NEWS I-AErl-,rl-'ElZ11

July 1986

Contributors

Knockcroghery - An Irish Pipemaking CentreHonorary President: Adrian Oswald, 10 Lack's Close,Cottenham, Cambridgeshire.

Editor: Roger Price, 23 Trelawney Road, Cotharn,Bristol BS6 6DX.

Susanne Atkin, 57 Oak Way, Huntley, GloucestershireGL19 3SD.

The mass appeal of the cigarette was one of the majorfactors in the demise of the clay pipe' as a smokingmedium in the early years of this century. Majorpipemaking centres and individual makers were graduallygoing out of business in the face of new smoking habits.For most, this was a gradual process, diminishing salesleading to final closure. In the well-known pipemakingcentre of Knockcroghery, Co, Roscommon (National GridRef: M937584) however, the end was sudden and violent.Before we come to its demise a brief account of itshistory is in order.

Treasurer: Philomena Jackson, 13 SommerviIJe Road,Bishopston, Bristol BS7 9AD.

Typing &: production: Reg Jackson

Peter Hammond, 81 Ena Avenue, Sneinton Dale,Nottingham NG2 4NA.

The first recorded pipemaker in the village was a ThomasBuckly, who was working in the mid-18th century," Thenext reference occurs some 80 years later, when adescription of the village and the pipe industry locatedthere was given by Isaac Weld in 1832.2 While Weld doesnot, unfortunately, give the names of any of the makers,he does give what is probably one of the best accountsof the time of the industry in Ireland.

David Atkinson, 116 Phyllis Avenue, Peacehaven, EastSussex BN9 7RQ.

Lloyd Edwards, 5 Primrose Hill Terrace, Jarrow, Tyne &:Wear NE32 5UD.

Adrian Oswald, address as above.

The industry, according to Weld, had been located for aconsiderable time in the village, it having been broughtthere by a settler who was acquainted with the process,and from whom others picked it up. At the time of hisvisit there were eight kilns in operation, with a somewhatsmaller number of masters, employing some 24journeymen-moulders. The average production was about500 gross per week. This was a drop on the previousproduction of around 1000 gross a week which figurenevertheless was still sometimes achieved. The price was1/- per gross; formerly it was 2/6d a gross.

David Higgins, 2 Church Street, Madeley, Telford,Shropshire.

Marek Lewcun, 13 Cedric Road, Weston, Bath BAl 3PD.

Joe Norton, National Monuments Branch, Office of PublicWorks, 51 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.

Robin Smith, Doppelngasse 94, Haus 13, 3412 Kierling,Austria. He described the pipes as 'of the most humble

description, short m the stem and small m the bole'.They were held in low esteem, even in Roscommon itself,where their chief market was for use at wakes. Thissmall pipe was known as a ' Lord ha' Mercy'. The pipeswere hawked through the country by pedlars, whopurchased them from the makers and then re-sold them.The clay for their manufacture was obtained locally, inlater times it was imported from England.

Martin Stothard, 7 Thurlow Avenue, Molescroft, Beverley,Hull, North Humberside.

Colin Tatman, 69 White Horse Hill, Chislehurst, Kent.

David Wright, Science Museum, Exhibition Road, LondonSW7 2DD.

Copyright remains with the individual authors. 1

The moulds and all other machinery were fashioned bythe local smiths. The moulds were of iron and costabout 25/- a pair. According to Weld they lasted but'several years' before becoming worn and imperfect. In1825, during a speculation boom, investors went to thevillage to see about investing in, and enlarging, theindustry on a more organized basis. After several daysof checking the possibilities of such an investment thescheme was abandoned.

One interesting observation by Weld was on the refusal toallow women to participate in the work except in aminor and unimportant role. He tried to argue thispoint, saying that in Holland he had seen women engagedin all branches of the industry. He was informed,however, that the journeymen would not allow it;evidently they kept a tight control over the trade.

At the time of Weld's visit there were eight kilns Inoperation; some 70 years later there were seven familiesengaged in the making of pipes. These included twofamilies of Curley, two of Lyons, and one each of Gavin,Cunnane and Fitzgerald. By this time also, women werenow being employed, usually as finishers and packers.

The peace of this rural community was shattered in theearly hours of Tuesday June 21 1921. A contemporarynewspaper account graphically relates what followed: 3

,Roscommon was startled on Tuesday morning bya report that during the previous night the townof Knockcroghery had been practically burnt out.Inquiries resulted in the confirmation of thereport that out of nearly fifty houses in thetow n, not more than four escaped theconflagration. '

Later reports stated that the town was still burning threedays afterwards. The raiders arrived in lorries from theAthlone direction, and after clearing the houses atgunpoint set about burning the entire village. In Octoberof that year claims for compensation were heard: one ofthese is of interest. Patrick Curley, pipemaker, claimedfor a pipe manufactory and two houses. On the night in

2

question, two men In trilbies and trenchcoats entered hishouse; they forced his father Andrew (a man aged 82) toleave his bed; they then sprinkled the room with petroland set it alight. Patrick Curley claimed £ 1755 for hisgross turnover: after expenses he had an annual profit of£496. He sent his pipes by cart a radius of 50 milesfrom Knockcroghery and by rail to more distant parts.He entered as evidence samples of his moulds and also a,Lord of Mercy' pipe of the type used at funerals.Damages were assessed at £1989.

Knockcroghery never recovered as a pipemaking centre.The village was rebuilt, but the pipemakers moved intoother areas of livelihood.

Fig. 1 shows a typical late-19th/early 20th century pipe;short stemmed, thick walled, manufactured by AndrewCurley, father of Patrick.

References1. Census of the Diocese of Elphin by Religion, 1749.

Public Record Office of Ireland - M.2466.2. Weld, I. (I 832) statistical survey of the County of

Roscommon Dublin.3. Roscommon Messenger Vol.LXIX. Sat 25 June 1921.

Joe Norton

1

----_) I)

3

Some Regional Markings in the 17th and 18th Centuries

The second half of the 17th century saw some new stylesof markings on pipes. The most notable and most studiedare the square Broseley base marks of full names. Incertain areas there was a fashion for marking in relief onthe sides of the bowl. The cartouche marks on one sideof the Bristol bowls which start about 1690 are wellknown, but relief initials on one or both sides of thebowl are found in other areas in various forms (Figs. 2 &:3). The style of Fig. 2, where the initials are in thelower half of the bowl on both sides, is found from theHumber to Suffolk, with an outlier at Portsmouth fromthe Oyster Street kiln. With the initials at the junctionof stem and bowl as Fig. 3, the marks centre on Dorset.Marks placed more centrally on the bowl are found inlandat Lincoln, Coventry, Gloucestershire and Ipswich.' Thedate range of these marks is from cl670-1740. Possibly'the clay trade between Dorset and East Anglian portsintroduced the style to the latter area, but it cannot besaid that the East Coast series is later than those fromDorse t.s

Allied to this series of initials is the occurrence of fullnames in relief on both sides of the bowl in the countiesof Northants. Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire.Previously, I have noted such pipes by Samuel Benbowworking in the Stoney Stratford area and recorded from1694-1709.3 Further names can now be added: GeorgeWeaver working 1694 (Recs Bucks, Q.S.R.), pipes fromWinslow and the Castle Street kiln, Aylesbury, WilliamBenbow in the Bedford Museum cl680-1700, John Geies orGetes (Fig. 4) from Syresham near Brackley and fromStoney Stratford," The date range of these pipes is from1680-1710 on bowl style. In the South West, at ExeterThomas Woodward (free 1708) signed across the bowl andadded the place name Exon. Contemporary with himwere William Burgess Snr and Jnr, working from1691-1734, who signed on the base of the bowl and alsoadded the place name 5(Fig. 5).

4

2

5

3

4

6

5

This place name addition raises the question of suchoccurrences elsewhere and the dates thereof.

In England, Robert Gadney Snr and Jnrs, working fromc1665-1725 at Oxford, used 'Oxon' on stems and bases(Fig. 6) probably antedating the Exeter examples. 6

However, in Scotland about the same time or (perhaps)slightly earlier, makers were using the bottom letter intheir three-letter base marks to identify the place. 7

Fig. 7 shows a bowl from the city ditch at Londonderryof Scottish shape c1670, presumably made by AlexanderWatson of Glasgow, recorded 1668-74. Suggested placesfor other bottom letter-marks on Scottish pipes are B forBannockburn, E for Edinburgh, G for Glasgow, L for Leithand S for Stirling. At the other end of Britain, pipesmarked RW over B (presumably Barnstaple) are found inthe Bideford/Barnstaple area.s These date to c 1700.

Late-17th century pipes with makers initials and placenames on the base are found in the West Country, eg I.P.over BID (presumably Bideford); George Web(b) in Chard;AH, EC, LC, RP, WV and RW in Taunton, and IP inTopslhlam.f Robert Carpenter of Bath, married 1699 died1719, records the name Bath both on the base and stemsof his pipes and seems to mark the transition of theplace name from the base to the stem in the early 18thcentury. Stem place-name markings increase in the 18thcentury and place names on bowls and stems are acommonplace in the 19th.

6

In the hope that others will add to it, I append a list ofplace names on stems of which I have a record for the18th century.

Finally, sometimes, only the place name is giveneg Topsam c1690-1710, Barum (probably Barnstaple)c1680-1720, Winton (Winchester) c1750, Chester (butincorpora ted in the Ci ty arms) c1720.

Curiously, I have seen no record of the name Londonwithin the period given.

18th centuryLancasterDerby

Nottingham

CambridgeBroseley

Benthall. Gloucester

Salop(?Shrewsbury)Bristol

StainesFarehamPortsmouth

stem marks with place(?Andrew) EdkinGeorge SalisburyRichard PainWilliam SeftonHenry Sefton

namesc1770married 17591762-51704-371717 (dated

pipes)17621731-48c1740-70c1730-40c1740-601740-1800free 1702c1720-50

1732-491747-651721-86

c1700-20c1720-40

References1. For Lincoln and Ipswich. Oswald, A. (1975) Clay

pipes for the archaeologist BAR 14, Fig.14 Nos.2 &:3, PI.IV.13.Gloucester. Peacey, A. (1979) Clay tobacco pipes IDGloucestershire Fig.3.25.Coventry. Muldoon, S. (1979) Marked clay pipes fromCoventry BAR 63, Fig.5.28

S. WilkinsonSam ActonJames GethinWilliam HarperGeorge &: John BradleyRichard Mathews (1) or (2)John PowelSam Roden

John OkelyGeorge VinerGeorge EbberySpur initial M. Staines on baseSayer (probably Richard)Richard Hoar

7

2. E. Anglia. Atkin, S. (1985) Clay pipe industry inNorfolk No~olk Arch. Soc. 39, Pt.II, Fig.4.Dorset. Series of excavations, Dorchester, Poole,etc.BAR 14 (above), P1.4.14,15.Aylesbury. Moore, J. (1979) 17th Cent. Kiln CastleStreet Recs Bucks 21, Fig.5.5. Remainder personalcorrespondence.Oswald, A. (1984) The pipes in Allan, J.P. (Ed)Medieval and post medie val finds fro m Exeter1971-80. Figs.155.7 and 163.115.Oswald, A. (1984) The clay pipes in Hassall, T.G.(Ed) 'Excavations in St. Ebbe's, Oxford' OxoniensaXLIX, pp.251-262, Fig.52.8.Gallagher, D. (1984) Scottish three letter basalstamps SCPR 3, p.9.Grant, A. &:: Jemmett, D. (1985) Pipes andpipe making in Barnstaple BAR 146 (in, p.452.In this series one should perhaps include the giant'Cadger' pipe signed G.B. 1698 Amesbury which is inSalisbury Museum but this appears to be a one offpiece as distinct from the production models quoted.

Adrian Oswald

3.4.

In the list of London pipemakers, in his monumental workClay pipes for the excbeeoloqist: (BAR 14, 1975), AdrianOswald has made use of information from 'the directoriesprovided by the Lambeth Archaeologlcal Society. Itappears, however, that the information for the 18thcentury has been derived from only two directories - thatof Mortimer (1763) and Holden (1799). Whilst these twodirectories contain the highest number of pipemakers inthe 18th century series (19 and 17 makers respectively),some other directories of the period also contain usefulinformation.

5.

6.

7.In connection with another project, the writer has beenthrough all the directories in the Guildhall series for the18th century (some 120 volumes in all) and has noted allthe entries for tobaccopipe makers.8.The 18th century series starts at 1736. The firstmention of pipemakers does, in fact, occur in Mortimer'sdirectory of 1763. Kent's directories for the period list4 makers between 1765 and 1799; Lowndes's (1772-1799),Bo~le's (1794) and Fenwick's (1796) list only 1 each; theUniversal British Directory (London area) of 1791 lists 6:Andrew's (1789) lists 9; the Wakefield's directories of1790 and 1794 between them list 15; and, as mentionedabove, Holden's (1799) lists 17. Just over 50 differentmakers are listed in all.

9.

London Tobaccopipe Makers in the Guildhall LibraryTrades Directories, 1763-1800

In the list given here, where the information from thedirectories adds to the information in Oswald's listing, asingle asterisk has been placed beside the maker's name.Where the name does not appear in Oswald's list, twoasterisks have been inserted. It should be noted that thenames of makers are often inconsistently spelt in thedirectories: alternative spellings are noted in the list.

The series of 18th century London trades directories int~e Guildhall Library is the most comprehensive of itskind in the world. Although pipemakers are, on thewhole, not well represented, such information as there isremains a useful source of primary information: but sincethe vast majority of the directories are unclassifiedinformation on any particular trade is not easilyaccessible.

The writer thanks the Corporation of London, GuildhallLibrary, for permission to reproduce information fromtheir directory series, and his colleague, Dr Roger Price,for his assistance in the preparation of this article.

David Wright

8 9

London Tobacco pipe makers in the trades directories in the Guildhall Library, 1763-1800.

* Benson, George 50 Gray's Inn Lane 1785

Blundell, - 1763

1794 }

1799

1799

Kent St, Southwark

* Bourne, John Booth St Spitalfields

Booth St SpitalfieldsBourne, James

Brown, George Gray's Inn Lane Road

Charlton, Mathew 74 Cowcross St, Smithfield 1799

Clark, George 1789246 High Holborn

**Coare, Thomas 1790

1763}

1799

1763-17691770-1771

74 Cowcross St.

Cole,- Chequer Ally, Whitecross st,

Cole, Richard Nag's Head Court, Golden Lane

* Dormer, Thomas Hermitage, WappingBrewhouse Yard, Hermitage

**Duggan, Thomas(Duggin, Dougin)

Tobacco pipe clay merchant

1789-17901791

Shad Thames .Saviour's Dock, Southwark

* Greenland, William 1785 - post1802

60 Lower East Smithfield

Hebblethwhite, Nathaniel 1763Gray's Inn Lane

Hedges, Thomas West St. West Smithfield 1799

**Heming, Joseph 1785Bow

Hillary, - 1763Windmill St

**James, - 1763Crown Court St. GiJes's

Jones, James 179911 Whitecross St.

* Jones, John 17941799

Bow, MiddxMile End Old Town

**Kirby, William 1784Little Aycliffe St

Lewis, Samuel 179914 New St. Horsleydown

* Manbey, Edward(Manby)

1763Hermitage Bridge

2 Lower East Smithfield 1769-1771

** Morgan, John

Morris, George

1790

1799

2 Brewhouse St. Bedfordbury

295 Kent St. Borough

Mould, John 12 Cross Lane Drury Lane10

1799

Pay ne, John

•. Pollhill, N.R.(see Rogers)(PolhillJPorter, -

** Reifell, H

Ridout, -

* Rogers and Pollhill(PolhiU)

Romaine, -

** Ruscoe, Thomas

* Ruscoe, Thomas junior

Rutledge, -

SaltenstaJl, -

Savill, -

* Savill, John(Savil, Savell, Savel)

* Scour field, William(Squalf ield)

** Smith, James

** Smith, John

•. Smith, Thomas

Stray, -

Thompson, -

** Waddington, William

** Warner, William

* Webb, George

"* Weeks, Thomas

Wilder, -

Williams, -

* Wood, -Wood, Jane }

" Woodroffe, James

30 Great Windmill St.

2 Hermitage Bridge }2 Lower East Smithfield

Liquor pond St. Gray's Inn Lane

18 West St. West Smithfield

Peter St. Westminster

2 Hermitage Bridge J2 Lower East Smithfield

Old St.

45 Lower Shadwell

Bell Wharf Lower Shad well7 Narrow St. Limehouse

Vinegar Yard St. Giles's

Brick St. Hyde Park Corner

Whitecross St

Featherstone St. Bunhill Fields56 Featherstone St. MoorfieldsDove Court Pavement, Moorfields

254 Whitechapel Road

Anchor Court, Old St.

Gray's Inn Lane Road

1799

1794, 1799

1763

1794

1763

1785-1796

1763

1789

1789-17991799

1763

1763

1763

17631789-17941799

1791-1799

1790

1799

Execution Dock

Charlotte St, near Hermitage St. Wapping 1774-1775

1763

Warwick St Golden Square

Narrow St, Limehouse

10 Wood St Bethnal Green

Hungerford Stairs, Strand

Broad Wall, Christ Church, Surrey

Playhouse Yard, Whi tecross St

Oxford Road

Chequer Alley, Whitecross st

106 Old St.11

1763

1785

1794

1794

1794

1763

1763

1763 and1789

1789-1799

A Pipe Mould Used in Norfolk

Two recently published articles have noted one of threeiron pipe moulds in Newarke Houses Museum, Leicester,reputedly used in the business of R. W. Taylor of GreatYarmouth, Norfolk.

The mould was described as producing a plain pipe with a15" (38 cm) long stem} However, both Higgins 2 andrnyself ' have noted that it has a mark on the spur. Thestaff of the Newarke Houses Museum have kindly suppliedan impression of it taken after cleaning the spur area in1984 (Fig. 8). The main interest of this mould, though(and not mentioned by Daniel l), is the mark on theexterior of one of the mould halves - JONES LONDON.

8

The name may be connected with a firm mentioned byJohn Harris jnr, a Yarmouth pipemaker and contemporaryof R.W. Taylor, who was interviewed in 1927 for theYarmouth Mercury. He said' moulds ... of iron ... [were]made 60 years ago by Jones and Bagshaw of London'.No .firm of this· name has so far come to light, butAdrian Oswald (in correspondence) suggested a~ouldmaker named Henry Bradshaw (or Bagshaw) workingIn Earls Court in 1861-66, and Peter Hammond lists aRichard Jones and Son of Kent Street (?Borough),c1845-62, as a pipemaker and pipe mould maker."

It is very possible that 'Jones and Bagshaw' made mouldsfor both the Harris and Taylor families during the 19thcentury. There are several links between them: John~arris snr (tl 1850s and 1860s) worked for James Taylorjnr ea c1849-190j father of R. W. Taylor) until 1852. In1859 Harris snr took over the premises of James Taylorsnr t a 1830-53) in Black Swan Row, Great Yarmouth.

12

The pipe shape produced from the Leicester mouldprobably dates to the early or middle years of the 19thcentury which would make it more likely to have beenused by Taylor snr or j,:r than by Richard William Taylor,who was not bor.n until 1856. Daniell did not explainhow the connection between R.W. Taylor and the pipemould came to be made. Certainly an iron mould madein the mid 19th century could have remained in use byfather c:nd/or son (James snr and jnr) for 30 to 50 years,Sthough It would probably have been unfashionable and/orworn by the grandson's time. The mould was accessionedin 1908 - and .be~ween 1900 and 1916 both R.W. Taylorand John Harr is jnr were still working on North Quay,Yarmouth (nos 60-1 and lOa respectively). Perhaps itwas R. W. Taylor who sold or disposed of the Leicestermould used by his father or grandfather, rather thanactually using it in his business as claimed by Daniell,

It would be interesting to hear of any further referencesto Jones and ~agshaw of London - perhaps one or otherof them supplied moulds to makers in other parts of thecountry.

References1. Da.niell, ~.A. (I 964) 'The making of clay pipes in

Leices ter ', Trans. Leics. Arch. & Hist. Soc. XL 60,p. .

2. Higgins, D.A. (I985) Leicester clay tobacco pipesBAR 146(i), p.305.

Atkin, S. (I 985) 'The clay pipe-making industry inNorfolk', Norfolk Archaeology XXXIX, Pt II, pp.124-5.

Harnrnond, P.J. (I985) Registered and patented claytobacco pipes BAR 1460), p.l08.

5. Oswald, A. (I 985) On the life of clay pipe mouldsBAR 1460), p.5.

3.

.4.

Susanne Atkin

Editors ~ote: Further details concerning Londontobacc~pIpe .mould makers, including Richard Jones,were gIven In SCPR 7.

13

Re-use of Old Moulds, Altered Further Thoughts on the SV Mark

From the London rubbish tips dating to c 1890-1900 by thecanal at Iver, Bucks., a well produced spurless pipeshowing a sailing ship on one side of the bowl and acabled anchor on the other. Incuse along the stem isHARRISON HIGHGATE / NAVAL EXHIBITION. From thesame deposits a pipe from the same mould but which hashad the inscription cut out from both sides of the stem.

,.,

Regarding the parallel between SV silver-ware and pipemarks, referred to by David Barker in SCPR 10, similarmarks can be seen on 'Ormonde' money. Minted inIreland from 1643-9, denominations included crowns, halfcrowns, shillings, sixpences, groats, three-pences andtwo-pences, and was named after the Duke of Ormonde 1

Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1643." They were struck asemergency money for Charles I. The mark in this caseshould read VS (Fig. 9) and represents the value: fiveshillings. As a further example, Fig. 10 shows a mark onanother coin in the series: two shillings and six pence.

I have referred to these in various publications in recentyears. Another instance has come to my notice asfollows:

The maker Harrison of Highgate does not appear In theLondon 19th century lists though there are several earlierHarrisons who worked in London, and at least onestamped his pipes on the back of the bowl or had hisname on the stem.

Another SV mark has been noted on a gold porringerdated 16742 (Fig. 11) and, like the silver-ware marksillustrated by Barker, has a companion maker's mark inthis case TG. '

As the maker's name has also been removed it wouldappear that the mould originally produced as acommemorative pipe of the 1891(?) Naval Exhibition,came into the hands of a later maker who reused it forthe ordinary market, it being an attractive design.

Finally, a papermark (Fig. 12) dated to 1555,3shows an SVin similar style on a scroll or shield.

Harrison of Highgate produced pipes of exceptionally goodquality in the moulding, an outstanding example of whichappears to commemorate the death of the Duke ofClarence. This shows a portrait of the Duke on the baseof the bowl facing downwards, and the bowl itself iscovered with representations of his orders anddecorations. On the stem, incuse, it has HARRISONHIGHGATE / LATE DUKE OF CLARENCE.

S D

[TIVl10

Part of another pipe" which may have been produced bythis interesting maker has on the stem LORD NELSON" /NAVAL EXHIBITION.

Perhaps a member can throw more light on thisinteresting late 19th century London maker.

David Atkinson11 ®

12Not drawn to scale

14 15

West Country Pipernakers in Rebellion, 1685It could be that, as Barker suggests, the SV pipe andsilver-ware marks are related as known indications ofquality - something like a British Standards Kite mark -but the known existence of a WV pipe mark must throw

hi 4doubts on t IS.

References1. For 'Ormonde' money, see British Numismatic

Journal (ii pp.341-348).2. Jackson, C.J. (1949) English goldsmiths and their

marks (under 'Unascribed English Marks').3. Briquet, C.M. (1907) Les Filigranes No.9892 (under

'Lettres et Monogrammes').4. Le Cheminant, R. (1981) Clay tobacco pipes from

London and the south east BAR 97, p.128.5. a: pipe base mark c1610-40. Relief. Thames.

Queenhithe.b: Goldsmith's mark 1635. Ref. as 3 above, No.2,

p.456.c: Goldsmith's mark 1640-1. Ref. as 3 above,

p.317.d: Pottery mark c1875-98. Godden, G.A. (1964)

Encyclopaedia of British pottery and porcelainp.751.

On 11 June 1685 the exiled James Duke of Monmouthreturned to England and landed at Lyme Regis in Dorsetwith a small army of just over 80 men. As he made hisway through Dorset, Devon and Somerset many localpeople joined him in rebellion against the government ofKing James II and swelled his ranks into thousands ofmen of all ages, classes, religions and trades. The revoltfinally ended at the Battle of Sedgemoor, Somerset, on 6July 1685 when Monmouth's army was crushed; manywere killed on the field and more were captured andimprisoned, while the remainder fled back to theirrespective parishes in the belief that they had escapedany retribution from the crown.

However, the various SV/VS marks noted above show thatcoincidence may be playing a part here - the result of asatisfactory monogram design in general use. This is wellexampled by the TS/ST cyphers in Fig. 13, all taken from

. t 5various con exts.

The rebels who survived Sedgemoor, including those whohad apparently escaped, became the victims of whatbecame known as the 'Bloody Assizes' of Judge GeorgeJeffreys, who rooted out all participants of the uprisingso that they could be punished in such a way as to deterany recurrence of the events of June-July 1685. Theconstables of all parishes within the area of rebellionwere instructed to compile lists of all persons absentfrom their homes during the period in question and,known as the Constables Presentments, these lists are themain source of information concerning the occupations ofthe rebels. Using these and the numerous other sourcesavailable a descriptive list of all the known rebels hasbeen compiled and published, and from it the followinginformation concerning pipemakers has been extracted.

Colin TatmanRoger Briant alias Hooper of Lyme Regis, Dorset,pipemaker: tried at Dorchester and transported for SirJerome Nipho from Dorchester goal on the ' Betty' toBarbados, where he was sold to Thomas Linton.

c d.

Christopher Cooper of Honiton, Devon, pipemaker: heldprisoner in Devon Workhouse, tried at Exeter, andtransported for Nipho from Exeter goal on the 'Betty' toBarbados and sold to Charles Thomas & Co. He wasburied at St. Michael's, Barbados, in 1686.

Fig. 13 Not drawn to scale

16 17

Samuel Dolbeare of Honiton, Devon, pipemaker: held inBridgwater prison, tried at Dorchester, and transportedfor Nipho from Weymouth on 25 November 1685 on the,Betty' to Barbados, where he was sold to WilliamMarchant.

John Howell of Rode, Somerset, tobacco pipe maker:tried at Wells, hanged at Wincanton; his land forfeit andfor sale.

Further Notes on the Stonehouse Brothers of Hull

I.

John and Oliver Stonehouse are known to have worked asStonehouse Bros. at Marlborough Terrace, Hull between1904 until 1929. After this date Oliver is listed alone asa shop keeper. The Stonehouse brothers also appear in theGrimsby directories for 1885-9. Their brother Georgewas working in Gateshead from 1902-35 and is on recordsaying he came from an old established family ofpipemakers of Hull. Their father Francis is recorded asworking at West Street in 1882-5 and MarlboroughTerr ace 1888-1903; he is recorded as a marine storesdealer in 1888 and as working in Grimsby in 1892.Thomas F. Callis is recorded as a pipe clay merchant indirectories of 1885 and 1879, with premises in HighStreet.

John Warmouth of Taunton, Somerset, pipemaker:described as aiding the rebellion.

All those who were tried at the various courts werefound guilty of high treason. The occupations of many ofthe rebels are still not known, they simply beingdescribed as yeomen in the contemporary documents, andit is therefore possible that other pipemakers besidesthose listed above were involved. It is unfortunate thatthese others are unlikely to be positively identified.

AcknowledgementI would like to thank Dr. Robert Dunning for firstconfirming that John Howell 'yeoman' of Rode was thepipernaker, and for all assistance given to me in myresearch.

Bernard Stonehouse, son of John (pipernaker)Recently I had an article printed in the Hull Daily Mailabout clay tobacco pipes. A Mr. Bernard Stonehousecontacted me as he is the son of the pipemaker and hasmany memories of his father's work.

Marek Lewcun

His earliest recollection is from when he went to see thekiln being burnt, or 'burning the clay' as he terms it.This was at the age of six in 1929. He describes thekiln as a 'bottle-shaped' type, with a hole in the top toallow the smoke to escape, and with an observation hole.His father would take a red-hot pipe (test piece) in apair of tongs, and would throw his arms up and down tohelp cool the pipe. He would then closely inspect thepipe for even the smallest flaws. If it happened to becracked or mis-shapen, it could mean that the wholebatch could need re-making.

ReferencesWigfield, W. McD. (ed, Dunning, Dr. R.W.) (1985) TheMonmouth Rebels.

Somerset Record Office: T/PH/bm:1.

Editor's note: Is it possible that anytransported pipemakers practised theirCaribbean? It is known that the Bristolthe 17th century list pipe clay as oneexported.

of thetrade in thePort Books ofof the goods

He also decribes how the clay was prepared. He callsthis 'beating the clay'. This would involve beating a 2' x2' (60 cm x 60 cm) block of clay with a large iron barfor as long as two hours. As he struck the clay, hewould flick his wrists so that the bar would not becomeembedded in the clay. Finished pipes would be packedfor distribution in wooden crates, separated into layers bystraw and cardboard.

18 19

He remembers the workshop as being situated behind agrocer's shop which was also run by his father John, andhis uncle Oliver. A passage ran down the side of theshop which led to some wooden stairs, up which was thepipe workshop. The kiln was situated behind thesepremises. A certain 'Sam Brown' was employed byStonehouse Bros. and it has been printed in local papersin the past that he was Hull's last pipemaker. He saysthat Oliver, John and George were all pipemakers in thefootsteps of his grandfather Francis, who originally camefrom Grimsby. He also recalls his father getting his pipeclay in a wheel barrow from a dealer down High Street.Also he remembers the tools, gin press and moulds anddescribes these in quite some detail.

A 17th Century Pipemaker's House in Gateshead

l

J

Recent research into the early clay tobacco-pipemakingindustry in Newcastle and Gateshead has revealed some140 pipemakers working in those towns between c 1630and c 1800.1 Whilst it is sometimes possible to discover inwhich street an individual lived and/or worked, it is quiterare to discover the precise location of such premises.One such example is the house of John Bowman,pipemaker of Gateshead, who died in 1689.

In or about 1937, before the outbreak of war, someonevisited his father to see if he would donate his completeworkshop with all its equipment to the museum. Thisrequest was granted and his shop removed andreconstructed in Thomas Sheppard's dream street alongwith many other old Hull buildings. (This is where Yorkgot their idea for such a reconstruction.) Sadly, however,the dream was shattered when the street was destroyedby a stray bomb during the war.

The earliest reference to Bowman occurs in the ParishRegisters of St. Mary's Church, Gateshead, and recordshis marriage to Elizabeth Pearson on 4 November 1645.He was one of the persons named in the Charter grantedto the Pipemakers, Grocers and Apothecaries ofGateshead by Bishop Crewe of Durham in September 1675(Public Record Office. Durham 3/118, mem.ld, No.l).

Martin Stothard

Bowman's will of September 1689 describes his 'dwellinghouse' in Hillgate, Gateshead. He left the house to hissecond wife, Ann, and her assigns 'for and during hernaturall life only'. After her death the property was topass to the Church Wardens of Gateshead 'for ever'.They were directed to distribute the yearly rent from theproperty to the poor of the Parish (Dept. of Palaeographyand Diplomatic, University of Durham, No. T 171 1689).

.)

:]

This gift was commemorated by an escutcheon In St.Mary's Church, Gateshead. In 1789 the inscription on theescutcheon was recorded as

Jo... pipemaker who died October ... 1689. Byhis last will he gave to the poor at the Parishof st. Maries in Gateshead - a house in Hillgatelet at 61 per annum.'2

Unfortunately, this memorial no longer exists.

An indenture, dated March 1848, relating to the JohnBowman Charity has an illustration of the groundplan ofBowman's house (Figs. 14 & 15) (Durham County RecordOffice, No.EP /Ga/SM 12/17 2). The building measured c7metres by 11 metres on a north-south axis. It was

20 21

NEWCASTLE and GATESHEADdivided into two interconnecting rooms and a yardentered from the southern room. The latter room, c5metres square, also had an access to a staircase (whichpresumably led to a first floor), and a doorway openingonto Church Walk. The northern room, c4.75 metres by3 metres north to south, had a doorway giving access tothe rear (north) of the property. Both rooms had afireplace in the east wall.

The building of Tynearchaeological evidencebridge piers now standshouse.

Bridge probably destroyed theof Bowman's house. One of theon, or very near, the site of the

It would seem quite likely that little if any alterationhad been done to the house since Bowman's death. In1829 it was described as 'an old house in which five orsix persons reside, who are placed there by the ParishOfficers'. The 1848 indenture describes it has havingbeen 'lately used as a lock-up house with a piece of landto the north', and proposed its demolition and rebuilding.

Correspondence of the John Bowman Charity relating tothe sale of the land prior to the building of Tyne Bridgein 1926 describe the premises as 'comprising an area of216 square yards situated in Church Walk, Gateshead, andknown as No. 4, Church Walk' (Durham County RecordOffice. ibid.),

Close

RIVER

Quayside

References1. Edwards, loJ. (1986) Tobacco pipes, pipe makers and

tobacconists in Newcastle and Gateshead until clBOO:an archaeological study. Unpublished M.A. thesis,Dept. of Archaeology, University of Durham.

2. Brand, J. (1789) History of Newcastle upon TyneNewcastle, Vol.1, p.498.

TYNE

Key

8011le

BankPipewellgate

Lloyd Edwards

1 SI.Andrew's Church

2 SI. John's Church

3 SI.Nicholas'. Church /3. Mackenzie, E.,Newcastle, p.92.

(1834) History of Durham 4 All Saint's Church

5 SI.Mary's Church

6 Exchange

- - - Parish Boundary 200 metres

..•. Ward Boundary14 LJE

22 23

JOHN BOWMAN'S HOUSE National Stamp Catalogue

I1 11/ \ cl

Yard Room

I 11 1

-- 1

Room

- 1

\ /I I I I

At the first meeting of the Society last September it wasproposed that a national stamp catalogue be set up.Despite a note in the following newsletter (SCPR 8) theoverall response can only be described as dismal. So fewmembers got round to offering advice or practical help(and my warmest thanks to those who did) that it hasbeen impossible to make any serious attempt at anational catalogue. I have however started to compile aregional catalogue which may be regarded as a trial run.

This consists of a card index on which drawings and dataabout pipe marks are held. It is based on pipes from theWest Midlands - principally the Broseley and associatedtypes, but drawn from an area ranging between Oxfordand Stoke, Leicester and the Welsh borders. The primaryclassification is by the initials of the maker (with subsections for symbol marks), and being on loose cards newvariations can easily be added. It is hoped to be able toproduce a provisional catalogue of this area by the endof the year.

••

-••

Although I am still happy to receive details of stampsfrom any area, I would particularly like those memberswith collections, or access to collections including anyWest Midlands or Broseley material to send me details ofany stamped pipes so that I can make this list ascomplete as possible. The information I require is asfollows:

1. A good, clear drawing of the stamp, preferablytwice life size (make sure you actually say how bigit is!), together with a note of whether it is relief orincuse, and where it occurs on the pipe (if a stemstamp specify whether along or across the stem).

N

t Church Walk

0 6

15metres

LJE

24

2. The findspot (county, area and site or address).

3. The number of examples found (it may be significantif there is more than one).

4. The bowl type preferably from a recognisedtypology - if in doubt draw it.

25

Points Arising •••

Peter Hammond replies:1. Following David Higgins' piece concerning Irish pipes inSCPR 10 I would like to make a few additions to hisnotes. First, the pipe illustrated by Hanley &: Co. ofWaterford was in fact intended to have 'BEN NEVISCUTTY' on the bowl, this bowl stamp being fairlycommon in both Scotland and Ireland. Another similarstamp, though less common, was 'CAVE HILL CUTTY'.Having recently corresponded with David over this pointhe has sent me a drawing of a complete Hanley pipewhich he has just seen in the Woodstock Museumcollection confirming the correct stamp (Fig. 16). I alsohave an identical example in my own collection.

5. The suggested date range for the mark, and makerif known.

6. The name and address of the owner or museumcollection where the pipe is stored.

The best way of recording this information is to divideup a piece of paper (preferably A4, sideways if necessary)into suitably sized columns into which the informationcan be easily inserted. If you know of any marks fromthis area, especially if they are 'a long way from home',please send me details as soon as posible so they can beadded to the catalogue.

David Higgins

16

The Carter Pipe Collection

We were recently pleased to assist Mike and AngelaOver ton, the owners of Sally Lunn's Refreshment House,with the preparation of a clay pipe collection for displayin their museum. The collection, which contains somegood examples of locally made 17th century pipes andsome fine 19th century figurals, was assembled by Marionand Derek Carter of Bath and 70 pipes have beenselected for exhibition.

.~::.:---=----- .

Second, David also mentioned the former makers inKnockcroghery - again I have examples of pipes marked'Wo CURLEY' (large plain cutty) and 'P.(?) LYONS' (plaincutty with an oval stamp 'IRISH CUTTY' on the back ofthe bowl). Other pipes by Irish makers in my possession(excepting the widely produced and copied 'O'BRIEN -DUBLIN') are as follows:-Sally Lunn's House is at 4 North Parade Passage, Bath,

Avon and was an important coffee house in Georgiantimes. The Kitchen Museum is open 6 days a week from10.00 am to 1.00 pm and the curator is Tom Seager. Itis certainly well worth a visit.

Reg &. Philomena Jackson and Marek Lewcun

J.CUNNINGHAM - BelfastM.CUNNINGHAM - DublinP.DEVLIN - DublinEVANS - DublinFITZGERALD - CorkJohn HAMILTON - BelfastM.HARTNEY - LimerickJ.KIVLEHAN - LimerickM.McDOWALL - Dublin

26

T.S.McKEE - BelfastJ.McKERNA •••(N?) - DerryMcLOUGHLIN &: Sons - DublinW.MURPHY - WexfordD.O'CONNOR - DublinR.REID - New•••(ry?)

. Peter REILL Y - Arva (Arvagh?)ULSTER PIPE WORKS - Belfast

27

In addition I have one marked 'D.FULLER TONTOBACCONIST - LARNE'.

Joe Norton replies:In SCPR 10 Hugh Oak-Rhind referred to a note InAnthologia Hibernica V 01. 1 (1793), p.352. 'I enclose acopy of the original (Fig. 18).

While on the subject of Irish pipes, does anybody knowthe origins of the 19th-century pipes marked on the backof the bowl with a crown and the letter 'L'? Usuallythey do not have the maker's name present though oneexception in my collection concerns the above makerPeter Redly which bears the name above the crown and'L' motif (Fig. 17).

35'- ANT HO LOG rAIl I B ERN I C A,

FOR 1\1 AY J793.

17

2. Following David Bedlington Jones' query concerning theGRAMWILL miniature pipe, these were in fact made asnovelties by the firm of W. G. Ingram at the GramwillRubber Works, Old Ford, London who advertised astobacconists and manufacturers of advertising balloons,tobacco pouches and novelties. Some of their miniaturepipes were marked 'W.G.I. JR.' (W.G.lngram junior) onone side of the stem with 'GRAMWILL' on the other.The pipes were sold in small yellow card or tin boxescomplete with a miniature box of matches and a tobaccopouch with tobacco in it! In fact, it would be possibleto smoke such a pipe though I hardly think it would beworth the effort. I have yet to check Ingram in theLondon Directories but suspect that the firm would havebeen active in the late 19th/early 20th century.

No. 7. is an ancient tobacco-pipe, ofcoarfc eart he n-w.u e, r"nnd .u B"IOnockf-town, ill the county of Kildare, Hick in!!between t he tee rh Or;\ hu.nan /1.1111, in17 8+. On dlj;gi ng in an e levared field,near the banks of the river Litfv, theIabosrcrs found an intrcnchmenr ~ filledwith human bones, alllon1! which was aDumber of tilde pipes ; under the boneshy a number of tlune coffins, furmed offlag Iloncs, without cement: in each cof-fin was a fl.•elcron. A bun le was foughthere, according to Kt'atin,g, betweenthe hill. and l)~nes in the Ior h century;the pipes mof] probably belonged to the1>~nes.

Thofe who have been accufl orncdto confider the ufc of tobacco of a mo-dcrn qltte) and to hone originated inAtOnic:!, wil. not be incline.I to thinkthe l).lOe~ were ••cquainrcd wirh thatherb in <In early paior:!. However, Be.rndorus , in lib. i. id1- 3G. alrerr" thatthe i\Jd(f"gt:t~, and all the Scvrhic na-truns , had ;1I110nl! rhe rn rcr tain herbs,28

which they rhr e w into the lire, the rtf-c~n,lil1g /illokc of which the CO!lIp:tny.fcated round rhe lire, culleCled'; andWith which they WCI e as much intox i-c.rred ;!S the Greeks with wine; endingthem to dance and ling. Srrabo, .dlu,fays, that th"y had a religious orderamung thc~l1, who freqnently [muk edfor r ecreanon. L. vii. 296. \Vhich,according to Pomp. Mela, 2. and So'linus, c. 15· they received through Ion I:tubes. All the German and northernnat ions , who an: dclcend.mr s of tllO/\:Scvt hu- were early aC'llia~llt"d with, andculr ivated, tobacco; which they Irnokcdthruugh wooden and earthen pipes. Thecailern Scyrha-, Tartars, and Turks uredlong tubes; but the COlhs and nor t hcr nnat ions Ihort ones, as Hill pra{ti(cdamong t he lower people of (;crmany.1'1]>CS, al(o, {jmilar to thole now underc~fI~dcrati"n, ;He (!cquentiy dug up inl~nl~Ltnd, anfl Ihere univcrhdly att ri-butcd to the Danes.

29

For Sale

Robin Smith replies:In SCPR 10, in the article titled 'British Pipes inPanama', David Higgins refers to a McDougall/Glasgowpipe bearing the mould number 450. The 1900 Scottishpricelist indicates that by 1900 McDougall had reachedmould number 410. It is my understanding that pipesproduced after 1891 were marked with Scotland ratherthan Glasgow, in keeping with the McKinley Tariff Act.The same Scottish pricelist, however, lists a W. Whitepipe with the mould number 450. The pipe is the 'ExtraL Ulster Derry' and sold for 9td per gross. I wouldsuspect that the pipe described was in fact the Whitepipe and not a McDougall product.

'The clay tobacco pipe industry of Newark', Transactionsof the Thoroton Society.This contains a description of the development of theindustry of the town, drawings of all known Newarkpipes, full details of the makers, and a report of theexcavation on a pipe kiln waste site in Newark in 1983.Offprints (or photocopies depending on availability) areobtainable from the author, Peter Hammond, for £ 1.25including postage. His address is inside the front cover.

Help!

Peter Hammond is seeking information from anyone whohas examples of pipes by either Church or Ford ofLondon. Please contact him at the address given insidethe front cover.

Text for no. 2 shouldflowerhead with leaves, on'seed' formed by pellets inpolished. Size and typeGreenwich. S.B.D. 3mm.

read: Depressed outline ofoval base. Petals and centralrelief. Stem is thin, hard andsuggests a pre-1630 date.

John Smith requires information on a William Sturgeonwho was associated with .pipe clay dealing in Rouen,France, in 1776. If anyone has any record of WilliamSturgeon as a pipemaker, pipe clay dealer or potter thenJohn would be pleased to have details. He can becontacted at 147 Parkfield Road, Stourbridge, WestMidlands, DY8 1HL.

Correction to 'Stamps and Mouldings on Clay Pipes Foundin London' (BAR 146 (iil, 1985)

AddendumSince finishing the article in 1983, a possible maker hasbeen found for the bowl stamped 'Hedge' (Fig.5, No.48).A James Collins Hedge, pipemaker, baptized a daughter 5June 1836 in the parish of St. Mary's Newington,Lambeth. It is hoped a full list of nineteenth centurymakers from this parish will be published in the future.

Colin Ta tman

Robin Smith would be interested in hearing from anyresearchers in Scotland, Ireland or England who havecome across pipes marked 'BANNER MAN/GLASGOW'. Heknows of three finds in North America of pipes thusmarked: one at a site outside Ottawa, a second at a sitein New Mexico and a third at a site in South Carolina.

He would also like to hear from any researchers in theManchester area who have come across pipemakers by thename of Spooner or Dixon. These are two families whichappear as pipemakers in Montreal, originally coming fromManchester. In Canada, they were members of theUnitarian Church. Any material would be of use. Robincan be contacted at the address given inside the frontcover.

30 31