VD

MREP

ORT

No. 24June 1998

Nicrofer 3033 - alloy 33: A new corrosion-resistant austenitic material for many applications

Cover: Distributionsystem of a sulfuricacid plant in Nicrofer3033 - alloy 33.Operator:NorddeutscheAffinerie, Hamburg(copper refinery).Process equipmentmanufacturer:Franken GmbH,Oberhausen

1

Alloy 33, a new corrosion-resistant austenitic mate-rial alloyed with nominally (wt.%) 33 Cr, 32 Fe, 31 Ni,1.6 Mo, 0.6 Cu and 0.4 N, exhibits excellent resistanceto general and local corrosion in hot mineral acids andchloride-containing solutions. Furthermore, the new alloystands out for its superior corrosion resistance in manyother corrosive environments from acidic to alkaline,including resistance to stress-corrosion cracking. In mixedHNO3/HF acids the corrosion resistance of alloy 33 issuperior to that of high chromium nickel-base alloys.In NaOH solutions the new alloy can be used in condi-tions where the conventional stainless steels fail. Due toits high nitrogen content the new alloy exhibits a smallgrain size in the solution-annealed condition and, conse-quently, a high yield strength and excellent toughnessproperties. Alloy 33 is easily welded without filler orusing matching filler metal.

Typical applications of alloy 33 (W.-Nr. 1.4591,UNS R20033) include heat exchangers, vessels, tubesand other equipment for sulfuric acid production plants,sulfuric acid heat recovery and distribution systems, nitric-hydrofluoric acid pickling plants, seawater systems, evaporation plants for salts and alkalis, bleaching plantsfor chemical pulp, plate or tubular heat exchangers usingbrackish water or seawater as a coolant, and lightweightstructures in the offshore industry. Especially the multi-purpose character of alloy 33 with respect to its resistanceto corrosion by both acidic and alkaline media and by chloride-containing cooling water opens up a widevariety of applications.

On the whole, the development of alloy 33 su-premely demonstrates the potentials still to be exploredwith nickel-bearing austenitic stainless materials.

M. Köhler, U. HeubnerKrupp VDMGmbHP.O. Box 1820D-58778Werdohl/Germany

K.-W.Eichenhofer, M. RennerBayer AGBayerwerkD-51368Leverkusen/Germany

AbstractNicrofer 3033 - alloy 33: A new corrosion-resistant austenitic material for many applications

2

It is well known that increasing the chromium contentof stainless steels increases their resistance to corrosionby oxidizing media. This is true both for pure nitric acidand for nitric/hydrofluoric acid mixtures, as has beenshown recently by E.-M. Horn and co-workers (1). Nickel-base alloys like alloy 690 with about 29 wt.% chromiumhave also shown advantages both for handling of nitricacid where halogen compounds are present and for theuse of nitric/hydrofluoric acid mixtures, e.g., in repro-cessing of nuclear fuel elements (2, 3). Another oxidizingmedium of widespread industrial interest is highly con-centrated sulfuric acid. Nevertheless, until some yearsago the maximum chromium content of commerciallyavailable stainless steels and nickel-base alloys was lim-ited to about 29 wt.%. Therefore the goal was to developa new corrosion-resistant material with a chromium con-tent distinctly higher than that of the materials hitherto inuse. This new material should also have an austeniticmicrostructure to provide processing characteristics assimilar as possible to those of existing austenitic stainlesssteels and nickel-base alloys.

These were the objectives defined in 1992, from thebeginning of Krupp VDM’s cooperation with Bayer AGon the development of a metallic material which was topossess the highest possible corrosion resistance whenexposed to strongly oxidizing media such as highly con-centrated sulfuric acid.

Theoretical considerations led to an alloy in the Cr-Fe-Ni system but with substantial additions of nitrogento stabilize the austenitic microstructure. A feasibilitystudy based on laboratory heats and carried out in early1993 proved the concept. The first large-scale heat wasmelted immediately and successfully processed into plateand sheet, billets, welding wire and seamless tubes.

Since the alloy´s processing behavior proved excel-lent at all stages of production, preparations began in1994 for its approval as a pressure-vessel material inaccordance with German (VdTÜV) and ASME standards.

1995 saw the first manufacture of strip and longi-tudinally welded pipe in the new material. All the processsteps were accompanied by extensive corrosion tests onsemi-finished products, both in the laboratory and underoperating conditions at the Bayer plant. Processing tests,which involved forming semi-finished products into dishedheads, flanges and plate-type heat exchangers, weremonitored by a team of development specialists.

Final material inspection by TÜV, based on three 30-tonne heats, was documented in 1996 for a variety ofsemi-finished product forms in VdTÜV sheet 516 andASME Code Case 2227.

Alloy 33 has been assigned the materials numbersW.-Nr. 1.4591 (Europe) and UNS R20033 (USA).

Introduction

3

Table 1 shows the chemical composition of the newcorrosion-resistant alloy 33. The main feature is the highchromium content of about 33 wt.%. To achieve a fullyaustenitic structure the nickel content had to be adjustedto 31 wt.% and about 0.4 wt.% nitrogen had to beadded. In order to create a multipurpose versatility nom-inally 1.6 wt.% molybdenum and some copper are al-loyed at the same time. As follows from Table 1, chromi-um, molybdenum and nitrogen result in a nominal pittingresistance equivalent (PRE) of 50, which compares fa-vourably with the PRE of 47 of the 6 % molybdenum aus-tenitic stainless steel alloy 926 and is close to the PRE of51 of alloy 625. Consequently, an excellent resistance topitting and crevice corrosion can be expected. It shouldbe pointed out that the nitrogen content of the new alloyis kept below the solubility limit of nitrogen in the solidphase to avoid any problems during welding with match-ing filler. The high nitrogen solubility has been achievedby the alloy´s high chromium content (4) and not by anincrease of manganese in the alloy (5). Together with thelow sulfur content of max. 0.005 wt.%, this will avoid theformation of any MnS, which tends to impair the localcorrosion resistance of stainless steels, especially resist-ance to crevice corrosion (6).

Figure 1 shows that the austenitic microstructure of a40 mm solution-annealed plate of alloy 33 is completelyhomogeneous (7, 8). A solution annealing temperature of1120°C was selected. The fine-grained microstructure(ASTM No. 5) is typical of nitrogen-alloyed materials.

Composition, microstructure, mechanical properties and thermal stabilityof alloy 33

Table 2 shows the mechanical properties of alloy 33and other austenitic materials. The minimum characteris-tics of alloy 33, which have been approved by VdTÜVand ASME, are well above those established both forstainless steels including the 6 %-Mo steels and for thenickel-base alloys and come close to the requirements ofalloy 625 in the soft-annealed condition. Ductility, asexpressed by elongation, is very high and a ratio of yieldpoint to tensile strength of 0.53 gives additional safety, ifplastic strain is considered (9).

With respect to phase stability, a chromium contentof 33 % and a nitrogen content of 0.4 % are not incom-patible. Figure 2 indicates that there is a small loss ofimpact strength in the temperature range 700°Cto 900°C due to precipitation of some σ-phase.Nevertheless, even when sensitized for 8 hours theimpact strength at ambient temperature was well above100 J in all tests. Furthermore, it should be noted that nosensitization was observed after annealing in the temper-ature range 600°C to 1000°C for up to 10 hours, asshown by testing for 15 cycles of 48 hours in boilingnitric acid (Huey Test), using the distillation method (10).Figure 3 shows that neither a significant increase in theoverall corrosion rate nor any sign of intergranular pen-etration could be detected, and it is worth noting that thisremains true for annealing times of up to 1000 hours (11).

4

Alloy 33 has been shown to be weldable by gastungsten arc welding (GTAW) using matching filler, plas-ma arc welding and laser welding. Figure 4 shows as anexample the weld seam of a 15 mm plate of alloy 33welded by GTAW using matching filler. The mechanicalproperties of the matching weld deposit comparefavorably with those of the base material (8). Welding ofalloy 33 to dissimilar materials, such as nickel basealloys, which have a low nitrogen solubility due to theirhigh nickel content, has also been demonstrated (8).A special feature of alloy 33’s welding behavior, withoutfiller or with matching filler, is the reduced micro-segregation in the weld seam due to the relatively lowmolybdenum content, leading to a corrosion resistance ofthe weld which is essentially equivalent to that of the basematerial (11).

Weldability of alloy 33

5

The main problem with standard austenitic steels istheir poor resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion inchloride-bearing media. It has been shown by Garner(12) that the ferric chloride test provides a conservativeprediction of the occurrence of pitting and crevice corro-sion in ambient seawater for a range of austenitic steels.In order to obtain an initial ranking of alloy 33 with re-spect to resistance to localized corrosion, the ASTM G-48test procedure was applied (13, 14). Table 3 gives thetest results for alloy 33 in comparison to stainless steelsand nickel-base alloys. In addition to the critical pittingand the critical crevice temperatures of the different alloytypes the pitting resistance equivalent and the cost ratiowith respect to alloy 316 L have been calculated. It is wellestablished that with increasing PRE values there is analmost linear increase of resistance to localized corro-sion. As Table 3 shows, alloy 33 fits into this empiricalrule. A critical pitting temperature of 85°C and a criticalcrevice temperature of 40°C were determined. This pit-ting temperature is superior, and the crevice temperatureequivalent, to those of the 6 %-Mo steels. Taking into

account the 30 % advantage in yield strength of alloy 33over the 6 %-Mo steels (see Table 2), the benefits for thedesign of lightweight structures for marine applicationscan be appreciated.

Nevertheless, each alloy is only as good as the corrosion resistance which is obtained in the weldedcondition. Therefore, at a very early stage of the alloy’sdevelopment the local corrosion resistance of weldedsamples with and without matching filler was determinedin 10 % FeCl3 • 6 H2O solutions. Table 4 gives the resultsof the critical pitting temperature evaluation of a 5 mmPAW weldment without filler in comparison to the basematerial. Though welded without filler, and with no addi-tional heat treatment of the welded sample, the critical pit-ting temperature was only reduced by 10°C in compari-son to the base material. Production of tubes longi-tudinally welded by GTAW without filler has already con-firmed this test result of an exceptionally small decreasein local pitting resistance in the welded condition.

Resistance of alloy 33 to local corrosion

6

In addition, electrochemical tests have been per-formed in chloride-bearing media and in artificial seawater.Table 5 gives the critical pitting temperature determinedby potentiodynamic polarization curves as a function ofthe repassivation potential in 1.0 n NaCl solution (7). Theevaluation was performed according to B.E. Wilde (15)using a sweep rate of 180 mV/h. Among the stainlesssteels tested, alloy 33 exhibits the highest pitting temper-ature and outperforms even alloy 926 under these testconditions. In order to explore the full potential of thelocal pitting resistance of alloy 33, potentiostatic testsapplying a potential of 0.75 and 0.3 V (SCE) in arti-ficial seawater according to DIN 50905-4 (16) were per-formed. The test results are given in Table 6. The testingtime was 7 hours. Neither at 60°C and a potential of0.75 V (SCE), nor at 0.3 V (SCE) and 85°C could pittingbe observed under those conditions. Alloy 926, whichwas tested under those conditions for comparison, re-vealed the same localized corrosion resistance. Finallythe chloride concentration of the artificial seawater wasincreased by a factor of 2 by additions of NaCl at 0.3 V(SCE) to increase the corrosiveness of the solution. Alloy33 again showed no degradation with respect to pittingresistance. A critical pitting temperature of 85°C wasdetermined, which is again equivalent to alloy 926.

Crevice corrosion tests in artificial seawater havealready revealed (8) that at temperatures up to 100°Cand for a testing time of more than 3 months no signs ofcrevice corrosion were observed. The results are listed inTable 7. Additional laboratory tests have been performedunder potentiostatic conditions at 0.3 V (SCE). Table 8shows the test results in comparison to alloy 926. Underthese test conditions alloy 926 already failed at 45°C,whereas alloy 33 showed the first crevice attack at 55°C.

7

Stress corrosion tests have been performed in satu-rated CaCl2 solution at 135°C using the test equipmentaccording to J.A. Jones (19). Alloy 33 has been tested incomparison to stainless steels. Table 9 presents the testresults, which now have been extended up to 5,000hours of testing. None of the 3 specimens of alloy 33have failed so far. Additional stress corrosion tests havebeen performed in saturated CaCl2 solution at 125°C atvarious stress levels commensurate with its 125°C yieldstrength. Table 10 gives the test results for constant loadconditions between 0.5 and 0.9 yield strength. The resist-ance of alloy 33 is superior not only to that of alloy 316 Lbut also to that of the 6 % Mo superaustenitic stainlesssteel alloy 926, which cracked at 0.9 YS after 965 hours.

Resistance of alloy 33 to stress corrosion

8

Nitric acidEvaluation of the corrosion behavior of alloy 33 in

nitric acid had been done (8) first by testing in boilingazeotropic (67 %) HNO3 (Huey Test) using the distillationmethod (10). Table 11 shows the test results after 15cycles of 48 hours in comparison with two stainless steelsand the chromium rich nickel-base alloy G-30. Alloy 33exhibits the lowest corrosion rate. According to theseresults, in this kind of test alloy 33 is about 6 and 2 timesmore corrosion-resistant respectively than AISI 304 L andAISI 310 L and about 3.3 times more resistant than thenickel-base alloy G-30.

In order to explore the full potential and improvedcorrosion resistance of alloy 33, a second series of testswas conducted with 75, 80 and 85 % HNO3 at tempe-ratures between 25°C and 75°C over 21 days in com-parison with the stainless steels AISI 304 L and AISI 310L(20). According to the test results shown in Table 12 alloy33 again came out best, approaching the limits of whatmay be defined as corrosion resistance in 85 % HNO3 at75°C. Therefore, in a third test series immersion testswere performed in 85, 90 and 95 % HNO3 at the sametemperatures but extended to much longer times. Long-time testing of stainless steels in aggressive nitric acidenvironments is necessitated by the fact that obviouslydue to the intrinsic instabilites of such types ofpassive/transpassive corrosion behavior, long-timetesting may reveal increased corrosion rates accompa-nied by distinct intergranular attack even without anysensitization treatment having been applied (2).Considering these aspects, it goes without saying thatany sensitizing effect which could have occurred duringwelding should also be looked at and evaluated verycarefully. Therefore weldments of alloy 33 and stainlesssteel have been included in the investigation.

The results are presented in Table 13. According tothe data obtained, the stainless steel AISI 304 L may beconsidered corrosion resistant in 85 % HNO3 at 50°Cwhereas at 75°C intergranular corrosion is observed. In90 % and 95 % HNO3 intergranular corrosion alreadyoccurs at 50°C and is even more pronounced at 75°C.As expected, the stainless steel AISI 310 L behaves somewhat better but also fails due to intergranular corro-sion at the same concentrations and temperatures.

Corrosion resistance of alloy 33 in nitric acid and nitric acid/hydrofluoric acid mixtures

Whereas in 85 % HNO3 at 75°C intergranular corrosiveattack starts within 25 days in the case of alloy AISI 304 L,accelerated corrosion with intergranular attack is de-layed to more than 25 days for alloy AISI 310 L and tomore than 75 days for alloy 33. In contrast to AISI 304 Land 310 L, alloy 33 is corrosion resistant in 90 % HNO3

even at 50°C but suffers increased corrosion and inter-granular attack within the second 25-day period at 75°C.In 95 % nitric acid at 50°C this behavior is delayed, star-ting only within the fourth 25-day corrosion period. Allthe data shown were obtained with unwelded plate of 5 mm thickness. Testing of GTAW weldments on the sameplate was done in parallel, but exhibited essentially thesame corrosion rates and behavior with respect to theappearance of intergranular corrosion.

9

General remarksIt has long been known that the corrosion resistance

of iron-nickel-chromium alloys in nitric acid increases withtheir chromium content. This is the overriding principle ofmaterial selection for these applications. Fig. 5 shows acompilation of older and newer data referring to the corrosion rate in boiling azeotropic (67 %) nitric acid.The older data from Fontana (21) and Colombier &Hochmann (22) show higher corrosion rates than thenewer data established after 1985. This shift to improvedcorrosion resistance reflects the progress in metallurgytowards cleaner and more uniform materials (2), sinceany inhomogeneity of the microstructure may triggeraccelerated non-uniform corrosion in highly aggressivenitric acid media (2). Under favorable conditions, i.e.with clean and uniform materials, this non-uniform corro-sion is intercrystalline and may start only after long peri-ods of attack, as shown in Table 13. This aspect under-lines the importance of a clean, homogeneous micro-structure such as has been shown to be typical of alloy 33(7,8). The ranking with respect to corrosion resistance in 85,90 and 95 % nitric acid as shown in Table 13 follows thebehavior of the alloys in boiling azeotropic (67 %) nitricacid according to Fig. 5, i.e. the chromium content is ofprime importance. This may also be concluded for 20 %nitric acid with additions of hydrofluoric acid accordingto Table 15. For the corrosion behavior in nitric/hydro-fluoric acid mixtures according to Table 14, such a sys-tematic approach is not yet possible; however, alloy 33,with the highest chromium content among the alloystested, came out best in every series of these tests.

Nitric/hydrofluoric acidTesting of alloy 33 in mixed nitric/hydrofluoric acid

was done at 90°C together with three other high chromi-um alloyed materials for comparison. Table 14 shows theresults. At 12 % HNO3 and with increasing additions ofHF up to 3.5 % as well as with greater amounts of HNO3

added to 0.4 % HF, alloy 33 features the lowest corro-sion rate. In a separate test run the corrosion resistanceof alloy 33 has been evaluated in 20 % nitric acid withadditions of 3 to 7 % hydrofluoric acid at 25°C and50°C. The test results are presented in Table 15 and com-pared to those obtained for alloy AISI 316 Ti and alloy28. It is obvious that Alloy 33 shows the lowest corrosionrate and can be regarded as corrosion resistant underthese conditions of testing.

10

Highly concentrated sulfuric acidLaboratory tests have been performed in 98 % sul-

furic acid at various temperatures between 100 and200°C. Table 16 indicates the excellent corrosion resist-ance of alloy 33 over the whole temperature range incontrast to alloy 310 L and the 5 wt.% austenitic silicongrade alloy 611. It also compares well with the 28 Cr -4 Ni - 2 Mo superferritic stainless steel without the duc-tility problems encountered with this material.

In addition, Table 17 gives the results of field testsunder flowing conditions in which alloy 33 was tested in99.1 % H2SO4 at 150°C and a flow velocity of ≥ 1.2m/sec. over 134 days. Under these plant conditions thestainless steel AISI 316 Ti and the nickel-base alloy 825failed but alloy 33 performed even better than the chro-mium rich nickel-base alloy 690. In another sulfuric acidplant alloy 33 was tested in 98.5 % H2SO4 with somefluctuations down to 96 % at a temperature of 135-140°C. The acid flow rate was ≥ 1 m/sec. Table 18 liststhe test results in comparison with two stainless steels 316Ti and 304, the chromium-rich nickel base alloy G-30and a special silicon-containing steel A611. Again alloy33 performed best. Decreasing the sulfuric acid concen-tration will in general increase the severity of the corro-sive environment. Nevertheless, even in 96 % H2SO4 satu-rated with SO2 at 80°C and a flow rate of ≥ 1 m/sec.alloy 33 performed as well as alloy C-276. Table 19gives the results for a test duration of 65 days in a sul-furic acid plant, comparing alloys 33 and C-276 with thestainless steels alloy 654 SMO and alloy 28. The ref-

Corrosion resistance of alloy 33 to sulfuric acid

This test bottom withcentral welding seamwas made fromNicrofer 3033 - alloy33 as a prototype fortwo reactor bottomsfor large-scale use inthe chemical industry.

11

erence material alloy C-276, which has many applicationsin sulfuric acid plant heat exchangers, confirms the poten-tial of alloy 33. This is further supported by the test resultspresented in Table 20. Alloy 33 was tested in 96 % sul-furic acid at 240°C with additions of nitrosylsulfuric acid(NOHSO4). This environment represents the concentra-tion stage of sulfuric acid production. The corrosion rateof alloy 33 unwelded and welded is very similar and isnot affected by additions of NOHSO4.

Finally, alloy 33 was tested in oleum at 150°C for 21days. Oleum is 100 % H2SO4 plus dissolved sulfur tri-oxide. The test results for alloy 33 and some stainlesssteels are listed in Table 21. Again, these results confirmthat alloy 33 can be used in a wide range of concen-trated sulfuric acid and oleum.

Moderately concentrated sulfuric acidThe first results obtained so far from corrosion tests

in 15 to 80 % sulfuric acid at temperatures from 50 to90°C indicate that alloy 33 in the passive state possessesclear advantages over the reference materials for use insulfuric acid: alloy 825 and alloy 20. Polarization meas-urements in agitated oxygen-containing and deaeratedsulfuric acid solutions show a higher tendency to pas-sivation and a more stable passive state in comparisonwith the reference materials (23). The presence of smallamounts of oxidants such as ferric sulfate, nitric acid orpotassium dichromate results in a widening of the rangeof corrosion resistance of alloy 33 in the temperature-con-centration field studied.

12

Pipelines or heated tanks and vessels for solutions ofNaOH are typically manufactured from stainless steelslike AISI 316 Ti or the austenitic grade X1CrNiMoN 2525 2 (W.-Nr. 1.4465). Using these materials requires pre-cise temperature control of the medium to keep it below90°C combined with insulation of the piping. A shift inthe temperature will increase the corrosion rate of stain-less steels dramatically. Table 22 shows that by usingalloy 33 for this application the temperature could in-crease up to the boiling point of 20 % and 50 % NaOHsolutions without degradation of the piping (7).

Additional field tests were performed with alloy 33 andother materials in NaOH tanks with additions of Cl2.Samples were exposed to both the liquid and the vaporphase in these vessels. Table 23 summarizes the testresults. Alloy 33 performed very well and only very slightcrevice corrosion was observed under these conditions,whereas the other alloys showed crevice, pitting or uni-form corrosion (8).

Corrosion resistance of alloy 33 to alkaline solutions

13

The data provided in this paper demonstrate the multi-purpose character of alloy 33. The unique combinationof high strength, ductility and phase stability combinedwith resistance to localized attack in halide media,in mineral acids and in alkaline solutions opens awide window for applications such as heat exchangers,which were not possible in the past. Furthermore, withrespect to sulfuric acid applications the new alloy willhelp overcome the inherent manufacturing problemswhich are encountered with the chromium-rich super-ferritic alloys and also provide a cost advantage in com-parison to chromium-rich nickel-base alloys. The balancedchemical composition and ease of manufacturing of alloy33 makes it possible to offer all product forms to the che-mical process industry. This includes successful fabrica-tion of plate-type heat exchangers; however, other com-ponents such as dished ends and tube to tubesheet weld-ments have also been successfully fabricated (20),including a complete 6.5 m3 agitator pressure vessel.

Typical applications include heat exchangers, vessels,piping and other equipment for sulfuric acid production,sulfuric acid heat recovery and distribution systems, nitric-hydrofluoric acid pickling plants, seawater systems,evaporation plants for salts and alkalis, bleaching plantsfor chemical pulp, plate or tubular heat exchangers usingbrackish water or seawater as a coolant, as well as light-weight structures in the offshore industry. Especially themultipurpose character of alloy 33 with respect to itscorrosion resistance to acidic and alkaline media as wellas to chloride-containing cooling water opens up a widevariety of applications.

On the whole, the development of alloy 33 (W.-Nr.1.4591) is a textbook example of a customer-orientedproject, completed to an extremely tight schedule througheffective time management. It is a prime example of thetechnical and market potentials still to be explored withnickel-containing austenitic stainless materials.

Discussion

14

Figure 2: Time-Temperature-Impact-Strength diagram of alloy 33, establishedusing ISO-V-notch samples at ambient temperature, starting condition: solution annealed, Av > 300 J

Figure 1: Microstructure of a 40 mm plate of alloy 33, solution annealed condition

100 µm

Temperature, °C

Impa

ct s

treng

th, j

oule

Time

➤

➤➤

Figures and tables

Fontana1952

Colombier + Hochmann1964

older data

newer data

304 L

12 18 25 33

690

33

Heubner + Kirchheiner1987, with addition of alloy 31 this study 1997 +

28,31

+

Cor

rosi

on ra

te, m

m/a

3

1

0.3

0.1

0.03

310 L

Chromium content, wt. %

15

100 µm

Figure 4: Weld seam of a 15 mm plate of alloy 33 welded by GTAW usingmatching filler

Figure 5: Corrosion rate of iron-chromium-nickel alloys in boiling azeotropic(67 %) nitric acid plotted against the alloys’ chromium content according toolder (21, 22) and newer (2) sources and to this study

Figure 3: Time-Temperature-Sensitization diagram of alloy 33 established in boiling azeotropic nitric acid (Huey Test), 15 cycles of 48 hours using the distillation method

1000 •0.05 •0.05 •0.05 •0.05

900 •0.04 •0.04 •0.04 •0.05

800 •0.04 •0.05 •0.04 •0.05

700 •0.04 •0.05 •0.04 •0.04

600 •0.04 •0.05 •0.04 •0.05

500annealed: 0.04 g · m-2 · h-1

0.1 1 10 100Time, hours

Tem

pera

ture

,°C

16

Lorem epsum (evl. Headline)

Cr Fe Ni Mo Cu N C PRE

33 32 31 1.6 0.6 0.4 0.010 50

Numbers indicate wt. %, PRE is given by Cr + 3.3 Mo + 30 N

Table 1: Nominal chemical composition and pitting resistance equivalent (PRE) of alloy 33

Alloy RP0,2 Rm A5

N/mm2 N/mm2 %

316 L 170 485 40

904 L 220 520 40

28 215 500 40

G-3 240 620 45

926 300 600 35

33 380 720 40

625 415 830 35

31 280 650 40

C-276 310 730 30

59 340 690 40

Table 2: Mechanical properties of alloy 33 and other austenitic materials (min. requirements at room temperature)

Alloy PRE CPT CCT Cost Ratio°C °C

316 L 24 15 < 0 1.0

904 L 37 45 25 2.3

28 38 60 35 4.1

G-3 46 70 40 9.0

926 47 70 40 3.7

33 50 85 40 5.4

625 51 77.5 57.5 7.8

31 54 > 85 65 4.5

C-276 69 > 85 > 85 6.8

59 76 > 85 > 85 7.2

PRE = % Cr + 3.3 (% Mo) + 30 (%N)

Table 3: Comparison of pitting resistance equivalent (PRE) with critical pitting/crevice temperature (CPT/CCT)when tested according to ASTM - G 48 A/B (10% FeCl3 solution) and cost ratios of various alloys

Condition CPT in °C

5 mm plate85solution annealed

PAW weldment75of 5 mm plate without filler as welded

Table 4: Critical pitting temperature (CPT) of alloy 33 when tested according to ASTM - G 48 A for 24 hours

17

Alloy CPT, °C

316 Ti 45

310 L 60

904 L 75

926 90

33 > 95

Table 5: Critical pitting temperature determined by potentiodynamic polarization curves as a function of the repassivation potential Epp in 1.0 n NaCl solution.Sweep rate 180 mV/h, pitting criterion: determination of the temperature at which Epp < Ecorr for alloy 33 and some other materials

Alloy 33 Alloy 926Medium CPT, °C CPT, °C

U = 0.75 V (SCE)Artificial seawater (16) > 60 > 600.55 mol/l Cl-

U = 0.3 V (SCE)Artificial seawater (16) > 85 > 850.55 mol/l Cl-

U = 0.3 V (SCE)Artificial seawater (16)

8585

+ NaCl additions1.05 mol/l Cl-

Table 6: Potentiostatically determined pitting resistance of alloy 33 in chloride-containing solutions in comparison with alloy 926

Alloy 33 Alloy 926

Condition CCT, °C CCT, °C

U = 0.3 V (SCE)55 450.55 mol/l Cl-

Table 8: Potentiostatically determined crevice corrosion resistance of alloy 33 in artificial seawater (16) in comparison with alloy 926

Alloy Time to failure, hours

304 73.1

316 491.3

904 L > 1000

926 > 1000

33 > 5000

Table 9: Results of stress corrosion cracking test in saturated CaCl2 at 135°C, test equipment after J.A. Jones (19), average time to failure of at least 3 specimens

50 °C 75 °C 95 °C 100 °C

Alloy 33 147 days 147 days 103 days 103 days

no crevice corrosion at all

Table 7: Results of crevice corrosion tests in artificial seawater (17) tested according to MTI procedure (18)

18

Lorem epsum (evl. Headline)

Load Alloy Alloy Alloy316 926 33

0.9 YS 28.9 965.1 + > 1100 +

0.7 YS 766.7 > 1000 > 1100

0.5 YS 849 + > 1000 > 1100

+ Specimen showed some pitting

Table 10: Results of stress corrosion cracking test in saturated CaCl2 at 125 °C and different stress levels related to 125 °C yield strength under constant loadconditions. Average time to failure of at least 3 specimens, in hours

Alloy Corrosion rate, g/m2h

AISI 304 L 0.24

AISI 310 L 0.08

G-30 0.13

33 0.04

Table 11: Corrosion tests in boiling azeotropic HNO3 (67 %) according to Huey using the distillation method (10) 15 x 48 h

75 % HNO3 80 % HNO3 85 % HNO3

Alloy 25 °C 50 °C 75 °C 25 °C 50 °C 75 °C 25 °C 50 °C 75 °C

AISI 304 L < 0.01 0.01 0.11 < 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.35

AISI 310 L < 0.01 < 0.01 0.08 < 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.14

33 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.03 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.07

Table 12: Corrosion tests in nitric acid under various conditions. Immersion tests over 21 days, g/m2h

Time/ 85 % HNO3 90 % HNO3 95 % HNO3

Alloy days 25 °C 50 °C 75 °C 25 °C 50 °C 75 °C 25 °C 50 °C 75 °C

AISI 304 L 25 < 0.01 0.028 0.36* < 0.01 0.07 0.76* 0.019 0.15* 1.18*

+ 25 < 0.01 0.029 n.t. < 0.01 0.05* n.t. 0.018 0.20* n.t.

+ 25 < 0.01 0.028 n.t. < 0.01 0.05* n.t. 0.033 0.27* n.t.

+ 25 < 0.01 0.028 n.t. < 0.01 0.05* n.t. 0.014 0.43* n.t.

AISI 310 L 25 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.16 < 0.01 0.02 0.32* < 0.01 0.10* 0.92*

+ 25 < 0.01 0.012 0.37* < 0.01 0.02* n.t. 0.011 0.13* n.t.

+ 25 < 0.01 < 0.01 n.t. < 0.01 0.03* n.t. 0.029 0.25* n.t.

+ 25 < 0.01 < 0.01 n.t. < 0.01 0.03* n.t. < 0.01 0.56* n.t.

33 25 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.06 < 0.01 0.01 0.12 < 0.01 0.05 0.19*

+ 25 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.06 < 0.01 0.01 0.17* < 0.01 0.03 0.31*

+ 25 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.07 < 0.01 0.01 n.t. 0.012 0.04 n.t.

+ 25 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.07* < 0.01 < 0.01 nt. < 0.01 0.06* n.t.

n.t. = not tested

* = intergranular corrosion

Table 13: Corrosion tests in nitric acid under various conditions over very long times. Immersion tests up to 100 days, g/m2h.

19

25 °C 50 °CAlloy + 3 % HF + 5 % HF + 7 % HF + 3 % HF + 5 % HF + 7 % H

AISI 316 Ti 3.33 6.20 5.68 17.3* 24.4* 33.45*

28 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.18 0.29 0.41

33 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.11 0.17

*Test duration 7 days

Table 15: Corrosion tests in 20 % nitric acid with additions of hydrofluoric acid, immersion tests over 3 x 7 days, g/m2h

Alloy 100°C 125°C 150°C 175°C 200°C

310 L 0.38 0.43 0.98 0.38 0.07

28-4-2superferrite

0.03 0.06 0.53 0.04 0.07

gradeA 611

0.02 0.36 0.81 0.70 0.61

33 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.16 0.04

Table 16: Corrosion resistance of alloy 33 and three other materials in 98 % sulfuric acid, test duration 7 days, mm/year

Alloy Corrosion ratemm/yr

825 1.46

316 Ti 0.81

690 0.09

33 < 0.01

Table 17: Corrosion resistance of alloy 33 and various other materials tested in a sulfuric acid plant. 99.1 % H2SO4 ,velocity of flow ≥ 1.2 m/sec., 150 °C, test duration: 134 days

Alloy Corrosion ratemm/yr

316 Ti 0.24

304 0.18

G-30 0.08

A 611 0.03

33 < 0.01

Table 18: Corrosion resistance of alloy 33 and various other materials tested in a sulfuric acid plant.96 - 98.5 % H2SO4 , velocity of flow ≥ 1 m/sec., 135 - 140 °C, test duration: 14 days

12 % HNO3 0.4 % HF+ 32 % + 44.5 % + 56 % + 67.5 %

Alloy + 0 % HF + 0.9 % HF + 3.5 % HF HNO3 HNO3 HNO3 HNO3

28 ≤ 0.01 5.74 20.74 0.96 1.78 3.38 5.46

690 ≤ 0.01 0.61 6.34 1.46 1.97 4.69 7.42

G-30 ≤ 0.01 0.28 1.21 0.49 1.45 2.39 4.49

33 ≤ 0.01 0.24 1.19 0.27 0.67 1.66 3.08

Table 14: Corrosion tests in solutions of nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid; immersion tests over 21 days at 90 °C, g/m2h

20

Lorem epsum (evl. Headline)

Alloy Corrosion ratemm/yr

654 SMO 3.1

28 0.10

C-276 0.05

33 0.06

Table 19: 96 % H2SO4 saturated with SO2 , velocity of flow ≥ 1 m/sec., 80 °C, test duration: 65 days

Alloy 33 Alloy 33Medium Base material PAW welded

96 % H2SO4 0.33 0.41

96 % H2SO4 0.30 0.31

96 % H2SO4 0.30 0.31

Table 20: Corrosion rate of alloy 33 in 96 % sulfuric acid at 240 °C with additions of nitrosylsulfuric acid, test duration: 3 x 7 days, mm/year

H2SO4

Alloy 101 % 102 % 102.5 % 103 % 107.5 %

304 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.01

316 Ti 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.01

310 L 0.01 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.01

33 < 0.01 0.01 0.01 < 0.01 0.01

Oleum 4.4 % 8.9 % 11.1 % 13.3 % 33.3 %

Table 21: Corrosion rate of alloy 33 and various other materials in concentrated H2SO4 and oleum at 150 °C, test duration: 21 days, mm/year

21

50 % NaOH 20 % NaOH + NaOCl 12.5 % NaOH + NaOCl(80-100 g Cl2/l) (130 g Cl2/l)

110 °C/180 days 30 °C/195 days 30 °C/225 daysExposure to Exposure to Exposure to

Alloy liquid liquid vapor liquid vapor

316 Ti ≤ 0.01 mm/yr 0.01 mm/yr 0.02 mm/yr —- ≤ 0.01 mm/yrpitting + severe pitting severe pittingcrevice corrosion

926 —- ≤ 0.01 mm/yr ≤ 0.01mm/yr ≤ 0.01 mm/yr ≤ 0.01 mm/yrpitting + severe some uniformcrevice corrosion corrosion

654 SMO ≤ 0.01 mm/yr ≤ 0.01 mm/yr —- ≤ 0.01 mm/yr ≤ 0.01 mm/yrsome uniformcorrosion

C-4 —- ≤ 0.01 mm/yr —- ≤ 0.01 mm/yr ≤ 0.01 mm/yrpitting some crevice

and uniform corrosion

33 ≤ 0.01 mm/yr ≤ 0.01 mm/yr ≤ 0.01 mm/yr ≤ 0.01 mm/yr ≤ 0.01 mm/yrsome crevice some crevice some crevicecorrosion corrosion corrosion

Table 23: Corrosion resistance of alloy 33 and various other materials exposed to NaOH and NaOCl in the liquid and vapor phase

25 % NaOH 50 % NaOHAlloy 75 °C 100 °C BT* 104 °C 75 °C 100 °C 125 °C BT* 146 °C

316 Ti < 0.01 0.12 0.63 0.08 0.35 1.60 7.99

EN 1.4465 < 0.01 0.03 0.02 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.26 1.35

33 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01

* Boiling temperature

Table 22: Corrosion behavior of stainless steels in sodium hydroxide under various conditions, test duration 28 days, mm/year

22

References

1) E.-M. Horn, P. E. Manning, M. Renner: Corrosion of stainless steels and nickel-base alloys in solutions of nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid (in German), Werkstoffe und Korrosion 43 (1992), 191 - 200

2) R. Kirchheiner, U. Heubner, F. Hofmann: Increasing the lifetime of nitric acid equipment using improved stainless steels and a nickel alloy, Materials Performance 28 (1989), No. 9, 58-62

3) U. Heubner, R. Kirchheiner: High-alloy special stainless steels and nickel-based materials for nuclear fuel reprocessing, in U. Heubner et al., Nickel Alloys and High-Alloy Special Stainless Steels, expert Verlag, Ehningen / Germany, 1987, pp. 223 - 240

4) J. C. Humbert, J. F. Elliot: The solubility of nitrogen in liquid Fe-Cr-Ni alloys, Trans. AIME 218 (1960), 1076 - 1087

5) R. D. Pehlke, J. F. Elliot: Solubility of nitrogen in liquid iron alloys - thermo-dynamics, Trans. AIME 218 (1960), 1088 -1101

6) J. W. Oldfield: Crevice corrosion resistance of commercial and high-purity experimental stainless steels in marine environments, Corrosion 46(1990), 574 - 581

7) M. Köhler, U. Heubner, K.-W. Eichenhofer, M. Renner: Alloy 33, A New Corrosion Resistant Austenitic Material for the Refinery Industry and Related Applications, CORROSION / 95, Paper No. 338, NACE International, Houston, Texas, 1995

8) M. Köhler, U. Heubner, K.-W. Eichenhofer, M. Renner: Progress with Alloy 33 (UNS R 20033), A New Corrosion Resistant Chromium-Based Austenitic Material, CORROSION / 96, Paper No. 428, NACE International, Houston, Texas, 1996

9) D. C. Agarwal, M. Köhler: Alloy 33, A New Material Resisting Marine Corrosion, CORROSION /97, Paper No. 424, NACE International, Houston, Texas, 1997

10) E.-M. Horn, K. Schoeller: Corrosion of stainless austenitic steels in (condensing) chloride-containing nitric acid (in German), Werkstoffe und Korrosion 42 (1991), 559 - 569

11) M. Köhler, U. Heubner, K.-W. Eichenhofer, M. Renner: Alloy 33, a new nitrogen-alloyedchromium-based material for many corrosive environments, Proc. Int. Conf. Stainless Steels ‘96, Verlag Stahleisen, Düsseldorf, 1996, pp. 178 -181

12) A. Garner: Crevice corrosion of stainless steels in seawater, correlation of field data with laboratory ferric chloride tests, Corrosion 37 (1981), 178 - 184

13) ASTM-G 48 A: Standard test methods for pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of stainless steels and related alloys by the use of ferric chloride solution, Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol. 03.02, Philadelphia, PA, 1995

14) M. Renner, U. Heubner, M. B. Rockel, E. Wallis: Temperature as a pitting and crevice corrosion criterion in the FeCl3 test, Werkstoffe und Korrosion 37 (1986), 183 - 190

15) B. E. Wilde: A critical appraisal of some popular laboratory electrochemical tests for predicting the localized corrosion resistance of stainless steels in seawater, Corrosion 28 (1972), 283 - 291

16) DIN 50905-4: Corrosion of metals, corrosion testing, performance of chemical corrosion experiments without mechanical stresses in liquids in the laboratory

23

17) ASTM-D 1141-90: Specification for Substitute Ocean Water, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 11.02, Philadelphia, PA, 1995

18) R. S. Treseder: Guideline information on newer wrought iron and nickel base corrosion-resistant alloys, MTI Manual No. 3, Appendix B, Materials Technology Institute of the Chemical Process Industry, Columbus (Ohio), USA, 1980

19) J. A. Jones: Engineering 101 (1921), 469 - 470

20) M. Köhler, U. Heubner, K.-W. Eichenhofer, M. Renner: Alloy 33, A New Material for the Handling of HNO3/HF Media in Reprocessing of Nuclear Fuel, CORROSION/97, Paper No. 115, NACE International, Houston, Texas, 1997

21) M. G. Fontana, cited by E.-M. Horn and H. Kohl: Materials for the nitric acid industry (in German), Werkstoffe und Korrosion 37 (1986), 57 - 69

22) L. Colombier, J. Hochmann: Aciers inoxydables, aciers réfractaires (in French), Dunod éditeur, Paris 1964

23) H. Werner, G. Riedel, R. Kirchheiner: Corrosion resistance of metallic materials in medium concentrated hot sulfuric acid, Materials and Corrosion 49 (1998), 1 - 6

Corrosion-resistant alloys

Nickel, nickel-copper

VDM Nickel 99.2 – alloy 200 2.4066 Ni 99.2 N 02200 NA 11 ● ● ● ● ● 1101VDM LC-Nickel 99.2 – alloy 201 2.4068 LC-Ni 99 N 02201 NA 12 ● ● ● ● ● 1101VDM LC-Nickel 99.6 – alloy 205 2.4061 LC-Ni 99.6 N 02205 – ● ● ● ● ● –

Nicorros – alloy 400 2.4360 NiCu30Fe N 04400 NA 13 ● ● ● ● ● 4110Nicorros Al – alloy K-500 2.4375 NiCu30Al N 05500 NA 18 ● ● ● ● ● 4126

Nickel-chromium-molybdenum, nickel-chromium-iron-molybdenum – superalloys

Nimofer 6928 – alloy B-2 2.4617 NiMo28 N 10665 – ● ● ● ● ● 4122

Nicrofer 6616 hMo – alloy C-4 2.4610 NiMo16Cr16Ti N 06455 – ● ● ● ● ● 4124

Nicrofer 6020 hMo – alloy 625 2.4856 NiCr22Mo9Nb N 06625 NA 21 ● ● ● ● ● 4118Nicrofer 5923 hMo – alloy 59 2.4605 NiCr23Mo16Al N 06059 – ● ● ● ● ● 4130Nicrofer 5716 hMoW – alloy C-276 2.4819 NiMo16Cr15W N 10276 – ● ● ● ● ● 4115

Nicrofer 5219 Nb – alloy 718 2.4668 NiCr19NbMo N 07718 – ● ● ● ● 4127Nicrofer 4823 hMo – alloy G-3 2.4619 NiCr22Mo7Cu N 06985 – ● ● ● ● 4113

Nickel-chromium-iron, nickel-iron-molybdenum, iron-nickel-chromium-molybdenum – standard alloys

Nicrofer 7216 LC – alloy 600 L 2.4817 LC-NiCr15Fe N 06602 NA 14 ● ● ● ● ● 4106Nicrofer 6030 – alloy 690 2.4642 NiCr29Fe N 06690 – ● ● ● ● ● 4138Nicrofer 4221 – alloy 825 2.4858 NiCr21Mo N 08825 NA 16 ● ● ● ● ● 4101

Nicrofer 3620 Nb – alloy 20 2.4660 NiCr20CuMo N 08020 – ● ● ● ● ● 4117Nicrofer 3220 LC – alloy 800 L 1.4558 X 2 NiCrAlTi 32 20 N 08800 NA 15 ● ● ● ● 4128Nicrofer 3220 – alloy 800 1.4876 X 10 NiCrAlTi 32 20 N 08800 NA 15 ● ● ● ● ● 4128

Nicrofer 3127 hMo – alloy 31 1.4562 X 1 NiCrMoCu 32 28 7 N 08031 – ● ● ● ● ● 4131Nicrofer 3127 LC – alloy 28 1.4563 X 1 NiCrMoCuN 31 27 4 N 08028 – ● ● ● ● ● 4105

Iron-chromium-nickel, iron-nickel-chromium – special stainless steels

Nicrofer 3033 – alloy 33 1.4591 X 1 CrNiMoCuN 33 32 1 R 20033 – ● ● ● ● ● 4142Cronifer 2803 Mo 1.4575 X 1 CrNiMoNb 28 4 2 S 32803 – ● ● ● 5008Cronifer 2525 LCN 1.4465 X 1 CrNiMoN 25 25 2 (N 08310) – ● ● –

Cronifer 2419 MoN – alloy 24 1.4566 X 3 CrNiMnMoCuNbN 23 17 5 3 – – ● ● ● ● 5104Cronifer 2205 LCN – alloy 318 LN 1.4462 X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 3 S 31803 – ● ● ● ● ● –Cronifer 1925 hMo – alloy 926 1.4529 X 1 NiCrMoCuN 25 20 6 N 08926 – ● ● ● ● ● 5102

Cronifer 1815 LCSi – alloy 306 1.4361 X 1 CrNiSi 18 15 S 30600 – ● ● ● 5107Nicrofer 2509 Si 7 – alloy 700 Si 1.4390 X 1 NiCrSi 24 9 7 S 70003 – ● ● ● 4140

Copper-nickel

Cunifer 30 – alloy CuNi 70/30 2.0882 CuNi30Mn1Fe C 71500 CN 107 ● ● ● ● ● –Cunifer 10 – alloy CuNi 90/10 2.0872 CuNi10Fe1Mn C 70600 CN 102 ● ● ● ● ● 3001

High-temperature, high-strength alloys

Nickel-chromium, nickel-chromium-iron, nickel-chromium-molybdenum, nickel-chromium-cobalt-molybdenum – superalloys

Nicrofer 7520 Ti – alloy 80 A 2.4952 NiCr20TiAl N 07080 NA 20 ● ● –Nicrofer 7016 TiNb – alloy X-750 2.4669 NiCr15Fe7TiAl N 07750 – ● ● ● ● 4023Nicrofer 7016 TiAl – alloy 751 2.4694 NiCr16Fe7TiAl N 07751 – ● ● –

Nicrofer 6025 HT – alloy 602 CA 2.4633 NiCr25FeAlY N 06025 – ● ● ● ● ● 4137Nicrofer 5520 Co – alloy 617 2.4663 NiCr23Co12Mo N 06617 – ● ● ● ● ● 4119Nicrofer 5219 Nb – alloy 718 2.4668 NiCr19NbMo N 07718 – ● ● ● ● 4127

Nicrofer 5120 CoTi – alloy C-263 2.4650 NiCo20Cr20MoTi N 07263 HR 206 ● ● ● ● 4120Nicrofer 4722 Co – alloy X 2.4665 NiCr22Fe18Mo N 06002 HR 204 ● ● ● ● 4116Nicrofer 4626 MoW – alloy 333 2.4608 NiCr26MoW N 06333 – ● ● ● ● 4134

Nickel-chromium-iron – standard alloys

Nicrofer 7216 H – alloy 600 H 2.4816 NiCr15Fe N 06600 NA14(H) ● ● ● ● ● 4107Nicrofer 6023 H – alloy 601 H 2.4851 NiCr23Fe N 06601 – ● ● ● ● ● 4103Nicrofer 45 TM – alloy 45 TM 2.4889 NiCr28FeSiCe N 06045 – ● ● ● 4139

Nicrofer 3220 HT – alloy 800 HP 1.4959 X 8 NiCrAlTi 32 21 N 08811 – ● ● ● ● 4129Nicrofer 3220 H – alloy 800 H 1.4958 X 5 NiCrAlTi 31 20 N 08810 NA15(H) ● ● ● ● ● 4129

Cobalt-chromium-nickel-tungsten

Conicro 5010 W – alloy 25 2.4964 CoCr20W15Ni R 30605 HR 240 ● ● ● ● ● 6002Conicro 4023 W – alloy 188 2.4683 CoCr22NiW R 30188 – ● ● ● ● ● 6001

Heat-resistant alloys

Nickel-chromium-iron, iron-nickel-chromium

Nicrofer 7520 – alloy 75 2.4951 NiCr20Ti N 06075 HR 203 ● ● ● ● 4035Nicrofer 7216 – alloy 600 2.4816 NiCr15Fe N 06600 NA 14 ● ● ● ● ● 4107Nicrofer 6030 – alloy 690 2.4642 NiCr29Fe N 06690 – ● ● ● ● ● 4038

Nicrofer 6023 – alloy 601 2.4851 NiCr23Fe N 06601 – ● ● ● ● ● 4103Nicrofer 3718 So – alloy DS 1.4862 X 8 NiCrSi 38 18 – NA 17 ● ● ● ● ● 4102Nicrofer 3718 – (alloy 330) 1.4864 X 12 NiCrSi 36 16 (N 08330) – ● ● ● 4102

24

Krupp VDM W.-Nr. Designation UNS BS Available product formalloy designation designation desig-

nationSheet, Tube/pipe Strip Wire Rod,plate seamless bar

Krupp VDM high-performance materials and products

KruppVDMdatasheet

Available product form

Filler metal WeldRod Wire Electrode strip

Krupp VDM W.-Nr. Designation UNS AWS Classification BSalloy designation designation design-

ation

Heating-element and resistance alloys

Nickel-chromium, iron-chromium-aluminium

Cronix 80 – alloy NiCr 80/20 2.4869 NiCr80 20 N 06003 – ● ● ● ● –Cronix 70 – alloy NiCr 70/30 2.4658 NiCr70 30 N 06008 – ● ● ● ● –Aluchrom W 1.4725 CrAl 14 4 K 91670 – ● ● –

Expansion and glass-sealing alloys

Iron-nickel, iron-nickel-cobalt

Pernifer 36 – alloy 36 1.3912 Ni36 K 93600/601 – ● ● ● ● ● 7101Pernifer 2918 1.3981 NiCo 29 18 K 94610 – ● ● ● ● ● 7002

25

High-performance alloys for welding products

Nickel, nickel-copper, copper-nickel, nickel-molybdenum, nickel-chromium-iron, iron-nickel-chromium

Nickel S 9604 – FM 61 2.4155 SG-NiTi4 N 02061 A 5.14 ERNi-1 NA 32 ● ● ●Nicorros S 6530 – FM 60 2.4377 SG-NiCu30MnTi N 04060 A 5.14 ERNiCu-7 NA 33 ● ● ●Nicorros B 6530 – WS 60 2.4377 UP-NiCu30MnTi (N 04060) – (ERNiCu-7) (NA 33) ●

Cunifer S 7030 – FM 67 2.0837 SG-CuNi30Fe C 71581 A 5.7 ERCuNi C 18 ● ● ●Cunifer B 7030 – WS 67 2.0837 UP-CuNi30Fe (C 71581) – (ERCuNi) (C 18) ●Cunifer S 9010 2.0873 SG-CuNi10Fe – – – C 16 ● ● ●

Nickel-Eisen S 6040 2.4560 S-NiFe40 – – – – ● ● ●Nimofer S 6928 – FM B-2 2.4615 SG-NiMo27 N 10665 A 5.14 ERNiMo-7 NA 44 ● ● ●Nimofer B 6928 – WS B-2 2.4615 UP-NiMo27 (N 10665) – (ERNiMo-7) (NA 44) ●

Nicrofer S 7020 – FM 82 2.4806 SG-NiCr20Nb N 06082 A 5.14 ERNiCr-3 NA 35 ● ● ●Nicrofer B 7020 – WS 82 2.4806 UP-NiCr20Nb (N 06082) – (ERNiCr-3) (NA 35) ●Nicrofer S 6616 – FM C-4 2.4611 SG-NiMo16Cr16Ti N 06455 A 5.14 ERNiCrMo-7 NA 45 ● ● ●

Nicrofer B 6616 – WS C-4 2.4611 UP-NiMo16Cr16Ti (N 06455) – (ERNiCrMo-7) (NA 45) ●Nicrofer S 6030 – FM 690 2.4642 NiCr29Fe N 06690 – – – ● ● ●Nicrofer S 6025 – FM 602 CA 2.4649 SG-NiCr25FeAlY (N 06025) – – – ● ● ●

Nicrofer S 6023 – FM 601 2.4626 SG-NiCr23Al (N 06601) – – NA 49 ● ● ●Nicrofer S 6020 – FM 625 2.4831 SG-NiCr21Mo9Nb N 06625 A 5.14 ERNiCrMo-3 NA 43 ● ● ●Nicrofer B 6020 – WS 625 2.4831 UP-NiCr21Mo9Nb (N 06625) – (ERNiCrMo-3) (NA 43) ●

Nicrofer S 5923 – FM 59 2.4607 SG-NiCr23Mo16 N 06059 A 5.14 ERNiCrMo-13 – ● ● ●Nicrofer B 5923 – WS 59 2.4607 UP-NiCr23Mo16 (N 06059) – (ERNiCrMo-13) – ●Nicrofer S 5716 – FM C-276 2.4886 SG-NiMo16Cr16W N 10276 A 5.14 ERNiCrMo-4 NA 48 ● ● ●

Nicrofer B 5716 – WS C-276 2.4886 UP-NiMo16Cr16W (N 10276) – (ERNiCrMo-4) (NA 48) ●Nicrofer S 5520 – FM 617 2.4627 SG-NiCr22Co12Mo N 06617 A 5.14 ERNiCrCoMo-1 NA 50 ● ● ●Nicrofer S 5219 – FM 718 2.4667 SG-NiCr19NbMoTi N 07718 A 5.14 ERNiFeCr-2 NA 51 ● ● ●

Nicrofer S 5120 – FM 263 2.4650 NiCo20Cr20MoTi N 07263 – – NA 38 ● ● ●Nicrofer S 4722 – FM X 2.4613 SG-NiCr21Fe18Mo N 06002 A 5.14 ERNiCrMo-2 NA 40 ● ● ●Nicrofer S 4626 – FM 333 2.4608 NiCr26MoW N 06333 – – – ● ● ●

Nicrofer S 4528 – FM 45 TM 2.4889 NiCr28FeSiCe (N 06045) – – – ● ● ●

Nicrofer S 3127 – FM 31 1.4562 X 1 NiCrMoCu 32 28 7 N 08031 – – – ● ● ●Nicrofer S 3033 – FM 33 1.4591 X 1 CrNiMoCuN 33 32 1 R 20033 – – – ● ● ●Cronifer S 2803 1.4575 X 1 CrNiMoNb 28 4 2 S 32803 – – – ● ●

Conicro S 5010 – FM 25 2.4964 CoCr20W15Ni R 30605 5796 – – ● ● ●Conicro S 4023 – FM 188 2.4683 CoCr22NiW R 30188 5801 – – ● ● ●

Sheet, Tube/pipe Strip Wire Rod,plate seamless- bar

Krupp VDM W.-Nr. Designation UNS BS Available product formalloy designation designation desig-

nation

KruppVDMdatasheet

Production of seamless tubes and pipes is carried out at DMV Stainless BV using starting stock supplied by Krupp VDM.

Seam-welded tubes and pipes are obtainable from establishedmanufacturers and are produced from starting stock supplied by Krupp VDM GmbH.

26

Krupp VDM sales offices, subsidiaries and representations

Germany

Head officeKrupp VDM GmbH Plettenberger Strasse 2 D-58791 Werdohl P.O. Box 1820 D-58778 WerdohlPhone: (23 92) 55-0 Fax: (23 92) 55-22 17 http://www.kruppvdm.de

Management, Europeansales organization/salescoordinationKrupp VDM GmbH Plettenberger Strasse 2 D-58791 Werdohl P.O. Box 18 20 D-58778 WerdohlPhone: (23 92) 55-25 01 Fax: (23 92) 55-25 96

Management, overseassales organization/salescoordinationKrupp VDM GmbH Plettenberger Strasse 2 D-58791 Werdohl P.O. Box 18 20 D-58778 WerdohlPhone: (23 92) 55-22 27 Fax: (23 92) 55-25 96

Germany

BerlinKrupp VDM GmbH Wittestrasse 49 D-13509 BerlinPhone: (30) 4 32 40 36 Fax: (30) 4 35 29 68

DresdenKrupp VDM GmbH Oskar-Röder-Strasse 3D-01237 DresdenPhone: (351) 2 52 28 06Fax: (351) 2 52 28 07

MünchenKrupp VDM GmbH Brienner Strasse 44D-80333 MünchenPhone: (89) 5 23 45 37Fax: (89) 54 26 00-22

StuttgartKrupp VDM GmbH Am Ostkai 15D-70327 StuttgartPhone: (711) 9 32 88-0Phone: (711) 9 32 88-36Fax: (711) 32 89 30

WerdohlKrupp VDM GmbH Plettenberger Strasse 2 D-58791 Werdohl P.O. Box 18 20 D-58778 Werdohl Phone: (23 92) 55-25 88 Fax: (23 92) 55-25 96

Europe

Austria/Eastern EuropeKrupp VDM Austria GmbHTenschertstrasse 3A-1230 WienPhone: (1) 6 15 06 00Fax: (1) 6 15 36 00

Belgium/LuxemburgS.A. Krupp VDM Belgium N.V.Avenue du Champ de Mai,14 Bte 34Résidence SaturneB-1410 WaterlooPhone: (2) 3 54 29 00Fax: (2) 3 54 36 26

BulgariaKrupp VDM Austria GmbHSlavianska 38BG-1000 SofiaPhone/Fax: (2) 88 37 58

Croatia and SloveniaKrupp VDM Austria GmbHZajceva 44a, Predstavnis̆tvoHR-10000 ZagrebPhone: (1) 22 08 56Fax: (1) 23 33 619

DenmarkCarl A. Plesner A/SP.O.Box 119Klintehøj Vænge 6DK-3460 BirkerødPhone: (42) 81 96 00Fax: (42) 81 96 22

FinlandOY Cronimo AbKiitoradantie 7FIN-01530 VantaaPhone: (98) 70 11 90Fax: (98) 70 22 17

FranceKrupp VDM Sarl 30, Bd BelleriveF-92566 Rueil Malmaison CedexPhone: (1) 41 39 04 20 Fax: (1) 47 16 78 20

47 16 78 14

GreeceM. CalamitsisP.O. Box 650608, Pambouki Str.GR-15410 Psychico (Athens)Phone: (1) 6 72 67 11

6 72 67 15 Fax: (1) 6 71 12 74

ItalyKrupp VDM Italia S.R.L.Via Milanese 20I-20099 Sesto S.G. (Mi)Phone: (02) 26 25 12 50Fax: (02) 26 25 14 56

Europe

NetherlandsKrupp VDM Nederland B.V.Stationsweg 4NL-3311 JW DordrechtP.O. Box 750NL-3300 AT DordrechtPhone: (78) 6 31 69 66Fax: (78) 6 31 58 57

NorwayA/S Stavanger RørhandelMyklebergveien 4P.O. Box 184N-4033 ForusPhone: (51) 81 85 00Fax: (51) 81 86 00

PolandKrupp VDM Austria GmbHRzeznicza 13/15PL-30530 CrakowPhone: (12) 429 32 62Fax: (12) 429 33 43

Portugal/SpainKrupp VDM IBERICATravesera de Gracia 18,5.o, 3.aE-08021 BarcelonaPhone: (93) 2 00 90 11Fax: (93) 2 00 22 54

RomaniaFrank G. SchmidtKrupp VDM Austria GmbHStr. Popa Savu nr. 74R-71262 Bucuresti 1Phone: (1) 2 22 75 55Fax: (1) 2 22 75 55

SwedenESMA ABDomnarvsgatan 8P.O. Box 8027S-16308 SpangaPhone: (8) 4 74 75 10Fax: (8) 36 24 37

SwitzerlandKrupp VDM (Schweiz) AGLange Gasse 90P.O. BoxCH-4002 BaselPhone: (61) 2 05 84 88Fax: (61) 2 05 84 15

TurkeyAkkurt A.S.Ahmediye KöyüTR-34904 Cekmece-IstanbulP.K. 140TR-34711 Bakirköy-IstanbulPhone: (2 12) 8 87 14 15-17Fax: (2 12) 8 87 14 20

United KingdomKrupp VDM U.K. Ltd. VDM House111, Hare LaneClaygate-Esher, Surrey,KT10 OQYPhone: (13 72) 46 71 37Fax: (13 72) 46 63 88

27

North America

CanadaKrupp VDM Canada Ltd.11 Allstate ParkwaySuite 203Markham, Ontario L3R 9T8Phone: (9 05) 4 77-20 64Fax: (9 05) 4 77-28 17

USAKrupp VDM Technologies Corp.10 Sylvan WayParsippany, NJ 07054Phone: (9 73) 2 67-85 45Fax: (9 73) 2 92-49 19

MexicoKrupp VDM de MéxicoBulevard Manuel AvilaCamacho No. 80 PH-ACol. Lomas de Sotelo-El ParqueNaucalpan de Juarez,Edo. de MéxicoC.P. 53390 MéxicoPhone: (5) 5 57 14 71Fax: (5) 5 57 14 76

South America

ArgentinaWalvoss S.R.L.Humberto 1o 1333RA-1103 Buenos AiresPhone: (1) 3 04 87 70Fax: (1) 3 05 06 91

BrazilOSKn special metal productsRua Padre José deAnchieta, 1485Jardim Santo Amaro04742 - 001 São Paulo-SPPhone: (11) 5 22 96 81Fax: (11) 5 22 20 58

ChileThyssen Aceros y Servicios S.A.San EugenioP.O. Box Casilla 3097Correo CentralSantiagoPhone: (2) 2 39 22 34Fax: (2) 2 39 23 46

VenezuelaGunz S.R.L.Apartado 1382Esq. Tienda HondaEdif. Carvallo, Piso 1Caracas 1010APhone: (2) 81-11 01Fax: (2) 83-60-02

India

Variety (Agents) Private Ltd.205-206, Sethi Bhavan7, Rajendra PlaceNew Delhi-110 008Phone: (11) 5 73 91 25Fax: (11) 5 75 41 84

Variety (Agents) Private Ltd.7C, Everest46C, Chowringhee RoadCalcutta-700 071Phone: (33) 2 82 47 00Fax: (33) 2 82 73 72

Variety (Agents) Private Ltd.907, RatnaRaghava-Ratna Towers,Chirag Ali LaneHyderabad-500 001Phone: (40) 20 18 53Fax: (40) 20 11 38

Asia

IndonesiaP. T. Krupindo LestariJl. P. Jayakarta No. 24/10Jakarta 10 730Phone: (21) 6 39 39 33Fax: (21) 6 39 89 06

JapanKrupp VDM Japan KK.2nd Floor, Ochanomizu Itoh Bldg.3-3, Kanda-SurugadaiChiyoda-KuTokyo 101Phone: (3) 32 95-45 91Fax: (3) 32 95-45 94

KoreaKrupp VDM Korea Co., Ltd. Room 502, Dong Nam Bldg.997-11 Daechi 3-Dong,Kangnam-KuSeoulPhone: (2) 5 52-63 21/2Fax: (2) 5 52-63 20

People’s Republic of China/Hong KongFried. Krupp AG Hoesch KruppPR China Representative Office22/F. Office No. 2-3CITIC International Bldg.19, Jianguomenwai Da JieBeijing 100004Phone: (10) 65 00 46 18Fax: (10) 65 00 34 66

Fordley Development Ltd.Room 706-707Yu Sung Boon Bldg.107-111 Des Voeux Rd. CentralHong KongPhone: (2) 25 41 43 18Fax: (2) 28 54 19 16

Asia

PhilippinesSpecial Steel Products, Inc.051 4th Ave.Bagumbayan, TaguigMetro ManilaPhone: (2) 8 22 05 82/84Fax: (2) 7 21 07 74

Singapore/Malaysia/Indon-esia/Philippines/Thai-land/Taiwan/Hong KongKrupp VDM Hongkong Ltd.Unit 1301, 13th Floor,Fook Lee Commercial CentreTown PlaceNo 33 Lockhart RoadWanchai, Hong KongPhone: 25 27 20 08Fax: 25 27 20 45

Singapore/MalaysiaLeong Jin Corporation Pte. Ltd.No. 11, Benoi CrescentJurong Industrial EstateSingapore 629974Phone: 2 66 11 32Fax: 2 66 15 22

TaiwanBlue Bridge Industrial(Taiwan) Corp.1st Fl. No. 37, Lane 96Chung Shan N. Rd., Sec. 2TaipeiPhone: (2) 25 65 13 06Fax: (2) 25 31 10 82

Transcrystal Alloy Industrial Corp.10F-1, No. 76, Sec. 3,Roosevelt RoadTaipeiPhone: (2) 23 67-88 11Fax: (2) 23 68-54 75

ThailandAlloy Metal Co. Ltd.5/16 Centurian ParkSoi Aree Tai 5Phaholyothin Rd.Samsennai, PhayathaiBangkok 10400Phone: (2) 6 17 00 60Fax: (2) 6 17 00 62

Australia

Krupp VDM Australia Pty. Ltd.724 Springvale RoadMulgrave, Vic., 3170Phone: (3) 95 61-13 11Fax: (3) 95 61 44 65

Krupp VDM Australia Pty. Ltd.65, Guthrie StreetOsborne ParkWest Australia 6017Phone: (9) 2 44 34 48Fax: (9) 2 44 49 34

Middle East

Islamic Republic of IranKrupp Iran Ltd. P.O. Box 141 55-1979Ostad Motahari 36815698 TeheranPhone: (21) 890 65 92Fax: (21) 890 02 56

IsraelMiddle East Metals Ltd.3 Tefutsot-Israel St.P.O. Box 870Givatayim 53583Phone: (3) 5 71 53 74Fax: (3) 5 71 53 71

JordanInternational TechnicalConstruction CompanyP.O. Box 95 02 79AmmanPhone: 6 60 49 63Fax: 6 67 70 69

India

Variety (Agents) Private Ltd.301, Kakad Chambers132, Dr. Annie Besant RoadWorli, Bombay-400 018Phone: (22) 4 93-60 99/-2691Fax: (22) 4 95 05 78

Variety (Agents) Private Ltd.Gee Gee Plaza1, Wheatcrofts RoadNungambakkamMadras-600 034Phone: (44) 8 27 45 94Fax: (44) 8 25 18 10

Africa

EgyptOSAB TradeDr. O. Abbas6, El Nil El Abiad St.Lebanon SquareGizaKairoPhone: (2) 3 03 51 46Fax: (2) 3 46 08 00Telex: 21 255 ot-un

Samir L.W. El AyoubiP.O. Box Maadi 191House 30, Street 11Maadi-CairoPhone: (2) 3 50-21 12Fax: (2) 3 78 31 15

South AfricaKrupp VDM TechnologyS.A. (Pty.) Ltd.P.O. Box 84Wendywood 2144Phone: (11) 4 44-36 20Fax: (11) 4 44-39 50

28

Krupp VDM stockholders and distributors

Europe

GermanyF. W. Hempel & Co.Erze und Metalle (GmbH & Co.)Leopoldstrasse 16D-40211 DüsseldorfPhone: (2 11) 1 68 06-0Fax: (2 11) 1 68 06-74

FranceJacquetB. P. 61Rue de BourgogneF-69802 St. Priest CedexPhone: 72 23 23 23Fax: 72 23 23 00

Great BritainPhilip Cornes & Co. Ltd.Claybrook Drive, WashfordRedditch B98 0DTWorcestershirePhone: (15 27) 51 05 55Fax: (15 27) 51 03 33

ItalyChun & Vollerin S.R.L.Via Veneto 7I-20094 Buccinasco (Milano)Phone: (2) 48 84 21 60Fax: (2) 488 26 97

NorwayA/S Stavanger RørhandelMyklebergveien 4P.O. Box 184N-4033 ForusPhone: (51) 81 85 00Fax: (51) 81 86 00

Sverdrup HanssenKvitsøygt. 95N-4014 StavangerPhone: (4) 89 18 00Fax: (4) 89 18 18

North America

USASheet and plateCorrosion MaterialsP.O. Box 6662262 Groom RoadBaker, LA 70714Phone: (504) 775-36 75Fax: (504) 774-05 14

RASCO(Reynolds Aluminum Supply Co.)P.O. Box 26885Richmond, VA 23261Phone: (804) 281-37 37Fax: (804) 281-36 27

Rolled AlloysP.O. Box 310125, West Stern RoadTemperance, MI 48182Phone: (313) 847-05 61Fax: (313) 847-02 71

StripEd Fagan, Inc.769 Susquehanna Ave.Franklin Lakes, NJ 07417Phone: (201) 891-40 03Fax: (201) 891-32 07

Rod and barCorrosion MaterialsP.O. Box 6662262 Groom RoadBaker, LA 70714Phone: (504) 775-36 75Fax: (504) 775-05 14

The Trident Company405 North Plano RoadRichardson, TX 75080Phone: (214) 231-51 76Fax: (214) 437-65 69

Australia

Krupp VDM Australia Pty. Ltd.724 Springvale RoadMulgrave, Vic. 3170Phone: (3) 95 61-13 11Fax: (3) 95 61 44 65

Middle East

IsraelSCOPEMetal Trading & Technical Services Ltd.Industrial ZoneP.O. Box 3Mazkeret Batia 76804Phone: (8) 34 99 43Fax: (8) 34 94 02

Africa

South AfricaKrupp VDM Technology S.A. (Pty.) Ltd.40, Desmond StreetKramerville 2148Phone: (11) 444-36 20Fax: (11) 444-39 50

This series of Krupp VDMreports is intended to highlight appli-cations for and the performance ofKrupp VDM high-performance nickelalloys and special stainless steels inselected processes of vital impor-tance to industry.

VDM report No. 24 providessome of the major highlights andcorrosion data on a multi-purposematerial for highly corrosive media.

For further information andassistance regarding the correctselection and use of our wide rangeof corrosion-resistant, heat-resistantand high-temperature materials,please contact the ApplicationEngineering Departments at our

production centers in Altena andWerdohl, Germany, or the KruppVDM sales and service officenearest to you.

All data and recommendationsin this brochure are given to the bestof our knowledge but without anyliability whatsoever. They are basedon our own as well as customers’evaluations and experience.

Liability on our part can onlyarise from specific contractual arrange-ments.

Cronifer, Cronix, Conicro,Cunifer, Nicorros, Nicrofer, Nicrotan,Nimofer, Magnifer and Pernifer areregistered trademarks of Krupp VDMGmbH.

Imprint

Krupp VDM GmbHPlettenberger Strasse 2D-58791 WerdohlP.O. Box 1820D-58778 WerdohlPhone +49 (23 92) 55-0Fax +49 (23 92) 55-2217Internet http://www.kruppvdm.de

Copyright June 1998Krupp VDM GmbHPrinted in the Federal Republic of Germany

Krupp VDM GmbHP.O. Box 1820D-58778 WerdohlPhone +49 (23 92) 55-0Fax +49 (23 92) 55-22 17Internet http://www.kruppvdm.de

A company of the Krupp Hoesch Industries group.