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The World in 1500, Beginnings–1500

The nation underwent social reform, economic development, and territorial expansion.

A Native American chief from Cuba greets Christopher Columbus in 1492. Engraving (19th century).

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The World in 1500, Beginnings–1500

Crossing to the Americas

Societies of North America

Societies of West Africa

Societies of Europe

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

SECTION 4

SECTION 5 Early European Explorers

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Section 1

Crossing to the Americas

Ancient peoples came from Asia to the Americas and over time developed complex civilizations.

The First People in America

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Crossing to the Americas

• First people migrate, or move, to Americasfrom Asia

1SECTION

• Others believe they come by many routes, starting 30,000 years ago

• Some believe they cross land bridge—Beringia—about 12,000 years ago

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Agriculture Leads to Civilization

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1SECTION

• Some cultures grow complex and become civilizations

• About 5,000 years ago, begin domestication—grow plants, tame animals

• Culture—way of life shared by people, similar arts, beliefs, customs

• Also have organized government and religion, record keeping

• Civilizations have cities, specialized jobs for people, advanced tools

• First Americans’ culture is huntingand gathering

Early Mesoamerican Civilizations

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1SECTION

• Olmec set up trade routes; build pyramid mounds, cities

• About 1,200 B.C. Olmec civilization thrivesin mesoamerica

• Around 400 B.C., abandon cities forunknown reasons

• Build cities, pyramid mounds; developyearly calendar

• By A.D. 250, Maya develop civilization in southern Mexico, Guatemala

• By 900, Maya abandon cities forunknown reasons

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The Hohokam and the Anasazi

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1SECTION

• Farmers who use irrigation—bring waterto crops

• From about 300 B.C. to A.D. 1400, Hohokam live in American Southwest

• By about A.D. 100, Anasazi live in American Southwest; mainly farmers

• Around 1300, drought or warfare cause Anasazi to leave homes

• Build pueblos, or many-storied houses, against canyon walls

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The Mound Builders

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1SECTION

• Build large earthen structures

• Mound Builders—early Native Americans in eastern U.S.

• Two oldest are Hopewell (400 B.C.—A.D. 400) and Adena

• Last Mound Builders—Mississippians—build first cities in North America

• Hopewell are farmers; large trade network; mounds are burial sites

• By 1700s, most Mississippians die of diseases brought by Europeans

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Section 2

Societies of NorthAmericaBy 1500, a variety of Native American groups—each with a distinct culture—lived in North America.

Native American Diversity

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Societies of North America 2SECTION

• Environment shapes each group’s economy, technology, religion

• By 1500, hundreds of Native Americancultural groups

• Technology—use of tools, knowledge to meet human needs

• Environment affects religion; groups believe certain places sacred

• Environment causes groups’ economies and technologies to vary

• Trade links Native Americans

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Peoples of the North and Northwest Coast

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2SECTION

• Inuit live on tundra—treeless, frozen plain • They use kayaks, or small boats, to hunt

sea mammals

• They make wooden houses, boats, carved objects

• Northwest Coast people, such as Kwakiutl and Haida, fish salmon

• Kwakiutl and Haida potlatch ceremonies; give away objects to mark status

• Aleut live on islands off Alaska

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Peoples of the West

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2SECTION

• Men hunt game; women gather wild foods, some are expert weavers

• Native Americans in West are huntersand gatherers

• Western groups have spiritual beliefs linkedto nature

Peoples of Mexico

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2SECTION

• Begin building capital city, Tenochtitlán,in 1325

• Irrigation helps them grow many crops

• Complex society with upper, middle,lower classes

• Conquer peoples who give food, resourcesto them

• Aztecs have great civilization in central Mexico

Peoples of the Southwest

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2SECTION

• Build many-storied, adobe houses

• In American Southwest, Pueblo people use irrigation to farm

• Men hunt, farm, weave, build; women cook, repair houses, craft pottery

• Later, Navajo become farmers

• Navajo, Apache arrive later; hunters and gatherers; trade with Pueblo

Peoples of the Great Plains

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2SECTION

• Some Plains tribes are nomads; others live in villages by rivers

• Great Plains extend from Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains

• Hunt bison; use its hide for clothes, bones for tools

• Spiritual beliefs vary; some honor sacred places

• Mandans and Pawnee live in large circular lodges

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Peoples of the Southeast

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2SECTION

• Women farm; men hunt, fish, clear land • Society is matrilineal—trace ancestry through

the mother • In villages, people gather at central square for

meetings, ceremonies

• Choctaw and Chickasaw are farmers

Peoples of the Eastern Woodlands

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2SECTION

• Use slash-and-burn agriculture—chop, burn trees; use ash to enrich soil

• Most Eastern Woodland peoples speak Iroquoian or Algonquian language

• Iroquois live in longhouses; Algonquin live in wigwams

• Form 5-tribe alliance—Iroquois League, brings period of peace to Iroquois

• Warlike Iroquois take advice from Deganawida, make peace

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Section 3

Societies of West Africa

The peoples of West Africa developed sophisticated kingdoms, trade networks, and artistic achievements.

African Geography and World Trade

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Societies of West Africa 3SECTION

• By A.D. 1500, trade routes link African coastal ports with rest of world

• Africa is second largest continent; variety of land forms and climate

• West Africa has rain forest and savanna; the Sahara borders the north

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Ghana Grows Wealthy

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3SECTION

• First West African kingdom, Ghana, grows rich from gold and salt trade

• Camel caravans cross Sahara; connect West Africa with rest of world

• Controls this trade from 700s to mid-1000s • Kings impose taxes, use wealth for army, build

empire

Islam Enters Ghana

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3SECTION

• Islam—founded by prophet Muhammad; teaches that there is one God, Allah

• Muslims—followers of the religion Islam

• Muslim traders bring Islam from North Africa to West Africa

• In 1076, Muslim army conquers Ghana city and weakens Ghana’s power

Mali Replaces Ghana

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3SECTION

• Its wealth also comes from gold-salt trade

• By 1200s, kingdom of Mali conquers most of Ghana

• Mali’s ruler, Sundiata, increases Mali’s power, prosperity

• Shows off wealth to rest of world; spreads Islamic culture in Mali

• Other great leader, Mansa Musa (1312—1337), is Muslim

• After Mansa Musa’s death, Mali slowly weakens

The Empire of Songhai

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3SECTION

• Led by Sunni Ali, they capture Timbuktu, set up governmental system

• Songhai people break away from Mali, begin own empire

• Sunni Ali dies (1492); led by Askia Muhammad, Muslims take over

• After his death, Songhai weakens; Moroccan army defeats Songhai (1591)

• Askia Muhammad expands trade, sets up tax system, builds Mosques

Other West African Kingdoms

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3SECTION

• Yoruba live southwest of Niger River, mostly farmers, have gifted artists

• Hausa states emerge after A.D. 1000 in northern Nigeria; trade thrives

• Kingdom of Benin in delta of Niger River prospers through trade

• Europeans also trade for enslaved Africans

• In late 1400s, Portuguese and other Europeans trade goods with Benin

• Use enslaved laborers to work on large farms, called plantations

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Section 4

Societies of Europe

By 1500, Europe was going through a period of social change that sparked interest in learning and exploration.

Feudalism in Europe

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Societies of Europe 4SECTION

• Feudalism—a king allows lords to use land; lords owe loyalty to king

• Feudalism, manor system in European Middle Ages (late 400s—1300s)

• Manor system:- Lords divide land into manors, or large estates, farmed by serfs - In return for serfs’ work, lords protect the serfs

• Roman Catholic Church gains power during the Middle Ages

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Revival of Trade and Towns

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4SECTION

• New farming methods create food surplus, increase population

• By 1000s, feudalism brings more stability to European society

• More people demand more goods; spurs trade; new towns arise

• Serfs go to towns; become craftspeople, merchants; form middle class

Trade with the East

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4SECTION

• Italian cities trade with port cities, including Constantinople

• Trade increases within and outside Europe

• Crusades—wars in which European Christians try to recapture Holy Land

• Italian Marco Polo travels in Asia, increases European interest in Asia

• Crusades spur trade with the Middle East

The Decline of Feudalism

4SECTION

• In 1347, bubonic plague kills many, reduces workers, weakens feudalism

• Trade and towns grow; serfs leave manors for towns; feudalism weakens

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• As feudal lords lose power, kings gain power

• In return, townspeople support kings by paying taxes

• Kings help townspeople by enforcing order with large armies

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The Renaissance and Reformation

4SECTION

• European Renaissance (1300—1600) questions old ideas

• Renaissance—time of increased interest in art, learning

• Stresses human achievement, classical education, art, the sciences

• Reformation—movement to correct problems in Church, splits Church

• Printing press produces more books; more people read; ideas spread

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Changes in Trade

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4SECTION

• Make huge profits trading with Asia, control Mediterranean trade

• Italian merchants determine profit by subtracting cost from income

• Other European countries want profits by trading with Asia

• Look for other trade routes besides the ones controlled by Italians

Chart

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Section 5

Early European Explorers

As Europeans searched for sea routes to Asia, Christopher Columbus reached the Americas.

A Water Route to Asia

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Early European Explorers 5SECTION

• Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias reaches south tip of Africa (1488)

• Caravel—Portuguese ship that improves sailing

• Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama finds all-water route to Asia (1498)

• Portugal grows rich from spice trade

• Portugal can now trade with Asia without Italian-Muslim interference

• European rivals want part of this trade, search for water routes to Asia

Columbus’s Plan

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5SECTION

• Columbus overestimates size of Asia; underestimates size of globe

• Italian sailor Christopher Columbus claims sailing west is faster to Asia

• Portugal turns down Columbus’s request to finance voyage

Help from Spain’s Rulers

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5SECTION

• After Muslim wars, Spain agrees to support Columbus

• Columbus assembles his ships: Niña, Pinta, Santa María

• Spain’s rulers, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella:- want lucrative Asian trade and to spread

Christianity - doubt Columbus’s calculations - are low on money because of Muslim wars- are hesitant to pay the high expense for Columbus’s services

Setting Sail

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5SECTION

• He keeps two logs: one for sailors, other tells truth about voyage

• Columbus sets sail with 90 crew members on August 3, 1492

• After 10 weeks, crew wants to turn back; agree to sail 3 more days

• Two days later, on October 12, 1492, they see land

Reaching the Americas

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5SECTION

• Islanders, the Taino people, greet him; he calls them Indians

• Columbus believes he has landed in Indies, islands in Southeast Asia

• He calls island San Salvador, takes possession of it for Spain

• For 3 months, tours other Caribbean islands; finds some gold, pearls

• Convinced he found Asia, he returns to Spain and informs Spanish rulers

• Leaves 39 men on Hispaniola; they steal from Taino, who kill them

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An Expanding Horizon

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5SECTION

• Disappoints Ferdinand, Isabella; mistreatment of islanders angers queen

• Columbus makes 3 more voyages to Americas, never brings back treasures

• Rulers refuse to finance another voyage; Columbus dies a bitter man

• In time, Europeans realize Columbus found continents unknown to them

• Atlantic Ocean now seen as bridge connecting Europeans to America

Interactive

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