Next GenerationNext GenerationScience with Inelastic X-ray Science with Inelastic X-ray

Scattering Scattering

Clement Burns Clement Burns Western Michigan UniversityWestern Michigan University

Thanks to: Yuri Shyvd’ko, Ercan Alp, Ayman Said (APS)Peter Abbamonte (UIUC)Zahid Hasan (Princeton)

Six Challenges for PhysicsSix Challenges for Physics

National Research Council Review of Physics National Research Council Review of Physics (2001)(2001)

1.1. Developing quantum technologiesDeveloping quantum technologies2.2. Understanding complex systemsUnderstanding complex systems3.3. Applying physics to biologyApplying physics to biology4.4. Creating new materialsCreating new materials5.5. Exploring the universeExploring the universe

6.6. Unifying the forces of natureUnifying the forces of nature

Energy - Momentum RelationshipsEnergy - Momentum Relationships

10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 10210-9

10-7

10-5

10-3

10-1

101

103

Comparison of Different Scattering Techniques

Wavevector q (A-1)

Ener

gy (e

V)

Inelastic X-ray scattering

InelasticNeutrons

-raysMossbauer

Electronscattering

Light - Brillouin & Raman

Focus with X-ray Mirrors Small Focus with X-ray Mirrors Small BeamBeam

High flux for experimentsHigh flux for experiments– IXS flux hungry techniqueIXS flux hungry technique

>10>101616 P=photon/sec-0.1% bandwidth P=photon/sec-0.1% bandwidth

Small beam size (<4 x 40 Small beam size (<4 x 40 mm22))– High pressure workHigh pressure work– NanomaterialsNanomaterials– New materialsNew materials

E.g., MgBE.g., MgB22

– Devices Devices – SurfacesSurfaces– EnvironmentalEnvironmental

But… start 2014But… start 2014

          

                                

NSLS II

http://www.physics.umd.edu/mfuhrer/images/longNT.jpghttp://www.esrf.eu/UsersAndScience/Publications/Highlights/2002/Imaging/IMA8/fig103

Science with 0.1 Science with 0.1 meV Resolution meV Resolution

Need for Higher ResolutionNeed for Higher Resolution

DNA Liu, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 214909 2005

DNA Krisch PRE 73, 061909 2006

Pilla et al, PRL 85, 2136 (2000)

22222220

00 )(4])()([

)()(4)(]1)([)(

)()(),(

QQQ

QQQInQQQIQF

DHO

Memory Fun.

Science at 0.1 meV Science at 0.1 meV 1 meV resolution 1 meV resolution does not meandoes not mean one can one can study excitations with an energy of 1 meVstudy excitations with an energy of 1 meV– Large background from elastic Large background from elastic

High resolution High resolution andand good elastic rejection good elastic rejection

From Yuri Shvyd’ko

Possible SciencePossible Science

Low energy excitations in polymersLow energy excitations in polymers– Related to wetting, adhesion..Related to wetting, adhesion..

Lipid membranesLipid membranesMapping superconducting band gap with Mapping superconducting band gap with phononsphononsDynamics of glassesDynamics of glasses

Inoue, PRL 95, 056102 (2005)Reinstäder, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 108107 (2004)

0.1 meV Science0.1 meV Science

10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 10210-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

Elet

tra

IUV

S (2

004)

BRISP

ESR

F-BL

21 (

1995

)

INS

IXS

Tand

em F

P (1

990)

DM

DP2

000

(198

5)

HIR

ESU

V (2

000)

V S= 500 m/s

V S= 7000 m/s

BLS

E

(meV

)

Q ( nm-1)

From Ruocco

Science with Science with 1 meV Resolution 1 meV Resolution

Some Ideas at 1 meVSome Ideas at 1 meVExtreme environments – low temperature, high Extreme environments – low temperature, high field, ultrahigh pressurefield, ultrahigh pressureSmall samplesSmall samples– Down to nanoparticle sizeDown to nanoparticle size– (High pressure)(High pressure)Surface phonons Surface phonons – Grazing incidence requires small beamGrazing incidence requires small beam

10’ yields ~1.5 mm on sample10’ yields ~1.5 mm on sample– Most current techniques require high vacuumMost current techniques require high vacuumExotic excitationsExotic excitations– OrbitonsOrbitonsResonant scattering?Resonant scattering?Pulse probe technique – phonons in excited Pulse probe technique – phonons in excited statesstates

Extreme EnvironmentsExtreme Environments

High pressureHigh pressureHigh TemperatureHigh TemperatureHigh magnetic fieldsHigh magnetic fieldsLow temperatureLow temperature– Heating issuesHeating issues

Levitated Liquids

Sinn, Science 299, 2047 (2003)

Small SamplesSmall Samples

New materials – e.g., phonons in MgBNew materials – e.g., phonons in MgB22

Samples/regions in crystals - PuSamples/regions in crystals - PuReally small ?Really small ?– 100 nm? Smaller?100 nm? Smaller?– Nanotubes?Nanotubes?

Wong et. al, Science 301, 1071 (2003)

Surface Phonon ScatteringSurface Phonon Scattering

Thin films (need to compare to e.g., He scattering)Thin films (need to compare to e.g., He scattering)Buried interfaces?Buried interfaces?Study 2-d behavior liquidsStudy 2-d behavior liquids

Murphy et. al, PRL 95, 256104 (2005)

Case for Case for Medium Medium

ResolutionResolution

Science at Medium ResolutionScience at Medium Resolution

Electronic excitations Electronic excitations – Plasmons, excitons, spinons, holons, Mott gap, band Plasmons, excitons, spinons, holons, Mott gap, band

transitions, superconducting gap….transitions, superconducting gap….– Non-resonant scattering – easy comparison to Non-resonant scattering – easy comparison to ((qq,,))– Resonant scattering –site and state selectiveResonant scattering –site and state selective

Soft x-ray edges at high energySoft x-ray edges at high energyTime evolution of systemsTime evolution of systemsStudy highly correlated electron systems, Mott-Study highly correlated electron systems, Mott-Hubbard insulators, organic semiconductors, Hubbard insulators, organic semiconductors, regular metals, …new systems everydayregular metals, …new systems everyday

Scattering Cross SectionScattering Cross Section2 1

2 10 2 1 2 1

0

1 2

ˆ ˆ

ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ1

q

n n i n i

f i

M r f p n n p i f p n n p im E E i E E

2

2 2

1 1( , ) Im4 [ 1] ( , )QS Qe e Q

22 22

1 02ˆ ˆ[ ] ( , )e S Q

mc

Non-resonant Scattering

From Platzman and Isaacs, PRB 57, 11107 (1998)

Medium Resolution WorkMedium Resolution Work

Spinon-holonSpinon-holon

June et al., PRL 137402 (2004)

Yang et al., PRL 98, 036404 (2007)

IXS Organic Molecular Crystal

Kodituwakku et al, submitted to PRLwww.afrlhorizons.com/Briefs/Jun04/ML0319.html

Y. Cai, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006

Medium Resolution RIXS Medium Resolution RIXS OpportunitiesOpportunities

Resonant Scattering EnergiesResonant Scattering EnergiesElement Type of Edge Energy Penetration Depth (m)

below/above edge Ti K 4966 26/3 V K 5465 22/3 Fe K 7112 24/3 Ni K 8333 26/3.5 Cu K 8979 29/4 Zn K 9659 41/5.6 Ga K 10367 54/7 As K 11867 68/10 Se K 12658 100/14 Br K 13474 150/22 Rb K 15200 370/54

Pr L 5964 7/3 Eu L 6977 12/4.5 Pt L 11564 6.2/2.5

U M 5160 0.65/0.63

Medium Resolution – Medium Resolution – Monochromator ImprovementsMonochromator Improvements

Tom Toellner, APSTom Toellner, APSFour bounceFour bounceHigh efficiencyHigh efficiencyWide energy rangeWide energy range

Medium Resolution SpectrometerMedium Resolution SpectrometerDetector ImprovementsDetector Improvements

Line detectorLine detector– Huotari et al., ESRFHuotari et al., ESRF– Shvyd’ko APSShvyd’ko APS– Improve countsImprove counts

Larger solid angleLarger solid angle– Improve resolutionImprove resolution

Reduces geometric effectReduces geometric effect– Other energies?Other energies? S. Huotari et al., Journal of Synchrotron

Radiation 20, 467-472 (2005).

Why do we need NSLS-II?Why do we need NSLS-II?

Smaller samples can be studiedSmaller samples can be studied– New materials, high pressureNew materials, high pressure

Many, many systems to look atMany, many systems to look at

Higher resolution - necessary for many Higher resolution - necessary for many cases…cases…

Low Resolution Options Important! Low Resolution Options Important! Dynamics on attosecond time scalesDynamics on attosecond time scales

From Peter Abbamonte

Low / Adjustable ResolutionLow / Adjustable Resolution

Dipole forbidden Dipole forbidden d-dd-d excitations excitations

Larson et al., PRL 99, 026401 (2007)

ObservationsObservationsNo one cares how good the NSLS-II synchrotron No one cares how good the NSLS-II synchrotron is ….is ….– They care about the quality of science They care about the quality of science Many good ideas for IXSMany good ideas for IXS– Throw out most of them Throw out most of them Use strengths of NSLS-IIUse strengths of NSLS-IIDevelop early – detectors, etc.Develop early – detectors, etc.

Room for future ideasRoom for future ideasAdjustable resolutionAdjustable resolutionSupport Support – Sample orientation/alignmentSample orientation/alignment– Characterization (other departments?)Characterization (other departments?)