viii

Hebrew Flood Story art (page 83)

Great Wall of China (page 108)

IntroductionAtlas A1

Strategies for Taking Standardized Tests S1PART 1: Strategies for Studying History S2PART 2: Test-Taking Strategies and Practice S6

CHAPTER ●1 Prehistory–2500 B.C.

The Peopling of the World 2

1 Human Origins in Africa 5ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Culture 6HISTORY THROUGH ART: Cave Paintings 12

2 Humans Try to Control Nature 143 Civilization

CASE STUDY Ur in Sumer 19ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Civilization 21

CHAPTER ●2 3500 B.C.–450 B.C.

Early River Valley Civilizations 26

1 City-States in Mesopotamia 292 Pyramids on the Nile 35

HISTORY IN DEPTH: Pyramids and Mummies 39SOCIAL HISTORY: Work and Play in Ancient Egypt 42

3 Planned Cities on the Indus 44SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Plumbing in Mohenjo-Daro 47

4 River Dynasties in China 50

CHAPTER ●3 2000 B.C.–250 B.C

People and Ideas on the Move 58

1 The Indo-Europeans 612 Hinduism and Buddhism Develop 663 Seafaring Traders 72

HISTORY IN DEPTH: Phoenician Trade 754 The Origins of Judaism 77

ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Judaism 80DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: The Flood Story 83

CHAPTER ●4 1570 B.C.–200 B.C.

First Age of Empires 86

1 The Egyptian and Nubian Empires 89HISTORY IN DEPTH: Egyptian Influence on Nubian Culture 92

2 The Assyrian Empire 953 The Persian Empire 99

GLOBAL IMPACT: Empire Building 1024 The Unification of China 104

HISTORY IN DEPTH: The Great Wall of China 108

COMPARING AND CONTRASTING: Ancient Civilizations 112

4 million B.C.–200 B.C.

Beginnings of Civilization

Tutankhamen death mask (page 39)

CHAPTER ●5 2000 B.C.–300 B.C.

Classical Greece 120

1 Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea 1232 Warring City-States 127

HISTORY IN DEPTH: Festivals and Sports 1303 Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age 134

HISTORY THROUGH ART: Greek Art and Architecture 1404 Alexander’s Empire 1425 The Spread of Hellenistic Culture 146

CHAPTER ●6 500 B.C.–A.D. 500

Ancient Rome and Early Christianity 152

1 The Roman Republic 1552 The Roman Empire 160

SOCIAL HISTORY: Life in a Roman Villa 1663 The Rise of Christianity 1684 The Fall of the Roman Empire 173

DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: The Fall of the Roman Empire 1775 Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization 178

ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Western Civilization 180SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The Colosseum 182

CHAPTER ●7 400 B.C.–A.D. 550

India and China Establish Empires 186

1 India’s First Empires 1892 Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture 193

HISTORY THROUGH ART: Hindu and Buddhist Art 1983 Han Emperors in China 200

GLOBAL IMPACT: Trade Networks 204

CHAPTER ●8 1500 B.C.–A.D. 700

African Civilizations 210

1 Diverse Societies in Africa 213SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: African Ironworking 218

2 MigrationCASE STUDY Bantu-Speaking Peoples 220

3 The Kingdom of Aksum 225

CHAPTER ●9 40,000 B.C.–A.D. 700

The Americas: A Separate World 232

1 The Earliest Americans 2352 Early Mesoamerican Civilizations 240

HISTORY THROUGH ART: Olmec Sculpture 2443 Early Civilizations of the Andes 246

HISTORY IN DEPTH: Nazca Lines 248

COMPARING AND CONTRASTING: Classical Ages 252

2000 B.C.–A.D. 800

New Directions in Government and Society

ix

Asoka’s lions (page 190)

Kuba mask, Africa (page 224)

Roman fresco, Pompeii, Italy(page 167)

CHAPTER ●10 600–1250

The Muslim World 260

1 The Rise of Islam 263ANALYZING ARCHITECTURE: The Dome of the Rock 266

2 Islam Expands 2693 Muslim Culture 273

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Astronomy 275

WORLD RELIGIONS AND ETHICAL SYSTEMS 282

Buddhism 284Christianity 286Hinduism 288Islam 290Judaism 292Confucianism 294

CHAPTER ●11 500–1500

Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact 298

1 The Byzantine Empire 301ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy 305

2 The Russian Empire 307HISTORY THROUGH ART: Russian Religious Art and Architecture 312

3 Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia 314

CHAPTER ●12 600–1350

Empires in East Asia 320

1 Tang and Song China 323SOCIAL HISTORY: Tang and Song China: People and Technology 328

2 The Mongol Conquests 330HISTORY IN DEPTH: A Mighty Fighting Force 332

3 The Mongol Empire 3354 Feudal Powers in Japan 339

HISTORY IN DEPTH: Japanese Samurai 3425 Kingdoms of Southeast Asia and Korea 344

500–1500

An Age of Exchange and Encounter

Dome of the Rock (page 266)

11th century Byzantine cross (page 301)

Tang and Song China, movable type (page 329)

x

CHAPTER ●13 500–1200

European Middle Ages 350

1 Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms 3532 Feudalism in Europe 358

ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Feudalism 3613 The Age of Chivalry 364

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Castles and Siege Weapons 3664 The Power of the Church 370

CHAPTER ●14 800–1500

The Formation of Western Europe 376

1 Church Reform and the Crusades 379HISTORY IN DEPTH: Gothic Architecture 381DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: The Crusades 386

2 Changes in Medieval Society 3873 England and France Develop 3934 The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague 398

GLOBAL IMPACT: The Spread of Epidemic Disease 400

CHAPTER ●15 800–1500

Societies and Empires of Africa 406

1 North and Central African Societies 4092 West African Civilizations 413

HISTORY THROUGH ART: Benin Bronzes 4203 Eastern City-States and Southern Empires 422

ANALYZING ARCHITECTURE: Great Zimbabwe 426

COMPARING AND CONTRASTING: Trade Networks 430

xi

Illuminated manuscript (page 354)

Emperor Charlemagne (page 357)

Benin sculpture (page 421)

xii

CHAPTER ●16 500–1500

People and Empires in the Americas 438

1 North American Societies 4412 Maya Kings and Cities 446

HISTORY THROUGH ART: Maya Architecture 4503 The Aztecs Control Central Mexico 452

HISTORY IN DEPTH: The Aztec Calendar 4574 The Inca Create a Mountain Empire 459

SOCIAL HISTORY: Incan Mummies 464

CHAPTER ●17 1300–1600

European Renaissance and Reformation 468

1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance 471HISTORY THROUGH ART: Renaissance Ideas Influence Renaissance Art 478

2 The Northern Renaissance 480SOCIAL HISTORY: City Life in Renaissance Europe 486

3 Luther Leads the Reformation 488ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Protestantism 491

4 The Reformation Continues 495DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: The Reformation 501

CHAPTER ●18 1300–1700

The Muslim World Expands 504

1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire 5072 Cultural Blending

CASE STUDY The Safavid Empire 5123 The Mughal Empire in India 516

HISTORY THROUGH ART: Cultural Blending in Mughal India 522

CHAPTER ●19 1400–1800

An Age of Explorations and Isolation 526

1 Europeans Explore the East 529SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The Tools of Exploration 531

2 China Limits European Contacts 536HISTORY IN DEPTH: The Forbidden City 538

3 Japan Returns to Isolation 542

CHAPTER ●20 1492–1800

The Atlantic World 550

1 Spain Builds an American Empire 553DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: The Legacy of Columbus 560

2 European Nations Settle North America 5613 The Atlantic Slave Trade 5664 The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade 571

GLOBAL IMPACT: Food Exchange 572ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Mercantilism 574

COMPARING AND CONTRASTING: Methods of Government 578

500–1800

Connecting Hemispheres

Elizabeth I of England (page 493)

Safavid shah (page 506)

Early globe (page 529)

CHAPTER ●21 1500–1800

Absolute Monarchs in Europe 586

1 Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism 589ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Absolutism 594

2 The Reign of Louis XIV 596HISTORY IN DEPTH: The Palace at Versailles 600

3 Central European Monarchs Clash 6034 Absolute Rulers of Russia 608

SOCIAL HISTORY: Surviving the Russian Winter 6125 Parliament Limits the English Monarchy 614

CHAPTER ●22 1550–1789

Enlightenment and Revolution 620

1 The Scientific Revolution 6232 The Enlightenment in Europe 629

DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: European Values During the Enlightenment 635

3 The Enlightenment Spreads 6364 The American Revolution 640

ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Democracy 643

CHAPTER ●23 1789–1815

The French Revolution and Napoleon 648

1 The French Revolution Begins 6512 Revolution Brings Reform and Terror 656

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The Guillotine 659DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: The French Revolution 662

3 Napoleon Forges an Empire 6634 Napoleon’s Empire Collapses 6685 The Congress of Vienna 672

CHAPTER ●24 1789–1900

Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 678

1 Latin American Peoples Win Independence 681GLOBAL IMPACT: Struggling Toward Democracy 684

2 Europe Faces Revolutions 687ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Nationalism 688

3 Nationalism CASE STUDY Italy and Germany 692

4 Revolutions in the Arts 698HISTORY THROUGH ART: Revolutions in Painting 702

COMPARING AND CONTRASTING: Political Revolutions 706

1500–1900

Absolutism to Revolution

Louis XIV of France (page 588)

Early telescope(page 626)

Riots in Paris (page 690)

xiii

xiv

CHAPTER ●25 1700–1900

The Industrial Revolution 714

1 The Beginnings of Industrialization 717GLOBAL IMPACT: Revolutions in Technology 719

2 IndustrializationCASE STUDY Manchester 723

ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Industrialization 7273 Industrialization Spreads 7294 Reforming the Industrial World 734

ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Capitalism vs. Socialism 737DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: Industrialization 741

CHAPTER ●26 1815–1914

An Age of Democracy and Progress 744

1 Democratic Reform and Activism 7472 Self-Rule for British Colonies 751

SOCIAL HISTORY: Life in Early Australia 7563 War and Expansion in the United States 7584 Nineteenth-Century Progress 762

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Edison’s Inventions 763

CHAPTER ●27 1850–1914

The Age of Imperialism 770

1 The Scramble for Africa 7732 Imperialism

CASE STUDY Nigeria 779ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Imperialism 780DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: Views of Imperialism 785

3 Europeans Claim Muslim Lands 7864 British Imperialism in India 7915 Imperialism in Southeast Asia 796

CHAPTER ●28 1800–1914

Transformations Around the Globe 802

1 China Resists Outside Influence 8052 Modernization in Japan 810

HISTORY THROUGH ART: Japanese Woodblock Printing 8143 U.S. Economic Imperialism 816

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Panama Canal 8204 Turmoil and Change in Mexico 822

COMPARING AND CONTRASTING: Scientific and Technological Changes 830

1700–1914

Industrialism and the Race for Empire

Singer sewing machine (page 720)

Marie Curie (page 765)

England as an octopus in an American political cartoon (page 785)

xv

CHAPTER ●29 1914–1918

The Great War 838

1 Marching Toward War 8412 Europe Plunges into War 845

HISTORY IN DEPTH: The New Weapons of War 848SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Military Aviation 850

3 A Global Conflict 851DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: Views of War 857

4 A Flawed Peace 858

CHAPTER ●30 1900–1939

Revolution and Nationalism 864

1 Revolutions in Russia 867ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Communism 872

2 TotalitarianismCASE STUDY Stalinist Russia 874

ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Totalitarianism 875HISTORY THROUGH ART: Propaganda 880

3 Imperial China Collapses 882HISTORY IN DEPTH: The Long March 885

4 Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia 887

CHAPTER ●31 1919–1939

Years of Crisis 894

1 Postwar Uncertainty 897SOCIAL HISTORY: Labor-Saving Devices in the United States 902

2 A Worldwide Depression 9043 Fascism Rises in Europe 910

ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Fascism 9114 Aggressors Invade Nations 915

CHAPTER ●32 1939–1945

World War II 922

1 Hitler’s Lightning War 9252 Japan’s Pacific Campaign 9313 The Holocaust 9364 The Allied Victory 940

GLOBAL IMPACT: Arming for War 9465 Europe and Japan in Ruins 948

COMPARING AND CONTRASTING: The Changing Nature of Warfare 954

1900–1945

The World at War

Machine gun (page 848)

Mohandas K. Gandhi(page 866)

Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (page 932)

xvi

CHAPTER ●33 1945–Present

Restructuring the Postwar World 962

1 Cold War: Superpowers Face Off 965SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The Space Race 971

2 Communists Take Power in China 9723 Wars in Korea and Vietnam 9764 The Cold War Divides the World 982

HISTORY IN DEPTH: How the Cold War Was Fought 9835 The Cold War Thaws 988

CHAPTER ●34 1945–Present

The Colonies Become New Nations 994

1 The Indian Subcontinent Achieves Freedom 9972 Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence 1004

SOCIAL HISTORY: Changing Times in Southeast Asia 10103 New Nations in Africa 10124 Conflicts in the Middle East 1017

HISTORY IN DEPTH: Signs of Hope 10225 Central Asia Struggles 1024

CHAPTER ●35 1945–Present

Struggles for Democracy 1030

1 DemocracyCASE STUDY Latin American Democracies 1033

2 The Challenge of Democracy in Africa 10403 The Collapse of the Soviet Union 10464 Changes in Central and Eastern Europe 1052

HISTORY IN DEPTH: Ethnic Groups in the Former Yugoslavia 10575 China: Reform and Reaction 1059

HISTORY THROUGH ART: Photojournalism 1064

CHAPTER ●36 1960–Present

Global Interdependence 1068

1 The Impact of Science and Technology 10712 Global Economic Development 1075

ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Globalization 1078DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: Economics and the Environment 1081

3 Global Security Issues 10824 Terrorism

CASE STUDY September 11, 2001 10875 Cultures Blend in a Global Age 1093

GLOBAL IMPACT: Rock ‘n Roll 1094

COMPARING AND CONTRASTING: Nation Building 1100

1945–Present

Perspectives on the Present

Winston Churchill, Franklin D.Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin (page 965)

Nelson Mandela (page 1044)

ISS satellite (page 1072)

xvii

Skillbuilder Handbook R1

Section 1: Reading Critically1.1 Determining Main Ideas R21.2 Following Chronological Order R31.3 Clarifying; Summarizing R41.4 Identifying Problems and Solutions R51.5 Analyzing Causes and Recognizing Effects R61.6 Comparing and Contrasting R71.7 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion R8

Section 2: Higher-Order Critical Thinking2.1 Categorizing R92.2 Making Inferences R102.3 Drawing Conclusions R112.4 Developing Historical Perspective R122.5 Formulating Historical Questions R132.6 Making Predictions R142.7 Hypothesizing R152.8 Analyzing Motives R162.9 Analyzing Issues R172.10 Analyzing Bias R182.11 Evaluating Decisions and Courses of Action R192.12 Forming and Supporting Opinions R202.13 Synthesizing R21

Section 3: Exploring Evidence: Print, Visual, Technology Sources

3.1 Analyzing Primary and Secondary Sources R223.2 Visual, Audio, and Multimedia Sources R233.3 Evaluating Internet Sources R243.4 Interpreting Maps R253.5 Interpreting Charts R273.6 Interpreting Graphs R283.7 Analyzing Political Cartoons R29

Section 4: Creating Presentations4.1 Writing for Social Studies R304.2 Creating a Map R314.3 Creating Charts and Graphs R324.4 Creating and Using a Database R334.5 Creating a Model R344.6 Creating/Interpreting a Research Outline R354.7 Creating Oral Presentations R364.8 Creating Written Presentations R37

Primary Source Handbook R39

Rig Veda, Creation Hymn R40Bible, Psalm 23 R41Confucius, Analects R42Thucydides,

History of the Peloponnesian War R43Plato, The Apology R44Tacitus, Annals R45Qur’an R46Sei Sho-nagon, The Pillow Book R47Magna Carta R48Popol Vuh R49Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince R50Sir Thomas More, Utopia R51James Madison, The Federalist, “Number 51” R52

Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman R53

Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun, Memoirs of Madame Vigée-Lebrun R54

Sadler Committee, Report on Child Labor R55Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address R56Elizabeth Cady Stanton,

The Natural Rights of Civilized Women R57Woodrow Wilson, The Fourteen Points R58Elie Wiesel, Night R59Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston,

Farewell to Manzanar R60Nelson Mandela, Inaugural Address R61Martin Luther King, Jr., I Have a Dream R62Cesar Chavez, An Open Letter R63

Economics Handbook R64

Glossary R76

Glossary in Spanish R92

Patterns of Interaction Video Series

Each video in the series Patterns of Interaction relates to aGlobal Impact feature in the text. These eight exciting videosshow how cultural interactions have shaped our world and howpatterns in history continue to the present day.

Volume 1Building Empires

The Rise of the Persians and the IncaWatch the Persian and Incan empires expand and ruleother peoples, with unexpected results for both con-quered and conquering cultures.

Trade Connects the WorldSilk Roads and the Pacific Rim

Explore the legendary trade routes of the Silk Roadsand the modern trade in the Pacific Rim, and noticehow both affect much more than economics.

Volume 2The Spread of Epidemic Disease

Bubonic Plague and SmallpoxLook for sweeping calamities and incredible conse-quences when interacting peoples bring devastating diseases to one another.

The Geography of FoodThe Impact of Potatoes and Sugar

Notice how the introduction of new foods to a region pro-vides security to some and spells disaster for others.

Volume 3Struggling Toward Democracy

Revolutions in Latin America and South AfricaExamine the impact of democratic ideas that incitepeople to join revolutions in 19th-century LatinAmerica and 20th-century South Africa.

Technology Transforms an AgeThe Industrial and Electronic Revolutions

See how another kind of revolution, caused by innovations in industry and communication, bringschange to the modern world.

Volume 4Arming for War

Modern and Medieval WeaponsWatch how warring peoples’ competition in militarytechnology has resulted in a dangerous game of developing bigger, better, and faster weaponry throughout the ages.

Cultural CrossroadsThe United States and the World

Observe how universal enjoyments like music, sports,and fashion become instruments of cultural blendingworldwide.

PACIFICOCEAN

ATLANTICOCEAN

EUROPE

ASIA

MONGOLIA

INDIA

SOUTHWEST

ASIA

AFRICA

CHINA

Kaffa

Alexandria

Genoa

0

0

1,000 Miles

2,000 Kilometers

Route of the Plague

1

23

Western Europe

China, India, other

Asians

20–25 million

25 million

= 4 million

The horse-riding Mongols

likely carried infected fleas

and rats in their food

supplies as they swooped

into China.

1

The disease came with

merchants along the

trade routes of Asia to

southern Asia, southwest

Asia, and Africa.

2

In 1345–46, a Mongol

army besieged Kaffa. A

year later, Italian

merchants returned to

Italy, unknowingly bringing

the plague with them.

3

The Bubonic PlagueThe bubonic plague, or Black Death, was a killer disease that swept repeatedly

through many areas of the world. It wiped out two-thirds of the population in some

areas of China, destroyed populations of Muslim towns in Southwest Asia, and then

decimated one-third of the European population.

Disease SpreadsBlack rats carried fleas that were infested with a bacillus

called Yersinia pestis. Because people did not bathe, almost

all had fleas and lice. In addition, medieval people threw

their garbage and sewage into the streets. These unsanitary

streets became breeding grounds for more rats. The fleas

carried by rats leapt from person to person, thus spreading

the bubonic plague with incredible speed.

Symptoms of the Bubonic Plague

• Painful swellings called buboes (BOO•bohz) in the lymph nodes,

particularly those in the armpits and groin

• Sometimes purplish or blackish spots on the skin

• Extremely high fever, chills, delirium, and in most cases, death

Death Tolls, 1300s1. Hypothesizing Had people known

the cause of the bubonic plague,

what might they have done to slow

its spread?

See Skillbuilder Handbook, page R15.

2. Comparing What diseases of today

might be compared to the bubonic

plague? Why?

400 Chapter 14

Patterns of Interaction

The Spread of Epidemic Disease:

Bubonic Plague and Smallpox

The spread of disease has been

a very tragic result of cultures interacting

with one another across place and time.

Such diseases as smallpox and influenza

have killed millions of people, sometimes,

as with the Aztecs, virtually destroying

civilizations.

The video icon in theGlobal Impact feature providesyou with a link to the Patternsof Interaction video series.

xviii

Hammurabi’s Code of Laws 33The Ten Commandments 79Assyrian Sculpture 97A Husband’s Advice 129Resisting Mongol Rule 310Rebelling Against the Mongols 310Daily Life of a Noblewoman 368Daily Life of a Peasant Woman 368The Magna Carta 395Mansa Musa’s Kingdom 416Islamic Law in Mogadishu 424The Market at Tlatelolco 455The Renaissance Man 473The Renaissance Woman 473

The Conquest of Constantinople 509The Horrors of the Middle Passage 569Laws Protect Freedom 631Laws Ensure Security 631Starvation in Ireland 754Allied View of Armistice 855German Reaction to Armistice 855Satyagraha 888Nonviolence 888Writers of the “Lost Generation” 898The Palestinian View 1020The Israeli View 1020Ken Sara-Wiwa 1042Training the Chinese Army 1061

Culture 6Civilization 21Judaism 80Western Civilization 180Roman Catholicism and

Eastern Orthodoxy 305Feudalism 361Protestantism 491Mercantilism 574Absolutism 594Democracy 643Nationalism 688Industrialization 727Capitalism vs. Socialism 737Imperialism 780Communism 872Totalitarianism 875Fascism 911Globalization 1078

xix

Features

The Aryan Caste System 64Nok Sculpture 217Pillars of Aksum 228A Bison Kill Site 238The Dome of the Rock 266Muslim Art 277Women of the Heian Court 341Chivalry 365Great Zimbabwe 426Perspective 474

Peasant Life 481“Right Leg in the Boot at Last” 695Motion Studies 700Warlike Japan 812Juárez: Symbol of Mexican

Independence 824Guernica 918Military Rule and Democracy 1037Glasnost 1047

The Flood Story 83The Fall of the Roman Empire 177The Crusades 386The Reformation 501The Legacy of Columbus 560European Values During

the Enlightenment 635

The French Revolution 662Industrialization 741Views of Imperialism 785Views of War 857Economics and the Environment 1081

Using Primary and Secondary Sources

727

1. Recognizing Effects What weresome advantages and disadvantagesof industrialization?See Skillbuilder Handbook, page R6.

2. Making Inferences Many nationsaround the world today are trying toindustrialize. What do you think theyhope to gain from that process?

RESEARCH LINKS For more on industrialization, go to classzone.com

727

IndustrializationIndustrialization is the process of developing industries that use machines to

produce goods. This process not only revolutionizes a country’s economy, it

also transforms social conditions and class structures.

▼ This engraving shows urban growthand industrial pollution in Manchester.

GROWTH OF CITIES

Source: European HistoricalStatistics, 1750–1975

0

100

200

300

400

500

1800

90

1870

351

Population (in thousands)

MANCHESTER

0

100

200

300

400

500

1800

74

1870

344

Population (in thousands)

BIRMINGHAM

0

100

200

300

400

500

1800

77

1870

522

Population (in thousands)

GLASGOW

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

1800 1870

Population (in thousands)

1,117

3,890

LONDON

• Industry created many new jobs.• Factories were dirty, unsafe, and dangerous.• Factory bosses exercised harsh discipline. Long-Term Effect Workers won higher wages, shorter hours, better conditions.

▼

• Factory workers were overworked and underpaid.• Overseers and skilled workers rose to lower middle class. Factory owners and merchants formed upper middle class.• Upper class resented those in middle class who became wealthier than they were. Long-Term Effect Standard of living generally rose.

▼

• Factories brought job seekers to cities.• Urban areas doubled, tripled, or quadrupled in size.• Many cities specialized in certain industries. Long-Term Effect Suburbs grew as people fled crowded cities.

▼

• Cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls.• Housing, water, and social services were scarce.• Epidemics swept through the city. Long-Term Effect Housing, diet, and clothing improved.

▼

Effects of Industrialization

Features

Work and Play in Ancient Egypt 42

Bull Leapers of Knossos 73Life in a Roman Villa 166Chinese Society 202Collecting Water 215Muslim Prayer 268Tang and Song China: People

and Technology 328An Age of Superstition 371Surnames 388

Negotiating Conflict in StatelessSocieties 410

Islam in West Africa 417Iroquois Women 445Incan Mummies 464City Life in Renaissance

Europe 486China’s Population Boom 540Surviving the Russian Winter 612Bread 655Nationalistic Music 689

Life in Early Australia 756Social Class in India 793The Frozen Front 849Ukrainian Kulaks 879Labor-Saving Devices in the

United States 902Life in the Depression 907Changing Times in Southeast

Asia 1010The Romanian Language 1055Molecular Medicine 1074

Plumbing in Mohenjo-Daro 47The Colosseum 182African Ironworking 218Astronomy 275Castles and Siege Weapons 366The Tools of Exploration 531

The Guillotine 659Edison’s Inventions 763Panama Canal 820Military Aviation 850The Space Race 971

This is an artist’s rendition of the

inner circle of the Sunstone. In the

center is the god Tonatiuh.

The four squares that surround

Tonatiuh are glyphs or symbols of the

four ages preceding the time of the

Aztecs: Tiger, Water, Wind, and Rain.

In the ring just outside the symbols

of the previous ages, 20 segments

represent the 20 days that made up

an Aztec month. Each day had its

own symbol and a god who watched

over the day. The symbol pointed to

here is Ocelotl, the jaguar.

People and Empires in the Americas 457

Aztec Sunstone

Originally located in the main ceremonial plaza of

Tenochtitlán, the Aztec calendar stone measures 13

feet in diameter and weighs 24 tons. It was uncovered

in Mexico City in 1790. The Sunstone, as it is called,

contains a wealth of information about the days that

began and ended the Aztec months, the gods

associated with the days, and many other details.

Aztec Gods The Aztecs worshiped many different gods. They

were a vital part of the Aztec calendar and daily life.

The Aztecs paid tribute to different gods depending,

in part, on the day, week, month, year, and religious

cycle of the Aztec calendars. The god shown here is

a sun god, Tonatiuh.

The Aztec Calendar

The Aztec system of tracking the days was very intricate.

Archaeologists believe that the Aztec calendar system was derived

from the Maya system. The Aztecs followed two main calendars: a

sacred one with 13 months of 20 days and an agricultural or solar

one with 18 months of 20 days. (Notice that this comes to 360 days.

The Aztecs then had an unlucky five-day period known as

nemontemi, making their solar calendar 365 days long.) Every 52

years, the two calendars would start on the same day, and a great

ceremony of fire marked the occasion.

SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Visual Sources

1. Hypothesizing Why do you think the Aztecs put

Tonatiuh, a sun god, in the center of the Sunstone?

Explain your reasons.

2. Comparing and Contrasting How is the Aztec

calendar different from the calendar we use today?

How is it similar?

▲

▲

Building the Taj MahalSome 20,000 workers labored for 22years to build the famous tomb. It ismade of white marble brought from250 miles away. The minaret towersare about 130 feet high. Thebuilding itself is 186 feet square.

The design of the building is ablend of Hindu and Muslim styles.The pointed arches are of Muslimdesign, and the perforated marblewindows and doors are typical of astyle found in Hindu temples.

The inside of the building is aglittering garden of thousands ofcarved marble flowers inlaid with tinyprecious stones. One tiny flower, oneinch square, had 60 different inlays.

INTERNET ACTIVITY Use the Internet totake a virtual trip to the Taj Mahal.Create a brochure about the building.Go to classzone.com for your research.

xx

Time Line of Planet Earth 9The Neolithic Ice Man 15Pyramids and Mummies 39The Rosetta Stone 40Lady Hao’s Tomb 52Phoenician Trade 75Egyptian Influence on Nubian

Culture 92

The Great Wall of China 108Festivals and Sports 130Gladiator Games 165Headhunters 247Nazca Lines 248A Mighty Fighting Force 332Japanese Samurai 342

The Medieval Manor 362Gothic Architecture 381Craft Guilds 388Muslim Scholars 391The Longbow 402Queen Amina’s Reign 418The Aztec Calendar 457Building the Taj Mahal 520A Ship’s Rations 532The Forbidden City 538Zen Buddhism 547Pirates 563Slavery 567The Palace at Versailles 600Emancipation 691Inventions in America 720Acadians to Cajuns 752Social Darwinism 766Winston Churchill and the

Boer War 778Suez Canal 789The Armenian Massacre 844The New Weapons of War 848The Long March 885Investing in Stocks 906Jewish Resistance 938Berlin Airlift 969The Red Guards 975How the Cold War Was

Fought 983Genocide in Rwanda 1016Signs of Hope 1022Destroying the Past 1026Ethnic Groups in the

Former Yugoslavia 1057

xxi

The Incan System of Record Keeping 20

Pythagorean Theorem 148

The Epic 179Pyramids 242Warriors and Animal Symbols 454

Other Renaissances 477East Meets West 611International Baseball 1094

The Royal Road 102The Jewish Diaspora 170The Spread of Buddhism 197Papermaking 203Trade Networks: Silk Roads 204A Road Paved with Gold: Aksum

to Rome 227The Thousand and One Nights 276

The Bubonic Plague 400Swahili 427The Printing Press 484Jesuit Missionaries 500The Columbian Exchange 572Tulip Mania 592The French Revolution 644Struggling Toward

Democracy 684Revolutions in Technology 719

Industrialization in Japan 732The Women’s Movement 749Western Views of the East 813The Influenza Epidemic 853Fascism in Argentina 914The Atomic Bomb 946Rock ‘n Roll 1094

Cave Paintings 12Greek Art and Architecture 140Hindu and Buddhist Art 198Olmec Sculpture 244Russian Religious Art and

Architecture 312Benin Bronzes 420Maya Architecture 450Renaissance Ideas Influence

Renaissance Art 478Cultural Blending in Mughal India 522Revolutions in Painting 702Japanese Woodblock Printing 814Propaganda 880Photojournalism 1064

Chad Discovery 11Iraq’s Ancient Treasures at Risk 23Scorpion King 37Buddhism in the West 71Modern Marathons 133Entertainment in India:

Bollywood 195Bantu Languages: Swahili 223Turkey 317Acupuncture 325Two Koreas 347Epic Films 367

Shakespeare’s Popularity 483Women Leaders of the Indian

Subcontinent 519Trading Partners 535Kabuki Theater 545U.S. Democracy 617Cybercafes 637Left, Right, and Center 657Congress of Vienna and the

United Nations 675Child Labor Today 728Communism Today 738

Northern Ireland Today 755Special Economic Zones 806Tiananmen Square 883A New War Crimes

Tribunal 950Vietnam Today 981The Taliban 987The Coldest War 999

Renaissance IdeasInfluence Renaissance ArtThe Renaissance in Italy produced extraordinary achievements inmany different forms of art, including painting, architecture, sculpture, and drawing. These art forms were used by talented artists to express important ideas and attitudes of the age.

The value of humanism is shown in Raphael’s School of Athens,a depiction of the greatest Greek philosophers. The realism ofRenaissance art is seen in a portrait such as the Mona Lisa, whichis an expression of the subject’s unique features and personality.And Michelangelo’s David shares stylistic qualities withancient Greek and Roman sculpture.

RESEARCH LINKS For more on Renaissance art, go to classzone.com

▲ Portraying Individuals Da Vinci The Mona Lisa (c. 1504–1506) is thought to bea portrait of Lisa Gherardini, who, at 16, married Francescodel Giocondo, a wealthy merchant of Florence whocommissioned the portrait. Mona Lisa is a shortened formof Madonna Lisa (Madam, or My Lady, Lisa). Renaissanceartists showed individuals as they really looked.

▼ Classical andRenaissance SculptureMichelangelo Influenced by classical statues,Michelangelo sculpted David from 1501 to1504. Michelangelo portrayed the biblical heroin the moments just before battle. David’sposture is graceful, yet his figure also displaysstrength. The statue, which is 18 feet tall,towers over the viewer.

478 Chapter 17

xxii

The Leakey Family 7Hammurabi 34Siddhartha Gautama 68King Solomon 81Hatshepsut 90Confucius, Laozi 105Pericles 135Socrates 139Plato 139Aristotle 139Alexander 143Hannibal 158Julius Caesar 161Augustus 162Asoka 190Chandragupta Maurya 190Ibn Rushd 279Empress Theodora 303Malik Shah 315Tang Taizong 324Wu Zhao 324Genghis Khan 331Kublai Khan 337Marco Polo 337Benedict 355Scholastica 355Richard the Lion-hearted 384Saladin 384Eleanor of Aquitaine 394Joan of Arc 403Sundiata 415Mansa Musa 415Pachacuti 460

Medici Family 472Leonardo da Vinci 475Michelangelo Buonarroti 475Martin Luther 489Elizabeth I 494John Calvin 496Suleyman the Lawgiver 510Akbar 518Prince Henry 530Kangxi 539Francisco Pizarro 557Atahualpa 557Louis XIV 598Maria Theresa 606Frederick the Great 606Peter the Great 609Voltaire 630Mary Wollstonecraft 633Catherine the Great 639Thomas Jefferson 641Louis XVI 653Marie Antoinette 653Jean-Paul Marat 658Napoleon Bonaparte 664Simón Bolivar 683José de San Martin 683Otto von Bismarck 696Ludwig van Beethoven 699Adam Smith 735Karl Marx 736Jane Addams 740Queen Victoria and Prince Albert 748Abraham Lincoln 761

Marie Curie 765Samori Touré 782Queen Liliuokalani 799José Martí 818Porfirio Diaz 825Emiliano Zapata 826Kaiser Wilhelm II 842Woodrow Wilson 859Georges Clemenceau 859V. I. Lenin 868Joseph Stalin 877Mustafa Kemal 890Benito Mussolini 912Adolf Hitler 912Winston Churchill 927General Douglas MacArthur 934General Dwight D. Eisenhower 944Mao Zedong 974Ho Chi Minh 978Fidel Castro 985Imre Nagy 989Alexander Dubcvek 989Jawaharlal Nehru 1000Aung San Suu Kyi 1006Jomo Kenyatta 1013Golda Meir 1019Nelson Mandela 1044F. W. de Klerk 1044Mikhail Gorbachev 1048Boris Yeltsin 1048Vladimir Putin 1051Jiang Zemin 1062Mother Teresa 1084

Features (continued)

Unit 1Ancient Civilization 112

Unit 2Classical Ages 252

Unit 3Trade Networks 430

Unit 4Methods of Government 578

Unit 5 Political Revolutions 706

Unit 6Scientific and Technological Changes 830

Unit 7 Changing Nature of Warfare 954

Unit 8Nation Building 1100

1. Which of these societies controlledthe most territory? the least? Explainhow the size of a society’s territorymight affect its ability to leave alegacy.

2. Which classical ages had religion asan important part of their legacy?Why does religion have such animpact on societies?

253252 Unit 2 Comparing & Contrasting

Lasting AchievementsA classical age usually has two important characteristics:

• The society reaches a high level of cultural achievement, with advances intechnology and science and the creation of impressive works of art.

• The society leaves a strong legacy for future ages, not only in the region where it is located but also in other parts of the world.

In this feature, you will study similarities and differences among five classicalages that you learned about in Unit 2.

Han China202 B.C.–A.D. 220

Olmec1200–400 B.C.

Rome500 B.C.–A.D 476

Greece 750–300 B.C.

GreecePericles, shown at left, led the city-stateof Athens during its golden age. Theancient Greeks of Athens and other citiescreated art, literature, philosophy, andpolitical institutions that have influencedthe world for thousands of years.

▼

OlmecSome scholars theorizethat the sculpture atright shows the face ofan Olmec ruler. TheOlmec people left nowritten records. Even so, their civilizationinfluenced the art,religion, architecture, and political structure of peoples who followed them in Mesoamerica.

▼

RomeThe emperor Augustus, whose statue is shown atleft, ruled for about 40 years during Rome’s 200-year golden age. First a republic and then anempire, Rome controlled the Mediterranean regionand a large part of Europe. Roman government,law, society, art, literature, and language stillinfluence much of the world, as does the Christianreligion Rome eventually adopted.

▼

Gupta IndiaChandragupta II, shownon this coin, was one ofthe rulers of India’s GuptaEmpire. They oversaw anage of peace, prosperity,and artistic creativity.During this time,Hinduism and Buddhismtook full form in India andspread through trade toother regions.

▼

Han ChinaLiu Bang, shown at right,seized control of China andfounded the Han Dynasty.He and his successors ruleda vast empire, which sawthe growth and spread ofChinese culture. Even today,many Chinese callthemselves “the people ofHan,” a tribute to the lastingcultural impact of thisperiod.

▼

Gupta India A.D. 320–550

xxiii

Historical and Political Maps

Unit 1Prehistoric World to 2500 B.C. 3Early Human Migration, 1,600,000–10,000 B.C. 10Agriculture Emerges, 5000–500 B.C. 17Four River Valley Civilizations 27The Fertile Crescent, 2500 B.C. 30Ancient Egypt, 3000–2000 B.C. 36Ancient India, 2500–1500 B.C. 45Ancient China, 2000–200 B.C. 51World Climate Regions 57The Ancient World, 1500 B.C. to 250 B.C. 59Indo-European Migrations, Starting

about 1700 B.C. 62Aryan Invasions of India, 1500–250 B.C. 65The Patterns of Ancient Trade, 2000–250 B.C. 75Canaan, the Crossroads, 2000–600 B.C. 78Ancient Empires, 700 B.C. to 221 B.C. 87Assyrian Empire, 650 B.C. 96Persian Empire, 500 B.C. 101A Ride Along the Royal Road 102The Qin Dynasty, 221–202 B.C. 108Ancient Civilizations 112

Unit 2Greek City-States, 750 B.C. 121Mycenaean Greece, c. 1250 B.C. 124The Persian Wars, 490–479 B.C. 132Peloponnesian War, 431–404 B.C. 137Alexander and His Successors, 336–300 B.C. 144The Roman World, 265 B.C.–A.D. 117 153Punic Wars, 264–146 B.C. 159Trade in the Roman Empire, A.D. 200 163Spread of Christianity in the Roman World

to A.D. 500 171Invasions into the Roman Empire, A.D. 350–500 175India and China, 321 B.C.–A.D. 9 187Indian Empires, 250 B.C.–A.D. 400 191Asian Trade Routes, A.D. 400 196Han Dynasty, 200 B.C.–A.D. 220 201Former Han, 200 B.C. 201Silk Roads 204Spread of Iron-Working, 500 B.C.–A.D. 700 211Vegetation Regions of Africa 214Bantu Migrations, 3000 B.C.–A.D. 1100 222Aksum, A.D. 300–700 226Land Area of Africa 231American Civilizations, 1200 B.C.–A.D. 700 233Migration Routes, 40,000–10,000 B.C. 237Olmec Civilization, 900 B.C. 241Early Civilizations, 1200 B.C.–A.D. 700 247Early America, 1200 B.C.–A.D. 700 251Territory Controlled by Classical Societies 253

Unit 3Muslim World, 1200 261Trade Routes, A.D. 570 264Three Empires: Byzantine, Russian, Seljuk, c. 1100 299Constantinople, A.D. 550 302The Viking Invasions of Eastern Europe, 820–941 308The Khanate of the Golden Horde, 1294 309East and Southeast Asia, 900–1200 321Eurasian Steppe 330The Mongol Empire, 1294 334Japan to 1300 340Southeast Asia, 900–1200 345Population Density: Tang Dynasty 349Europe, c. 500 351

Charlemagne’s Empire, 768–843 356Invasions in Europe, 700–1000 359The Holy Roman Empire, 1100 372Europe, 14th Century 377The Crusades, 1096–1204 383Africa, 800–1500 400Route of the Plague 407Selected African Societies, 800–1500 411Empire of Ghana, A.D. 1000 414Empire of Mali, A.D. 1400 414Empire of Songhai, A.D. 1500 414East African Trade, 1000 423Western Africa, 2003 429Trade Routes: Africa, Asia, Europe, 1500 430

Unit 4The Americas, 800 B.C.–A.D.1535 439North American Culture Areas, c. 1400 442Mesoamerican Civilizations, 200 B.C.–A.D. 1521 447South American Culture Areas, 100–1535 461Europe, 1500 469Religions in Europe, 1560 497Spread of Protestantism 497Empire Builders, 1683 505Ottoman Empire, 1451–1566 508Safavid Empire, 1683 514Growth of the Mughal Empire, 1526–1707 517Early Explorations, 1400s 527Europeans in the East, 1487–1700 534Japan in the 17th Century 543European Claims in America, 1700 551European Exploration of the Americas, 1492–1682 555Europeans in North America, 1754 and 1763 564Triangle Trade System, 1451–1870 568Four Governments 578

Gulf ofMexico

LakeTexcoco

P A C I F I CO C E A N

YucatánPeninsula

Valley ofMexico

TeotihuacánTlacopanTenochtitlán

Tula

Uxmal

TikalPiedrasNegas

Palenque

Copán

ChichénIztá

90°W

10°N

Tropic of Cancer

100°W

20°N

Teotihuacán Civilization, 200 B.C.–A.D. 700Maya Civilization, 200 B.C.–A.D. 900Toltec Civilization, A.D. 900–1100Aztec Civilization, A.D. 1400–1521

0

0

250 Miles

500 Kilometers

Mesoamerican Civilizations,200 B.C.–A.D. 1521

Historical and Political Maps (continued)

UTAH

BEACH

OMAHABEACH

GOLDBEACH JUNO

BEACHSWORDBEACH

U.S. 1st ARMYBradley

BRITISH 2nd ARMYDempsey

21st ARMY GROUP COMMANDER OF GROUND FORCES

Montgomery

E n g l i s h C h a n n e l

Arromanches

BayeuxCarentan

TrévièresColleville

Caen

to St.-Lô Lion

Courseulles

La Madeleine

Isigny

Ste.-Mère Eglise

Vierville

Quinéville

POINTE-DU-HOC

50˚ N

2˚ W

4˚ W

2˚ E

0˚

UNITED KINGDOM

FRANCE

Calais

Dover

London

Torquay

Cherbourg

PortlandPortsmouth

E n g l i s h

C h a n n e l

Straits of Dover

0

0

100 Miles

200 Kilometers

0

0

10 Miles

20 Kilometers Glider landing areas

Planned drop zones

Flooded areas

Allied forces

The D-Day Invasion, June 6, 1944

xxiv

Unit 5Europe, 1650 587Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588 590Europe After the Thirty Years’ War, 1648 604The Expansion of Russia, 1500–1800 610The English Civil War, 1642–1645 616Modern European Monarchs, 2003 619Centers of Enlightenment, 1740 621North America, 1783 642Napoleon’s Empire, 1810 649War in Europe, 1805–1813 666Napoleon’s Russian Campaign, 1812 670Europe, 1810 and 1817 674Great Britain and France, 1810 677Revolutions, 1848 679Enlightenment Ideas Spread to Latin America,

1789–1810 684Latin America, 1800 and 1830 685The Unification of Italy, 1858–1870 694The Unification of Germany, 1865–1871 697

Unit 6Industry in Europe, 1870 715The Growth of Railroads in the United States 730Western Democracies, 1900 745Australia and New Zealand to 1850 753U.S. Expansion, 1783–1853 759Civil War in the United States, 1861–1865 760Colonial Claims, 1900 771Imperialism in Africa, 1878 and 1913 777Traditional Ethnic Boundaries of Africa 777Nigeria, 1914 781Resistance Movements in Africa, 1881–1906 783Ottoman Empire, 1699–1914 787Suez Canal 789Western-Held Territories in Asia, 1910 792Colonies in Southeast Asia, 1895 797The British Empire, 1900 801Colonial Powers Carve Up China, 1850–1910 803China: Spheres of Influence and Treaty Ports, c. 1900 808The Spanish-American War, 1898: the Caribbean

and the Philippines 819Panama Canal 820

Unit 7Europe, 1914 839Europe on the Eve of World War I, 1914 843World War I in Europe, 1914–1918 846Galipoli Campaign, 1915 851The World at War, 1914–1918 852Europe Pre-World War I 860Europe Post-World War I 860Southwest Asia, 1926 865Russian Revolution and Civil War, 1905–1922 870The Long March 885Oil Fields, 1938 891Expansion in Europe, 1931–1939 895Aggression in Asia, 1931–1937 917Aggression in Africa, 1935–1939 917European and African Battles, 1939–1945 923World War II: German Advances, 1939–1941 926World War II in Asia and the Pacific, 1941–1945 933Battle of Midway, June 1942 933World War II: Allied Advances, 1942–1945 942The D-Day Invasion, June 6, 1944 944Nazi Labor and Death Camps 953

Unit 8Cold War Enemies, 1949 963Superpower Aims in Europe 966Divided Germany, 1948–1949 969War in Korea, 1950–1953 977War in Vietnam, 1957–1973 979How the Cold War Was Fought 983Cold War Hot Spots, 1948–1975 984New Nations, 1946–1991 995The Indian Subcontinent, 1947 998Southeast Asia, 1945–1975 1005Africa, 1955 1014Africa, 1975 1014The Middle East, 1947–present 1018Central Asia 1025Types of Government, 2003 1031Latin America 1035Africa, 1967 1041Regions of Nigeria, 1967 1041The Breakup of the Soviet Union, 1991 1049Major Industries of Germany 1054World Migration, 2002 1069Regional Trading Groups, 2003 1077World AIDS Situation, 2002 1085

Charts

Charts and Graphs

Chinese Writing 53Language Family Resemblances 61The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism 69Alphabets—Ancient and Modern 74The Sacred Writings of Judaism 80Chinese Ethical Systems 106Characteristics of Civilizations 114Forms of Government 128Athenian and United States Democracy 134Greek Astronomy 147Comparing Republican Governments 157Roman Emperors, A.D. 37–A.D. 180 164Multiple Causes: Fall of the Western Roman Empire 174Comparing Two Great Empires: Han China and Rome 206Migration: Push-Pull Factors 221The Effects of Agriculture 239Cultural Achievements 254Sunni-Shi’a Split 271Muslim Population, 1990s 281A Comparison of World Religions and Ethical Systems 296The 11th Century: Comparing Two Churches 305Five Empires 319Inventions of Tang and Song China 328The Commercial Revolution 390The Development of England and France 397If the Plague Struck America Today 401Population in Europe, 1000–1340 405Selected African Societies, 800–1500 411East African Trade Goods 423Major Trade Networks 432Rise and Fall of the Maya 449Rise and Fall of the Aztecs 458Rise and Fall of the Inca 463Causes of the Reformation 488Religious Beliefs and Practices in the 16th Century 491Cultural Blending 513Africans Enslaved in the Americas, 1451–1870 568

Key Characteristics of Governments 578Changing Idea: Scientific Method 626Changing Idea: The Right to Govern 629Major Ideas of the Enlightenment 632Changing Idea: Relationship Between

Ruler and State 638Changing Idea: Colonial Attachment to Britain 642Enlightenment Ideas and the U.S. Constitution 643Eligible Voters 643Population of France, 1787 652Positive and Negative Results of Nationalism 688Types of Nationalist Movements 692Causes of the Revolutions 708Effects of Revolutions 710Rise of Mass Culture 767Forms of Imperialism 780Imperial Management Methods 780Reforms of Mexican Constitution of 1917 827The Treaty of Versailles: Major Provisions 861Causes and Effects of Two Russian Revolutions, 1917 871Evolution of Communist Thought 872Key Traits of Totalitarianism 875Characteristics of Fascism 911Jews Killed Under Nazi Rule 939Hiroshima: Day of Fire 946Costs of World War II: Allies and Axis 949Superpower Aims in Europe 966Chinese Political Opponents, 1945 973Major Strategies of the Cold War 983U.S.–Soviet Military Power, 1986–1987 993Patterns of Change: Making Democracy Work 1033Differences Among the Ethnic Groups of Yugoslavia 1057Mao’s Attempts to Change China 1059Internet Users Worldwide, 2002 1073Arguments For and Against Economic Globalization 1078International Casualties of Terrorism, 1997–2002 1089National Characteristics 1102

GraphsAgricultural Revolution 17Topography of Greece 121Major Movie Producers, 2000 195Cities, A.D. 900 273World Population’s Religious Affiliations 282Population of Three Roman Cities 375Death Tolls, 1300s 400The Division of Christianity 491Comparison of Empires 525The Growth of Early Modern China 540Native Population of Central Mexico, 1500–1620 556Africans Enslaved in the Americas, 1451–1870 568Debt of the Royal Family, 1643–1715 602Average High Temperature for January, Russian Cities 613Average High Temperature for January, U.S. Cities 613Voters in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election 643Percent of Income Paid in Taxes 652Beheading by Class 659The Divisions in Spanish Colonial Society, 1789 681British Cotton Consumption, 1800–1900 719The Growth of Cities 727The Growth of Cities, 1700–1900 743

xpansion of Suffrage in Britain 748The Great Famine, 1845–1851 754Australia’s Population, 1901 and 2001 757Civil War Deaths 760Independent African Countries 780Tolls Collected on the Panama Canal, 1916–1920 829World War I Statistics 856The Buildup of the Soviet Economy, 1928–1938 878Oil Output, 1910–1940 893Mechanical Washing Machines Shipped 903Persons Employed as Private Laundress 903Stock Prices, 1925–1933 906Unemployment Rate 908World Trade, 1929–1933 908Countries Aided by the Marshall Plan, 1948–1951 968Poverty Levels in Asia 1002ASEAN Exports, 1990–2001 1011Brazilian Economy, 1955–2000 1036Percentage of Population Living in Poverty, 2001 1038Some Major Internet Nations, 2002 1073Multinational Corporations, 2002 1076Total Terrorist Attacks, 1982–2002 1089Number of Refugees, 1992–2002 1099

xxv

xxvi

Time Lines, Infographics, and Political Cartoons

Chapter 1 2Hominid Development 8Time Line of Planet Earth 9Chapter 2 26Chapter 3 58Chapter 4 86Civilizations of the Ancient World 113Chapter 5 120Alexander’s Empire and Its Legacy,

336–306 B.C. 145Chapter 6 152Ancient Rome and Early

Christianity 184Chapter 7 186India and China Establish Empires 208Chapter 8 210Chapter 9 232Classical Ages 252Chapter 10 260Chapter 11 298Byzantines, Russians, and Turks 318

Chapter 12 320Dynasties of China, 500–1400 338Chapter 13 350Chapter 14 376Chapter 15 406Chapter 16 438Chapter 17 468Henry VIII Causes Religious

Turmoil 492Chapter 18 504Chapter 19 526Chapter 20 550Three Worlds Meet, 1492–1700 573Chapter 21 586Chapter 22 620Major Steps in the Scientific

Revolution 626Chapter 23 648Chapter 24 678Political Revolutions 706Chapter 25 714

Chapter 26 744Chapter 27 770Chapter 28 802Scientific and Technological

Changes 830Chapter 29 838Chapter 30 864Chapter 31 894Aggression in Europe, Asia,

and Africa, 1931–1939 916Chapter 32 922Technology of War 954Chapter 33 962The Space Race 971Chapter 34 994India: A Turbulent History 1001The Israeli-Palestinian Struggle 1021Chapter 35 1030South Africa, 1948–2000 1045Chapter 36 1068Five Developing Nations 1100

How Culture Is Learned 6Table of “Components of Culture” 6Characteristics of Civilization

in Sumer 21The City of Ur 22The Mighty Nile 36Pyramids and Mummies 39Monsoon Winter and Summer 45Dynastic Cycle in China 54Merchant Ships 75The Great Wall of China 108Greek Astronomy 147A Roman Villa 166The Colosseum 182Chinese Society 202Hunter-gathering Community 212Vegetation Regions of Africa 214African Ironworking 218Mammoth hunt 234Migration Routes 237Early Civilizations,

1200 B.C.–A.D. 700 247Major Buddhist Sects 285Major Christian Sects 287Major Hindu Sects 289Major Islamic Sects 291Major Jewish Sects 293The Five Relationships

in Confucianism 295

Chinese Inventions 322Japanese Samurai 342Alexandria 262Southeast Asia, 900–1200 345Western European Peasants, 1100s 352European Feudalism 361Japanese Feudalism 361The Medieval Manor 362Castles and Siege Weapons 366Crusade Party 378Gothic Architecture 381The Commercial Revolution 390Route of the Plague 400If the Plague Struck

America Today 401Trade in Sahara 408The Lost-Wax Process 421Types of Trade Networks 431The Printing Press 484The Division of Christianity 491The Caravel 531Zheng He’s Treasure Ship 537The Forbidden City 538The Columbian Exchange 572Mercantilism 574Organization of the Ottoman

Government 580Organization of the Tokugawa

Shogunate 580

Absolutism 594The Palace at Versailles 600Expansion of U.S. Voting Rights 643Conquerors of the Bastille Parade 650The Guillotine 659Napoleon’s Russian Campaign,

1812 670Bonds That Create a Nation-State 688Model of a Revolution 707The Day of a Child Laborer,

William Cooper 724Effects of Industrialization 727An Age of Inventions 764China and Japan Confront

the West 811Panama Canal Cross-Section 820Impact of Technological Change 832Key Traits of Scientific Change 834Key Traits of Totalitarianism 875Characteristics of Fascism 911Global Corporation 1078Ozone Levels 1080International Terrorist Attacks 1089Destruction in New York City 1090

Time Lines

Seven-Headed Martin Luther 501The Three Estates 652“Little Johnny Bull” 668“Right Leg in the Boot at Last” 695Political Cartoons, 1789 and 1765 709Political Cartoon 741A Court for King Cholera 769“The Devilfish in Egyptian Waters” 785

Warlike Japan 812Roosevelt Corollary 821Czechoslovakia’s Iron Curtain 967Philippine Islands 1029Military Rule and Democracy 1037Glasnost 1047Intensive Communism Unit 1067Ship of Fools 1081

Infographics

Political Cartoons

xxvii

Primary and Secondary Sources

Chapter 1Mary Leakey, quoted in National Geographic, 7Richard E. Leakey, The Making of Mankind, 9Robert Braidwood, quoted in Scientific American, 16Richard E. Leakey, The Making of Mankind, 25

Chapter 2Code of Hammurabi, trans. L. W. King, 33Herodotus, The History of Herodotus, 38Duke of Shao, quoted in The Chinese Heritage, 54“Hymn to the Nile,” from Ancient Near Eastern Texts, 57

Chapter 3Krishna, speaking in the Mahabharata, 65Svetasvatara Upanishad. IV. 3–4, 67Buddha, from Samyutta Nikaya, 69Herodotus, in History, Book IV (5th Century B.C.), 74Genesis 12:1–2, 77Deuteronomy 5:6–22, 79From The Torah, 83From The Epic of Gilgamesh, 83From The Fish Incarnation of Vishnu, 831 Samuel 8:4–8, 85

Chapter 4Piankhi, monument in Cairo Museum, 93Nahum 3:7, 18, 97Ezra 1:2–3, 100Confucius, Analects, 105Laozi, Dao De Ching, 106Confucius, Analects, 111

Chapter 5Edith Hamilton, “Theseus,” Mythology, 122Pericles, an Athenian statesman, 122Thucydides, a historian, 122Homer, Iliad (tr. Ian Johnston), 126Xenophon, The Economist, Book 10 (tr. H.G. Dakyns), 129Pericles, “The Funeral Oration,” from The Peloponesian

War, 135Plutarch, Parallel Lives: Marcellus, 148Aristotle, Politics, 151

Chapter 6Livy, The Early History of Rome, 155Tiberius Gracchus, quoted in Plutarch,

The Lives of Noble Greeks and Romans, 160Luke, 6:27–31, 169St. Augustine, The City of God, 172Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of

the Roman Empire, 177Arther Ferrill, The Fall of the Roman Empire, 177Finley Hooper, Roman Realities, 177St. Jerome, quoted in Rome:

A Profile of a City, 312–1308, 177Virgil, Aeneid, 179Tacitus, Annals, 181Decree from the Roman Province of Asia, 185

Chapter 7Megasthenes, in Geography by Strabo, 190Quote from The Wonder That Was India, 194Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian, 202Ban Gu and Ban Zhao in History of the Former

Han Dynasty, 204Asoka, in A History of Modern India, 209

Chapter 8Djeli Mamoudou Kouyate, from Sundiata,

an Epic of Old Mali, 216Cosmas, quoted in Travellers in Ethiopia, 226King Ezana of Aksum, quoted in Africa: Past and Present, 226From Travellers in Ethiopia, 231

Chapter 9Thomas Canby, “The Search for the First Americans,” 236Walter Alva, “Richest Unlooted Tomb of a Moche Lord,” 249Brian Fagan, quoted in The Peru Reader, 251

Chapter 10Qur’an sura 96:1–5, 265Khalid Ibn al-Walid, quoted in Early Islam, 270Muhammad, quoted in The Sayings of Muhammad, 274Ikhwan As-Safa, quoted in The World of Islam, 279Abd Al-Latif, quoted in A History of the Arab Peoples, 281

World ReligionsDhammapada 365, 285Acts 16:30–31, 287From the Rig Veda 1.125.5, 289Qur’an sura 31:20, 291Deuteronomy 6:4, 293Confucius, Analects 1.16, 295Karen Armstrong, A History of God, 297

Chapter 11Theodora, quoted in History of the Wars, 303Saint Basil, quoted in The Letters, 304Quote from The Primary Chronicle, 308Quotes from Medieval Russia, 310Jalaludin Rumi, from Unseen Rain, 315Wassaf, quoted in The Mongol Empire, 317Zenkovsky, Medieval Russia’s Epics, Chronicles, and Tales, 319

Chapter 12Tu Fu, “Moonlight Night,” 326Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo, 337Sung Lien, quoted in The Essence of Chinese Civilization, 349

Chapter 13Einhard, from Life of Charlemagne, 356

William Langland, Piers Plowman, 363From The Song of Roland, 367Quotes from Women in Medieval Times, 368Pope Gregory, cited in Basic Documents in Medieval History, 372Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, 375

Chapter 14Emperor Alexius Comnenus, quoted in The Dream and

the Tomb, 382Pope Urban II, quoted in World Civilizations–Sources,

Images, and Interpretations, 386William of Tyre, quoted in The Medieval Reader, 386Saladin, quoted in The Dream and the Tomb, 386Painting of Richard the Lion-hearted and Saladin, 386From The Magna Carta, 395Giovanni Boccaccio, The Decameron, 399Edward I of England, from a letter, 405

P R I M A R Y S O U R C E The same moon is above Fuzhou tonight;

From the open window she will be watching it alone,

The poor children are too little to be able toremember Ch’ang-an.

Her perfumed hair will be dampened by the dew, theair may be too chilly on her delicate arms.

When can we both lean by the wind-blown curtainsand see the tears dry on each other’s face?

TU FU, “Moonlight Night”

xxviii

Chapter 15Al-Bakri, quoted in Africa in the Days of Exploration, 414Ibn Battuta, quoted in Africa in the Days of Exploration, 416Quote from the Kano Chronicle, 418Ibn Batutta, Travels of Ibn Batutta, 424

Chapter 16Quote from the Popol Vuh, 448Crónica Mexicayotl, 454Hernando Cortés, Letters of Information, 455Bernal Díaz, The Conquest of New Spain, 455Quote from In the Trail of the Wind, 467

Chapter 17Baldassare Castiglione, The Courtier, 473Isabella D’Este, Letters, 473Giovanni Boccaccio, Preface, Decameron, 476Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, 476Vittoria Colonna, Poems, 477Thomas More, Utopia, 482Christine de Pizan, The Book of The City of Ladies, 482William Shakespeare, Hamlet, 483Martin Luther, quoted in The Protestant Reformation

by Lewis W. Spitz, 490Katherina Zell, quoted in Women of the Reformation, 498Ignatius of Loyola, Spiritual Exercises, 498Martin Luther, quoted in A World Lit Only By Fire:

The Medieval Mind and the Renaissance, 501Steven Ozment, Protestants: The Birth of a Revolution, 501G. R. Elton, Reformation Europe, 501Hans Brosamer, “Seven-Headed Martin Luther” (1529), 501Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, 503

Chapter 18Kritovoulos, Life of Mehmed the Conqueror, 509, 525

Chapter 19Afonso de Albuquerque, from The Commentaries of the

Great Afonso Dalbuquerque, 533Qian-Long, from a letter to King George III of Great Britain, 540Matsuo Basho, from Matsuo Basho, 544Anonymous Japanese Writer, quoted in Sources of Japanese

Tradition (1958), 545Kangxi, quoted in Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of

K’Ang-Hsi, 549

Chapter 20Christopher Columbus, from Journal of Columbus, 553Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, 560Bartolomé de Las Casas, quoted in Columbus: The Great

Adventure, 560Suzan Shown Harjo, “I Won’t Be Celebrating Columbus

Day,” Newseek, Fall/Winter 1991, 560Smallpox illustration, 560Olaudah Equiano, quoted in Eyewitness: The Negro in

American History, 569Bernadino de Sahagun, quoted in Seeds of Change, 573Thomas Mun, quoted in World Civilizations, 575John Cotton, quoted in The Annals of America, 577

Chapter 21Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote de la Mancha, 592Jean Bodin, Six Books on the State, 595Duke of Saint-Simon, Memoirs of Louis XIV and the

Regency, 599Frederick II, Essay on Forms of Government, 606From the English Parliament’s Bill of Rights, 619

Chapter 22Galileo Galilei, quoted in The Discoverers, 625Jean Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, 631Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws, 631Voltaire, Candide, 635Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels, 635William Hogarth, Canvassing for Votes (painting), 635Preamble, Constitution of the United States, 647

Chapter 23Comte D’Antraigues, quoted in Citizens: A Chronicle of the

French Revolution, 652Maximilien Robespierre, “On the Morals and Political

Principles of Domestic Policy,” 660Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, 662Edmund Burke, quoted in Burke’s Politics, 662Thomas Paine, from The Writings of Thomas Paine, 662Napoleon, quoted in Napoleon, by André Castelot, 665Simón Bolívar, from Selected Writings of BolÍvar, 677

Chapter 24Otto von Bismarck, speech to the German parliament on

February 6, 1888, 705

Chapter 25Edward Bains, The History of Cotton Manufacture in Great

Britain, 720Elizabeth Gaskell, Mary Barton, 724Hugh Miller, “Old Red Sandstone,” 728Lucy Larcom, A New England Girlhood, 730Alexis de Tocqueville, 1848 speech, 735Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto

(1848), 736Andrew Carnegie, Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie, 741Friederich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in

England in 1844, 741Mary Paul, quoted in Women and the American

Experience, 741Walter Crane (political cartoon), 741Charles Dickens, Hard Times, 743

Chapter 26Emmeline Pankhurst, Why We Are Militant, 749William Bennett, quoted in Narrative of a Recent Journey

of Six Weeks in Ireland, 754William Shorey Coodey, quoted in The Trail of Tears, 758Seneca Falls Convention, “Declaration of Sentiments,” 769

Chapter 27Cecil Rhodes, Confession of Faith, 775Edward Morel, The Black Man’s Burden, 782J. A. Hobson, Imperialism, 785Dadabhai Naoroji, speech before Indian National

Congress, 1871, 785

Primary and Secondary Sources (continued)

P R I M A R Y S O U R C ESoldiers! I am pleased with you. On the dayof Austerlitz, you justified everything that Iwas expecting of [you]. . . . In less thanfour hours, an army of 100,000 men,commanded by the emperors of Russiaand Austria, was cut up and dispersed. . . . 120 pieces of artillery, 20 generals, and more than 30,000men taken prisoner—such are the results of this daywhich will forever be famous. . . . And it will be enoughfor you to say, “I was at Austerlitz,” to hear the reply: “There isa brave man!”

NAPOLEON, quoted in Napoleon by André Castelot

xxix

Jules Ferry, quoted in The Human Record: Sources of Global History, 785

“The Devilfish in Egyptian Waters” (political cartoon), 785Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, in a letter to Hasan Shirazi, April

1891, 790Lord Kitchener, quoted in Asia and Western Dominance, 794King Chulalongkorn, “Royal Proclamation in Education,” 798Kwaku Dua III to Frederic M. Hodgson, 1889, 801

Chapter 28Lin Zexu, quoted in China’s Response to the West, 806Ponciano Arriaga, speech to the Constitutional Convention,

1856–1857, 824From an article in the Tokyo Times, 829

Chapter 29Frédéric Passy, quoted in Nobel: The Man and His Prizes, 842Valentine Fleming, quoted in The First World War, 847Shirley Millard, I Saw Them Die, 854Harry Truman, quoted in The First World War, 855Herbert Sulzbach, With the German Guns, 855Woodrow Wilson, 1917 speech to Congress, 857Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front, 857Wilfred Owen, “Dulce et Decorum Est,” 857Maurice Neumont, “They Shall Not Pass,” 857From an editorial in Vossische Zeitung, May 18, 1915, 863

Chapter 30Mao Zedong, quoted in Chinese Communism and the Rise of

Mao, 884Mohandas K. Gandhi, Chapter XVII, Hind Swaraj, 888Mohandas K. Gandhi, The Origin of Nonviolence, 888Mohandas K. Gandhi, Letter to Sir Daniel Hamilton, 893

Chapter 31F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, 898Franklin Roosevelt, First Inaugural Address, 909Erich Ludendorff, letter to President Hindenburg,

February 1, 1933, 912Winston Churchill, speech before the House of Commons,

October 5, 1938, 919William Shirer, quoted in The Strenuous Decade, 921

Chapter 32General Charles de Gaulle, quoted in Charles de Gaulle:

A Biography, 927Lieutenant John Spainhower, quoted in War Diary

1939–1945, 932Ralph Martin, in The GI War, 935M. I. Libau, quoted in Never to Forget: The Jews of

the Holocaust, 937Elie Wiesel, Night, 939Simon Weisenthal, quoted in Never to Forget: The Jews of the

Holocaust, 949From The Christian Century, August 29, 1945, 953

Chapter 33Winston Churchill, “Iron Curtain” speech, March 1946, 967Harry S. Truman, speech to Congress, March 12, 1947, 968Fidel Castro, quoted in an interview, October 27, 1962, 985Robert McNamara, quoted in Inside the Cold War, 990Ho Chi Minh, quoted in America and Vietnam, 993

Chapter 34Jawaharlal Nehru, speech before the Constituent Assembly,

August 14, 1947, 999Zahida Amjad Ali, Freedom, Trauma, Continuities, 999New York Times, June 28, 1998, 1001Corazón Aquino, inaugural speech, February 24, 1986, 1006Megawati Sukarnoputri, inaugural speech, July 23, 2001, 1008Fawaz Turki, quoted in The Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1020

Abraham Tamir, quoted in From War to Peace, 1020Anwar Sadat, Knesset speech, November 20, 1977, 1020Arthur James Balfour, in a letter to Lord Rothschild,

November 2, 1917, 1029

Chapter 35Ken Saro-Wiwa, A Month and a Day: A Detention Diary, 1042David M. Kotz, “The Cure That Could Kill,” 1050Xiao Ye, “Tiananmen Square: A Soldier’s Story,” 1061Orville Schell, “The Coming of Mao Zedong Chic,” 1067

Chapter 36Lester R. Brown, 1081The Liberty Institute, 1081Chris Madden (political cartoon), 1081Josef Joffe, from “America the Inescapable,” 1099

Comparing & ContrastingUnit 1Code of Hammurabi, adapted from a translation by James B.

Pritchard, 115From The Bible, 115Confucius, the Analects, 115

Unit 2Edgar Allan Poe, from “To Helen,” 255Fa Xian, from The Travels of Fa Xian, 255Pericles, Funeral Oration, 257Henry C. Boren, Roman Society, 257Rhoads Murphey, A History of Asia, 257

Unit 3Francesco Balducci Pegolotti, quoted in The Discoverers, 435Ibn Battuta, quoted in Ibn Battuta in Black Africa, 435Fernão Lopes de Castanheda, from History of the Discovery

and Conquest of India, 435

Unit 4Niccolò Machiavelli, The Discourses, 583Garcilaso de la Vega, The Incas, 583

Unit 5from the English Parliament’s Bill of Rights, 1689, 709Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 710Simón Bolívar, “The Jamaica Letter,” 711Maximilien Robespierre, speech of February 5, 1794, 711

Unit 6Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel, 833John Vaughn, “Thirty Years of the Telephone,” 833Paul Johnson, The Birth of the Modern, 835

Unit 7American Consul General at Beirut, attached letter to the

U.S. Secretary of State, 1915, 957Primo Levi, Survival in Auschwitz, 957Sergeant Major Ernest Shepherd, A Sergeant-Major’s

War, 958U.S. Marine Corps correspondent, article, 958Laura de Gozdawa Turczynowicz, When the Prussians Came

to Poland, 959Tatsuichiro Akizuki, Nagasaki, 1945, 959

Unit 8Norman Davies, from Europe: A History, 1103David Lamb, The Africans, 1103Ariel Sharon, inauguration speech, March 7, 2001, 1104Abdul Kalam, inauguration speech, July 25, 2002, 1104Vicente Fox, inauguration speech, December 1, 2000, 1104Olusegun Obasanjo, inauguration speech, May 29, 1999, 1105Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, inauguration speech, January 20,

2001, 1105

Primary and Secondary Sources (continued)