukd avh vmqnf ;yl ;&if ; uk d ,f h &J Uvl emuk d ruse f;rmolawG tm;vkH;ukd aq;ynmtawGYtBuHK? tcsdef tcg? umvHa'oHukdvkdufNyD; vkd ufbuf? uk d uf nD? rS ef uef wJ h qkH ;jzwfcsufeJ Y vl xk uk d rSef uef wJ h usef ;rma&;ok w? ynmay;rI awGvkyfzkdYyJjzpfw,f /

'Dwm0ef awG uk d od em;vnf cH ,l wwf? rS ef uef pG musif h ok H ;Ek d if rS q&m0efqkd wJh vSypGm jref rm rIjyKxm;wJh a0g[m&eJY vkduf zufwif hw,f? avmuuk d tvS qifEk dif ygvdrf hr,f/

yG if haomyef ;wk dif ;arT ;í arT; aomyef;wkdif;vef;qef; tvS qif Ekd ifMuygap/

oD [ol (uarÇZ)

ab;toG ,foG ,f aiGeJ Y 0,f tH h zG ,f½l ;rd k ufcef ;

pmrsufES m (4) rS tquf


a q ; vd yf q ef Y us if a & ; oH a yg uf u As m rs m ;

qvd kif ;a&T vif ;




jref rma&T Uajymif ; odapaMumif ;u@

]jref rma&G Uajymif ; od apaMumif ;u@} 'D r,f rd wf aqG wk d Y... aeYwk d if ;yef ;oD ;pm;Mu? Muuf oG ef jzLpm;Mu?

iSuf aysmoD; pm;Muygvm;aemf ..]taMumif;wenf;eJY armif;wD;NyD; qD;oD;a&mif;wJh tJav

armif ;wD;NyD ; Ek d;aqmfwwfwJ h q&mrkd ;&Sifh/ wynhfr 5 a,muf aygufu&ajymzk dY tJ av wynh f r 5 a,muf usef ;rma&;taMumif ; armif ;wD ;zkd Y a&mufvmMuygNyD &S ifh}

]tdef ; td ef;/ taMumif;rqufvkd Y raygif ;zufvkd uf&wJ h acgif ; &G ufaps;onfrawGa& tJ av taMumif;tqufquf eJ Y taumif; bufukd OD;wnf aeMuwJh cspfwynhfrwkdYa&/ vmMua[h? vmMu a[h/ 'DrSmewf uE´ m;jyif xm; tJ [kwf aygif vufbuf &nf? aumf zD? vuf zufok wf? *sif;okwf? 0ufom;wkwfxkd;eJY a&aEG;Murf ; tukefta<u;0,f xm; tJ av tuk efjyifqifxm;NyD ;NyD/ vmMu uGJU? vmMu}

þrnfaom tac:tajymrsm; jzpfwnf &m t&yf a'oukd ½I vwfaomf xkdif;EkdifiHawmfBuD;\ taemufajrmufykdif;a'oBuD ;&S d wmhcf c½k dif rJaqmufa&TNrdKUawmfwGif jzpf ygacswrk HY/

tES D rJ aqmuf a&TNrd KUawmf\ Ek dufwifa*;vf *sme,f wk duf&S d&m rJ aqmuf a&T awmif Mum; &yf uG uf BuD ;ü þok d Yþyk H usef ;rma&;pum; 0kd if ; zG JUjzpfMuonfu *vkd? *vkd yg y&dowf/

q&mrk d ;/ uJ r*Fvmyg wynhfwkdYa&/ 'DuaeY yef;oD;aeY wk d if ;pm;&if b,f vk d aumif ;w,f/ Muuf oG ef jzLaeYwk d if ;pm;&if b,f okdYaygh/ 'ghtjyif iSufaysmoD ;pm;wJ h rdwfaqGrsm;u b,f ykH b,f

csrf;omaygh/ tJ o[mukd 'DuaeY aqG;aEG;Mu&atmifaemf/ rdef ;uav;ig;OD ; wNydKifeuf/ aumif;ygw,f q&mrkd;? aumif;

ygw,fq&mrkd ; (pm;p&mawG jyifxm;wmu)q&mrk d ;/ at;yg/ nnf;wkd YyJ avS mifyg/ (yJawG? yJawG)

rcsdKav;(uk dÓPfqkdif)/ cifvkd Yaemufwmyg q&mrkd;&,f/ orD ;uyJ pajymyghr,f / yef;oD ;taMumif; pajymr,f aemf/ yef;oD ; qkdwm ADG'D,kd vkyfief;vnf ; r[kwf bl;/ vl &T ifawmfvnf; r[k wf bl;/ pm;p&myef;oD;uk d ajymwmaemf/ uJygav/ yef;oD;pm;&if aumif;usd K; 10 csuf&Sd aMumif;ukd tqkd ausmf qkdaw;&JU rD ;tdrf&Sif oDcsif ;tvk dufav;eJY 'Dvkd qkd jyr,faemf/

]oifh t½k d;uk d .. umuG ,f .. yef;em&ifusyfvnf ; .. t,f vf Zk dif ; rm; a&m*gvnf ; .. ol umuG,fowJ h[,f}

rrsdK;rsdK;( SPT aygif rkef Y½k H )/ rcsdKav; qkdjyoG m;wmu okH;csuf

xJ aemf/ t½k d ;uk d umuG ,f w,f/ yef ;em&if usyf umuG ,f w,f/ t,f vf Zk d if ;rm;a&m*gjzpf yG m;rI avsmh usapatmif umuG ,f w,f aygh aemf/ 'D awmh 'k d Yuvnf ; tqk d ausmf yk d ;td pH &J U rPd pE´ moD csif ;av;eJ Y a[m 'D vkd ajymjy? qkd jycsif wmath/

](tk d .. tkd ; .. pavmif;zkH;) vlYcE m .. qDu .. qD;csd K .. aoG ;csdK .. rsm;yg .. yef;oD;pm;vk dY .. xdef ;nd§ .. xdef ;nd§w,f uGm .. tonf; uifqm .. jzpfaom .. tJ'Dt&mav;rS m .. yef ;oD; ..

azsmf &nf .. aomufvkd uf&if rMum .. (tk d ... tk d; .. tk d ; .. pavmif;)} roZifjzL(rae mfpuf½k H)/ nnf;wkdYajymwmaumif;ygw,f/

(toHav;awGuvG Jvkd Y) acwfu a&mcf htif½kd ;acwf rk dYvk d Y 'kd Yuawmh usef&Sdtcsufig;csufukd a[m'Dvkd qk djyvk dufr,fuG ,f/

]tk d ; .. [k d ;[k d ; .. (uk dvufpxa&m) 3 .. waeY .. yef;oD;ES pfvk H;pm; .. (pm; .. tm; .. a&U) &if om; .. uif qm .. oG m; .. ('k d; .. *kd; .. a&U) ukd,f .. tav;csd ef .. wufrvm .. xd ef;nd § .. umuG,f (,kdY) .. tonf ; .. uifqmvnf ; .. yef;oD; .. azsmf&nfqGJ .. (qGJ 0kd;) .. tlrBu D; .. uifqmvnf; .. yef ;oD ;azsmf &nfqG J (qG J .. ,k d ;) tqkwf .. uif qmvnf ; .. yef;oD ; .. aeYwkdif;qGJ .. (qGJ .. tm; .. 0k d;)}

q&mrk d ;/ tdef aumif;o[? aumif ;o[/ o[mawGaMumifh vnf ; waeYwvk H ; yef ;oD ;pm;ok H ;Mur,f qk d &if jzif h q&m0ef awmif r vdkbl;wJh/ empfhracsmacsmav;awG q&mrkd;qD tJav q&m0ef awmifrvk dbl;vk dY taemuf wkdif;qkd ½kd;pum; &Sdoa[h/ yef;oD ;&J U aumif;usd K;aumif ;uG uf q,f csuf uawmh &S if ;ygNyD/ Muuf oG ef jzL &JU tmedoifawGuk da&m azmjy tJav rajymjyawmh bl;vm;uGJ U/

rjzLazG;( HTF ql;yk wf puf½kH )/ [kwfuJhyg/ MuufoGefjzL&JU usef;rma&;twGuf aumif;usdK;aumif;uGuf 21 csufBuD;rsm; awmif &Sd ygw,f/ tJ 'D awmh orD ;avh vmrd oavmuf uk d wif jyyg& ap/ Muuf oG ef jzL[m eH ygwf (1) aoG ;aMumtqD 0if rI uk d umuG ,f yg w,f/ eHygwf(2) ukd vufpxa&m avsmhcsay;ygw,f/ eHygwf(3) aoG ;zd tm;uk d (wenf ;tm;jzif h aoG ;wk d ;a&m*gjzpf Ek d if acsuk d ) usqif ;

apygw,f/ avsmhcsay;yg;w,f/ eHygwf (4) taeeJ Y Muuf oGef jzL [m av;bufem a*gufa&m*gukd ukoay;Ek dif ygw,f &Sifh/

r,k(tk d rD *gpuf½k H )/ tk d; .. avSBuD;xkd ;enf ;eJ Y ½kd;½kd ;BuD; &Sif;jy oG m;wmu aumif ;awmhaumif;ayr,fh em;xJ rSm t0ifracsmyg bl;awmf/ 'k dYuawmh tqk d ausmf ½k yf &S ifrif ;orD; csKd NyH K;ukd ca&ZDjzpf awmhum ]yef;yd awmufwk d Y a<u&majr}qk d wJh oD ;csif ;pmom;av;uk d zsufNyD; a[m'Dvk d ajymjyr,faemf/

]tat;rd .. tzsm;eJY .. tqkwfa&m*g .. aysmufuif;ygoav .. jynf wnfem .. usuf aporS .. qD;vrf;aMumif;u .. ul ;puf vmorQawG .. (0rf;wG if; .. tpmaMu) .. "mwk .. aq;tqd yfajy .. aoG;rcJ zkd Yuk d .. wm;qD ;ygoav .. pm;yg .. MuufoGefjzLukd .. a[}

rcsdKav;/ trav; rr,k&,f/ bmjzpfoGm;rSef;ukd rodbl;/

taqG;e,frSm jym;jym;ukd 0yfvkdYav/ uJyg&Sif/ orD;uawmh aZmf 0if;xG#f&JU pnf;vkH;csif;&JUoDcsif;wyk'f aw;pmom;tvk dufeJY a[m'D vkd qk djyvkd ufcsifw,f av/

]tqpf a&mif .. a&m*grsm; .. tif;qufeJYykd ;ukduf ovm; .. raMumuf eJ Y .. uk ooG m;r,f .. rsuf pd .. twG if ;wd rf eJ Y .. oG m;uk d uf .. 0uf NcH vm; .. ukd ,f cH tm; .. tm;BuD;wkd ;r,f .. qD;csdK .. ukovkd Y .. oifh twGuf a[ .. tpmpm; .. tm;[m;[m; .. od yf aumif;oGm;

r,f .. MuufoG ef jzL .. aeYwkdif;pm;uG,f .. (tkd; .. 0k d;)}q&mrk d ;/ tm;yg;yg; w,fvnf; tajymoGuf NyD; tqkdxuf wJh

wynfh awGygvm;/ uJ ygav pm;vnf;pm;? aomuf vnf ;aomuf? ajymvnf;ajymMuaygh/ aMomf 'geJY? tckwcg tvSnfh uswmu iS uf aysmoD ;&J U tusd K;tmedoif taMumif ;aemf/ uk d if ; b,f ol pajym rvJa[h/ 8 csuf&Sdw,f aemf/ ajymMua&mh/

rrsdK;rsdK;/ usryJ pajymr,f &S ifh/ iSufaysmoD;wvk H ;rSm ysrf ;rQtm; jzifh 105 u,fvkd &Davmuf yg0ifNyD;awmhum ukd ,fcE¨mtwGuf

vk d tyf wJ h pG rf ;tif uk d vsif jref pG m jznf h qnf ;ay;Ek d if ygw,f/ txl ;o jzifhawmh yifyif yef;yef; tvk yf vkyf NyD;csdef awG rSmayghaemf/ aemuf wcsufu rMumcPqkd ovdk ajcovk H;<uufom;awG[m <uuf wuf wwf ol awG [m iS uf aysmf oD ;pm;vk d uf &if tqif ajyNyD ; aumif ; oGm;w,fav/ iS ufaysmoD;rSmu usrwk dY ajcovkH ; <uufom; twGuf omrubJeJY wudk ,fvk H;rS m&S dwJh <uufom;awGuk d ouf awmif h ouf om&S d apwJ h r*¾ eD qD ,rf eJ Y yk d wuf qD ,rf <u,f 0pG m yg0if rIu tm;jznf hay;wmaygh av/

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Elements Treatment Approach

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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ukojcif;Common Elements

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Use &ef vkd pd wfwkdrI Aggression

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Action for Women (SAW) ESihf EkdifiH a&;tusOf ;om;rsm; ulnD apmih fa&S mufa&;toif; (AAPP

– Burma) wk dY&Sd pepf wus avh usihf oifwef;rsm; &,lxm;NyD;

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t"du ukxHk;tqifhqifhCore Components

1/ yl;aygif;yg0ifrI&Sdap

a&; tm;ay;wGJac:aqmif&Guf jcif ;/ Encouraging Participation

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2/ CETA ukxHk;rsm;t aMumif ; &S if ;vif ;rd wf quf jcif ;/CETA Introduction

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3/ tjcm;enf;vrf; jzihf awG ;awmapjcif ;

tykdif; 1/ Thinking in a

different way–Part 1

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Thinking in a different way–Part 2

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(unhelpful thoughts) aqG ;aEG;

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wwfynmrsm; oifMum;ay;yg onf/ 5/ tjyD;owf tqihfrsm;/

Finishing Steps

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jcif ;jzpfygonf/

t j c m ; u k x H k ; t q i h f q i h f Additional Components

6/ vHkNcKHpdwfcsaprI t wwf ynm/ Safely Skills

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7/ ajzavQmhtem;,lr I/Relaxation

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pmrsufES m (11) od kY

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8/ Ekd;Mum;wuf<uvm ap&efaqmi f&Gufr I/ Getting

Active

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9/ cufc Jaomtjzp ft

ysuf? 'Pf&ma[mif ;r sm ;t aMumi f;ajymqkdj cif;/ Talking

about the difficult memories.

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uk d ppf aq;rS wf wrf ; jyKygonf/ 10/ vufawGYazm fxkw f

xdawG YrI/ LIVE Exposure

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txyfxyf jyKvk yfapygonf/ 11/ jyóemrsm; ajz&S if;

jcif;/ Solving Problems

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12/ t&ufaopmE Sihf pGJ vef ;apaomaq;0g;rsm; oH k ;pG J rI tu sO f; ukoj ci f; / Brief

Intervention for Substance Use

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Program (MHAP) vufcH&,l vk dolrsm; atmufazmfjyyg tzGJ Y tpnf;rsm;od kU Edk ufwif a*;vf *sme,frSwqif h qufoG ,far; jref;í ppfwrf; (assessment)

aumuf cH ,l um vk d tyf ygu uk xHk ;r sm ; vufcH &,l Ekd ifyg aMumif;/

Johns Hopkins Field Office

Social Action for Women

(SAW)

Assistance Association for

Political Prisoners (AAPP-

Burma)

a'guf wmxifaZmf





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cal Ethics qkdwmrSm tajccHrl

(4)csuf &S dw,f/Do good : vlemaumi f;

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vnfatmif awmf½kH eJY arhroGm; atmi f ajym jy aq G;aE G;&y g w,f/

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usrtaeeJ Y usef ;rma&; vkyfom;awGudk usef;rma&;eJY vlYtc Gifhta&;oifwef; ykdYcs vmcJ hwm c&pfESpf 2000 uae ,ck xd qdk awmh q,fpk ESpfwpfck ausmfcJhyg NyD/ tckaemufydk if; rSmawmh usef;rma&;eJ YvlYtcGifh ta&;bmom&yftjyif aq; ynmusifh0wfyg oifwef;rSm xnhf ajymcJ hwm vGefcJ hwJh 3-4 ESpfavmufu pcJhygw,f/

tck aqmif ;yg;rS mawmh aq; ynmusif h0wf oifwef ;ud k NyD;cJ h wJh ZGef-Zl vdkif 2013 rSm ay;cJh pOfu oifwef;om; q&m q

&mrrsm;&JU udk,fawGU tawGU tBuHKay:rS m tajccH NyD; olwkd YeJ Y aqG;aEG;cJ yHkawGudk jyefvnf wifjyrSm jzpfy gw,f/ aq; ynmusihf 0ef&J Url 4 csufxJ rSm Autonomy udk tawmfav; aqG ;aEG ;cJ h Muw,f/ a&m*guk o &mrSm vlem&JU ukd ,f yk dif qHk ;jzwf

cGifhudk av;pm;&r,fvk dY qd kay r,fh vufawGUrSmusif hoHk ;zkd Y r vG,fbl; jzpfaew,fvkd Y oif wef;om;awGu wifjyvmyg w,f/ Oyrm- tpmtd rfrSm t vH k ;&S d aew,f? uif qmvkd Y oH o ,&S d w,f? 'D a&m*guk d bJ cG J xk wf ypf vk d YvJ &w,f? rcG JbJ xk d ;aq; pm;aq;eJ Y apmih f Munh f r,f qdk vJ ESpfvavmuf apmihfMunhfvkdY &w,f? tJ 'D vk d tajctaersd K;rS m aq;ynmusifh 0wfuk d vkd ufem &r,f qk d &if vlemud k qHk ;jzwfcG if h

a&G;c s,fcGifhay;&rSmjzpfw,f ? vlemu bmvk yfcsifovJ cG J csif ovm;? aq;xkd ;cs ifovm; a&G;cs,fcGifhay;&r,f/

'gayr,f h usrwd k Y vl emawG u olwdkYudk,f wkdif ukoenf; a&G ;cs,f zk d YUqd k wm b,f vk d rS rjzpf Edkifbl;/ tpOftvmudk r&dScJh wm/ q&m aumif;ovkdom vk yf yg? q&mr aumif ;ovk d om vk yfyg? q&mwkdY q&mrwkdYudk tyfygw,f? tJ'Dvkd bJ ajymMu wm/ 'D q&m? q&mrawGbJ

aumif ;r,fxifwm vkyfay;& awmhwmbJ/ 'gukd usifh0wf azmuf zsuf w,f vk d Y ajym&rvm; vk dY oifwef ;om;awG u ar;yg w,f/

[k wf awmh [k wf ygw,f/ vl emuk d a& G;cs,fcG if hr ay ;b J usef;rma&;vkyfom;awGu rdrd ynm tawG UtBuH Kt& vl emt wG uf taumif ;qH k ; jzpf r,f xif wJ h ukoenf;ud k a&G;cs,fay;& wm tpOf tvmjzpf aeygNyD/ tJ 'g bmaMumihfvJqkdawmh usr wd k Yvl emawG u aq;ynmeJ Y ywf ouf wJh tod nmPf A[kokw awG r&Sd Muao;vkd YygyJ/ usef; rma&;ud pö eJYywf oufvkd Y tqd k; taumif ; rodwJh tcg qHk ;jzwf EkdifpGrf ;vnf; r&S dEkdifyg/ avm avmq,f tajctaerSmawmh

vlemawG &J U usef;rma&;ud pö udk usef;rma&;vkyf om;wkdY? q&m 0efwkd Yuy J qHk ;jzwfay;ae& tHk;rSmygyJ/ ar;cGef;xkwfp&m aemuf wckuawmh Respect qdk wm eJ Y ou fq kd if ygw, f/Respect &JU wk duf½kd uft"dyÜg,f uawmh av;pm;jcif;aygh / rdrd

&JUvl emuk d av;pm;&r,f qdk wm ½d k aowmeJ Yawmh rwlygbl ;/ vl emrsm;[m vl om;rsm;jzpf w,f/ vlom;*kPfodu©m n§dK;EGrf;ap r,fh tjyKtrl a&Smif MuOf&rSm jzpfw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm *kPf odu©musqif;apwJh vlem&JUt wGif;a&;? vl em&JUvQKdU0Suftyf wJhudpö rsm;udk raygufMum;ap &bl ;? vQKd U0S uf pG mxd ef ;od rf ;xm; &r,fvkd Y qdkvk dygw,f/ tJ 'Dt aMumif;t&mawGudk aqG;aEG; awmh HIV/AIDS eJYywfoufwJh

vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifaewJh oifwef ;om;q&mwa,muf u ar;ygw,f/

q&m&JUvlemtrsdK;om;rSmHIV yk d ;&S d w,f/ 'gayr,f h ol UrS m yk d;&S dwm olUZeD;eJYol Urdom;pk udk rodapcsifbl;? zH k;xm;ay;ygvk dY ajymw,f/ vl em&JU awmif;qdk csuf twk dif; zHk;xm;ay;&rvm; 'grSr[kwf olY&JUZeD;ukd ajym oihf ovm;? b,f [mu usifh 0wfazgufzsufovJvkd Y ar;yg w,f/

'D ae&mrSmawmh vlemtrsdK; om;rSm HIV ykd;&Sd wm ZeD;udk t oday;zkdY vk dtyfygw,f/ aq; ynmusifh0wf rSm vQKd U0Suftyf wJh ud pö ukd raygufMum;ap&bl ; vkd Yqk dxm;ayr,f h wu,ftwd tustao;pd wfrS m azmf jyxm; wmu rod oif h wJ h? od zk d Yrvk d tyf wJhol awGudk rod apvkd wm rSef ayr,fh ckevlemvkdrsdK; taet xm;rSm olY&JUZeD;[m odoif hod xk d uf ol jzpf wJ h twG uf cif yG ef ;rS m yd k ;&S d aew,f qdk wm ZeD ;ud k tod ay;&rS mjzpf w,f/ 'grSom ZeD ; onf rS m HIV a&m*gyk d ; rul ;puf atmif umuG ,f Ed k if rS mjzpf w,f/

wu,fvkdYrsm; tJ'DtrsdK; om;[m wpH kwck aMumif h cG J pd wf ukozkdY vk dtyfvm&if olUukd cGJ pdwf ay;r,f hq&m0ef? ol emjyK?

usef ;rma&;vk yfom;wk dudk HIV

a&m*gyk d ;&S d aMumif ; tod ay;&rS m jzpfygw,f/ 'D vkdtoday;jcif; [m aq;ynmusif h0wfudk csd K; azmuf wmr[kwfbJ aq;ynm usif h 0wf uk d vk d uf emjcif ;om jzpf ygw,f/

aq;ynmusif h 0wf [m tif

rwef us,f jyef YeufeJ ygw,f/ awmfawm frsm ;rsm ;udpöawGrSm trS m;trSef tjzLtrJ? wduswJh tajzr&S d ygbl ;/ ae&ma'o ,Of aus;rI ½kd ;&m"avh xHk ;pH awGay: rSm rlwn fNy D; tajctaeeJY vk d uf avsmnD axG usif h oH k ;&wm awG &Sdygw,f/ 'ghtjyif rdrd a&muf &S d aewJ h wk d if ;jynf a'o&J U usef ;rma&; rl0g' ay:vpDay: rSm rlwnfNyD; uGJjym;rIawGvJ &Sdygw,f/ Oyrm- tJ'Dwkdif; jynfrS m uav;zsuf cscG ifh cG if h jyK

xm;w,f qkd &if oaEom;zsuf csay;wm aq;ynmusif h0wf azguf zsuf wmr[k wf ygbl ;/ 'g ayr,fh usef ;rma&;ay:vp D (rl 0g')rS m w&m;0if uav; zsuf cscGifhay;rxm;&if uav;zsuf csay;wm[m usifh0wfazmuf zsuf &m usaeygvdrfhr,f/

,ck xuf xd aq;ynmusif h 0wf uk d azmuf zsuf wm [k wf o vm;? r[kwf bl ;vm;qd kwJh ud pö wck &S daeygao;w,f/ tJ'gu awmh Euthanasia vkd Yac:wJh vl

aq;ynmusif h0wfa'gufwmcifapm0if;

emudk owfcGifhay;jcif; udpö yg yJ/ ukovk dYr&wJha&m*g? tifr wef emusifrIa0'emcHpm;NyD; aotH hqJqJvlemawG[m t ouf qufr&S ifEdk if awmh r,f h t wl wl jrefjrefaocsifMuw,f/ aoaq;xkd;ay;ygvkd Y q&m0ef awG ud k cG if h awmif;wJ htcg q&m

0efu xk d;ay;oifh ovm; qk dwJh udpö[m Edkifi Hwum&J U aq; ynmavmurSm tckxufxd tjiif;yGm ;aeqJjzpfygw,f/ avmavmq,f wcsd KU Oa&my wk dif ;jynfrsm;jzpf wJh b,fvf *sD ,rf? e,f omvef? qGpfZmvef wkd YrSm vlemawmif ;qk d&if q&m 0ef u aoaq;xkd;ay;cGifh &Sd yg w,f/ w&m;0if cG if hjyKxm;aomf vnf ; a0zef csuf awG &S d aevk d Y w u,f hvufawGUrSm us,fus,f jyefY jyefY usifhoH k;rIr&S dao;yg

bl;/ aq;ynmusifh0wfrSm avh vmp&m oH k ;oyf p&mawG trsm; BuD;&Sdaeygao;w,f/ usef;rm a&;udpö aqmif&Gufawm hr,f qd k&if rnf olrqdk CHW, HA,

q&m0eftygt0if usef;rma&; vkyfom;wkdi f;[m aq;ynm usih f 0wf bmom&yf uk d oif wef ; &J U oif cef ;pmw&yf tjzpf xnh f oGi f;oif Mum;zk dY vkdty fvS aMumif ; wifjytyfw,f/

a'guf wm cifapm0if ;

(3) ac:oG m;cgrS pdwfa&m*guk aq;½kHrS q&m0efwpk vlemwa,muf udk t½l;

[k rxif/ vl aumif;jzpfaMumif ; oufaoxl&ef vl emud k ½kyf &Sifvd kufNy

w,f/ ½k yf &S if ½k H txJ wG if aq;raNcmuf ao;aom cH k wef ;rsm;ud k awG Y &w,f/

q&m0ef awG u 'D twd k if ; xd k if csvd k uf w,f/ vl emu owif ;pm wapmifudk ,lcif;NyD; ususeexdkifw,f/

q&m0efawG NyHK;NyD; vl emudk ar;w,f/]]cif Asm; usaemfwd kYvdk bmaMumifh rxd kifwmvJ}}]]'D vdk cif;xm;rS tNrif hrS m xdkifovdk NzpfNyD; NrifuG if;ydk &Sif;

rSmaygh/ r[k wfbl;vm;}}

(1) rD ;anmif

pd wf a&m*g a0'emonf oH k ;OD ; aq;½k H rS xG uf aNy;zdk YBuH pnf NyD ; *d wfwcg; tem;a&mufvmMuw,f/

tapmifhrs m; r&dyfrdap&ef wa,mufu aMumifatm foH rD ;anmif vdk Y atmfw,f/

aemuf wa,mufuvnf; 'Dvdk yJ atmf w,f/ 'gayr,f h aemufqH k;wa,muf atmf vdk ufwmu]]usKyf vnf ; aMumifyJ As}}

(2) tckawmh usaemfod NyD vl emu olYud k,fol aoNyDxifaew,f/ pdwfa&m*gukq&m0ef u olYudk rS efwcsyf ta&SU&yfcdkif;um

vl aoqdkwmaoG;rxGufqdk NyD; tBud rfrsm;pG m atmfcdkif;xm;w,f/ aemuf q&m0ef Nyef vmNyD ; vl emh vuf xd yf av;ud k tyf eJ Y azmuf

vdk ufw,f/ aoG; enf;enf;xGuf vmwmaygh/ q&m0efu atmifNrifpGmNyHK;NyD; vl emud k]]Nrif NyD r[kwfvm;}} vl emu tH hMowMuD;Nzifh]][if vl aovnf ; aoG;xGuf wmyJ aemf}}

t½l;avmurS [morsm;

a'guf wm *sdKum




ar;/ trsKd ;orD ;awG(tcsOf )t&omwtm;BuKd uf wmbmaBumif h vJ/ ajz/ trsKd ;om;wcsKdYvJ(tcsOf) BuKd ufwwfMuayr,fh? a,bk,s tm;jzif Y trsKd;orD ;xktrsm;pk awG? tcsOft&omuk d trsKd;om;awG xuf yk dBudKufBuygw,f/ tay:,H pOf;pm;&if wOD;csif;qd kif &m ES pfNcKduf rI tBudKufqE´vkd Yxif&ayr,fh aq;odyH Üt&MunfY&if t aMumif;&if;cHppfppf tajz&S dygw,f/

bmaMumifhvJ qkdawmh (zkd^r) obm0tajccH? cE¨maA'wnf aqmufykH rwlnD ovkd ZD 0ur® aA' vkyf ief;t& trsddK;orD;awG rSm b0Zmwf q&m uH w&m;tvk d (tma0ed u)a0'em? vpOf "r® wmyef ; yG if hvef; (Menstruation) &wmawG&Sd ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh trsdK;orD; awG rS m vpOf &moD aoG ;qk H ;½I H ;rI? rD ;zG m;pOf aoG ;qk H ;½I H ;rI awG &S d NyD ; 'D vk d qkH ;½IH ;rI awGtwGuf jyefvnf tpm;xk d;? aoG;opfavmif;jznfh wif; zk d Y MoZmtm[m&? tqD tES pf rsd K;pk H eJ Ytwl AD wmrif pD? oH "mwf? Folic

Acid (azmvpf tuf qpf )? Vit B12 qk d wmawG vk d tyf ygw,f/ txl ; ojzifh "mwfwk d ;qef Yusif ypö nf;wrsd K;jzpfwJ h Vit C (tcsOf "mwf )[m cE¨mukd,f ZD 0vkyfief ; tajccHawG rS m r&S drjzpfvkd tyfygw,f/

tJ'Dvk d obm0cE¨muk d,f vkdtyfcsuft& trsdK;orD ;awG[m tcsOftrsdK;rsd K;awGuk d ykdcsOfcsif ;wyf? pm;vkdMu? BudKufESpfoufMu ygw,f/ obm0opfoD;trsm;pk rSm Vit C (Ascorbic Acid) (Oyrm

qD ;jzLoD;wGif trsm;qk H ;)? pD ;x&pf tuf qpf (Citric Acid oH yk &moD ;? tcsOf rsd K;pk H wG if trsm;qk H ;yg0if )pwmawG ayg<u,f NyD ; 'D tcsOf "mwf awG[m rD ;eJY? tyleJYxd&if NydKuG Jysuf pD;vG ,fygw,f/ opfoD ;awG tpdrf ;b0rS m tcsOf "mwf rsm;NyD ; rS nf h &if tcsOf "mwf avsmh? t&om csd KoG m;Muwmrk d Y trsd K;orD ;awG o&uf oD ;pd rf ;? r&rf ;oD ;pd rf ;? a&S muf? oHyk&moD ;awG odyf Bud KufMuwm obm0yg/

usef;rma&;? aq;ynmokw tajz&S m

a'guf wmOD ;pH abmf [m wif yg;qH k½d k ;eJ Y aygif ½d k ;vnf wd k if yd k if ;

t½d k ;usKd ;tuf rI ud k qif pG ,f eJ Y t pm;xdk;ukorIudk urÇmay:rSm yxrqH k ; azmf xk wf vk yf aqmif cJ h ol jzpfNyD; EdkifiHwumaq;avm u&JU csD;usL;*k PfjyKrIudk cH &ol jzpfygw,f/

a'gufwm OD ;p Habm fu dk 1922 ck ES pf ZG ef v 29 &uf aeYrS m om,m0wDc½dkif wmyG efNrdKUu av;rS m arG ;zG m;cJ h ygw,f/ tajc cHynmudk uavmNrd KU pdeftJ* eufpf oDv&Sifausmif;eJY &ef uk efNrd KU pdefaygausmif ;rSm oif

,l cJ h ygw,f/ 1950 ck ES pf rS m &ef uk efwuúodk vfuae trf bDbD tufpf aq;ynmbGJ Y &cJ hyg

w,f/ 1954 ckESpfrS m tar &duefE dkifiH yifq,fvfaA;eD;

,m;wuúodkvf rSm tpd k;&ynm awmfoiftjzpf qnf;yl;c Jh&m 1958 ckrS m r[modyÜ H (t½dk;t xl;uk) bGJY&cJhygw,f/ jrefrm jynfjyef a&mufwJhtcg rEÅ av; jynfol Yaq;½H kBuD;eJY rEÅav; aq;wuú od k vf rS m t½d k ;txl ;uk uxdutjzpf trIxrf; cJh yg w,f/ 1975 ck rS m &ef uk ef aq; ½H k BuD ;eJ Y &efuk ef aq;wuú od k vf 1 udk ajymif;a&TU cJhygw,f/ 1980 ckESpf rSm tNidrf;pm;,l cJh NyD;aemuf 1984 ckESpfrSm rEÅ

av;rS m uG,fvGef cJ hygw,f/ q&mBuD ;OD ;pH abmf [m tar &duefEdkifi HrSm ynmoifaeu

wnf ;u wif yg;qH k ½d k ;eJ Y aygif ½d k ; vnf wdk if yd kif; usKd;tufwJ htcg oHk ;aeus owå Kxuf obm0 qifpG ,feJ Y tpm;xdk;uk zdk Y pd wf ul;&cJ hygw,f/ jrefrmEd kif iHjyef a&mufNyD; wm0efxrf;wJhtcg qifpG,ftpm;xd k;vkyfie f;ud k 1959 ck rS m pwifok awoe jyK

cJh ygw,f/ 1960 ckESpfrS m touf 80

t&G,f oDv&SifBuD ;a':yk n&JU aygif½d k ;vnfwHusKd;wmud k qif pG ,f eJY yxrqHk ;tpm;xk d; uk o cJ h ygw,f/ yef ;ykq&mrsm; tul tnD eJ Y 1960 ck ESpf uae 1969 ckESpftxd vlemaygif ; 100 ausmfud k qif pG ,f t½d k ;tpm;xdk ; uk oay;cJ h NyD ; aemuf quf wG J t us Kd ;quf aw Gu dk awmuf avQmuf avh vmcJ h wJ h tcg owå K t½d k ;wk xuf yd k omvG ef wm awG Y

cJ h ygw,f/ tJ 'D umvwH k ;u jref rmEdk ifiHrSm qifpG,ft½d k;wk[m owåKt½dk;wkxuf trsm;BuD;

aps;ouf omcJ h ygw,f/ qif pG ,f [m rl vvlYt½d k ;eJ Y ZD0aA'enf; t& (wpfoQL; ? aoG;? tm½Hk aMumf) wom;wnf;jzpfoGm; wmudk vnf; 1968 ck ESpfrSm t PkMunfh rSef ajymif ;eJ Y awGY&Sd oufaojy EdkifcJhygw,f/ 'g aMumif h NAd wd oQt½d k ;tqpf avh

vma&;aq;ynm*sme,fud k ok awoeawG Y&S d csuf pmwrf ; wif oG if;azmfjycJ h NyD ; 1969 ck NAd wd ef t½d k ;txl ;uk orm;awmf rsm; nD vmcHrSmvnf; pmwrf;wuf a&muf zwfMum;cJh&ygw,f/ t½d k;tqpfaq;ynm e,fy,f rS m 'g[m urÇ mh yxrqH k ; uk xH k ; tjzpf Ed kif iHwumynm&SifawG u csD ;usL;cJhMuygw,f/ q&m BuD;[m tNidrf;pm;,l wJ h umv txd vlemaygif ; 300 ausmf ud k t½dk ;tpm ;xdk ; ukoay;cJh yg

w,f/ &nf ñTef ;/ pm&Pr*¾Zif ;yga'guf wmvSaz\aqmif ;yg;

xl ;cRef xif&S m; aq;orm;

t½d k;txl;uka'gufwmOD;pHabmf

ar;/ cspf pd wfqk dif&m tcspfa[mf rkef ; (Love Hormone) qk d wm &S dovm;/ ajz/ cspf jcif ;tp rsuf pd uvk d Y qk d ol uqk d/ ]cspf pd wf wnf &m tonf ; ES vk H;}ygvk d Y a&S;a[mif ; ES vk H;oDtk d &D t,ltqt& ,aeYxd rS wf,l aeqJ&Sd olawG? ,kH Munfvuf cH aeMuayr,f h/ acwf rD aq;odyÜH (OD ; aESmufeJYtm½kHaMum) aq;okawoejyKrIawGt& cspfpdwfwu,f pwm OD;aES muf&JUtwGif ;ykd if; tv,f A[kd cef YrSm&S dwJh rsuf &nf puf? a&puf vk d wG J wG Jav;&S daewJh VTA (Ventral Tegmental Area) jzpfNyD ; ol eJYtwl e,l;uvd ,yfpf - aturf bif? Aifx&,f yvD'ef ? &m zD ;e,l uvd ,yf pf qk d wJ h ae&mawG vnf ; cspf pd wf tajctaetrsd K;rsd K; ay: rlwnfvI yf &S m;ouf 0if tvkyfvk yf Muygw,f/ 'D vkyfief;awG

twGuf t"d uZmwfaqmif yg0ifujyolu 'kdygrif (Dopamine)

a[mfrkef;jzpfNyD;awmh qD½k dwk deif? zD ½kd rkH ;? atmuf pD wk dpif (Oxytocin)

a[mfrkef;qkd wJh tazmfawGu 0kdif;0ef ;ulnDMuygw,f/ cspfpd wf eJ Y t½l ;trl ;jzpf csd ef (Romantic Love) rS m 'k d ygrif? qD,kd

wkd eif? zD½kd rk H;qk d wJ h a[mf rk ef ;awG u wuf wuf <u<u vI yf &S m;MuNyD; aemuf ykd if;rS m pGJ vrf;wG,fwmpd wf (Attachment) twGuf Oxytocin

u y"meMuygw,f/ rd cifeJ Yom;orD ;? &ifaoG;wG,fwmapwm vnf ; atmuf pD wk d pif ygyJ/ ]cspf pd wf awG Mumavav? ck d if NrJ avav} qk dwm (Bonding) jzpfapwm atmufpDwk dpifaMumifh jzpfygw,f/ 'gawG[m tcspf a[mf rkef; awGyg/

wuf px½kd½kef; (Testosterone) usm;a[mfrkef;? tDpx½kd *sif(Oestrogen)? y½kd*sufpx½kef ; (ra[mfrkef;) qk dwJh Sex Hormones

awG [m (usm;-r)obm0 zef wD ;ay;wJ h a[mf rk ef ;awG jzpf ygw,f/

ar;/ ]a[muf} oH&JUaemuf uG ,f rS m aMumuf p&m tEÅ&m,fawG&S d w,fqk dwm bmawGvJq&m/ ajz/ tdyf puf wJhtcg a[muf oH bmaMumif hxGuf &wmvJ/ yxr qk H; taMumif;&if ;cHu t0vGefa&m*g (Obesity) jzpfygw,f/ t0 vG efol trsm;pk[m a[mufoH zefwD;&SifawGyg/ 'kwd,tcsufu

touf t&G ,f tk d rif ;&if h a&mf jcif ;? wwd ,tcsuf u cE¨ maA'qk d if &m rlrrSef wm (Oyrm ar;½kd;t&G,ftpm; odyf ao;wm)? pwk w¬t aMumif ;&if ;u t&uf aomuf wm? yOö ru pd wf Nid rf aq;aomuf wm jzpfNyD ; qXrtcsufu yufvufvS eftdyf wwfwm jzpf ygw,f/

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a[muf oH jzpf ay:yk H uawmh td yf wJ h tcg txl ;ojzif h yuf vuf vSeftdyf wJhtcg vQmuaemufzufukd avQmvefusNyD ; touf ½S L

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t,f'DwmtzGJU Edkufwifa*;vfusef;rma&;*sme,f r,fawmfaq;cef; pmMunf hwd kuf rJaqmufNrd KU/P.O.Box 156, Mae Sot, 63110

Tak Province, Thailand

Phone : Office - 055544495

E mail : ntg journal@gmail com

Nightingale Health Journal (Nov-2013)

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Transcript of Nightingale Health Journal (Nov-2013)