UNtr 1. REYIEW PULLING IT ALL TOGETHER

Select two of the civilizations you learned about in this unit. Describe two achieve-ments or contributions of these civilizations, and explain why they are still important to our world today.

1. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Select one of the Essential Questions explored in this unit by checking the box that identifies it. Then answer that question below.

0 What was the Neolithic Revolution? 0 What factors Led to the rise of the first civilizations? 0 What were the accomplishments of the early river valley civilizations? 0 What factors caused the rise of Persia, Greece, and Rome? 0 What were the major accomplishments of the "classical civilizations" of the West? 0 How were the classical civilizations shaped by their religious and philosophical beliefs and

by the rule of law?

0 What were the major accomplishments of the civilizations of India and China during the "Classical Era"?

0 How did these civilizations compare with the civilizations of the West? 0 What factors contributed to the rise and fall of empires and dynasties in the East?

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UNIT 2 CONCEPT MAP

PEOPLE LEARNED TO GROW FOOD

Learned to Irrigate

Land

Fertile Land Allowed Farmers to Grow Surplus

LEARNED TO HERD

ANIMALS

NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

HUNTERS AND GATHERERS

Silk and Textiles

Picture Writing

Monotheism Ruling Dynasty

Belief in Reincarnation

Caste System

Eightfold Path

MAU RYAN EMPIRE

Emperor Asoka

Developed Concept of Zero

Sought Order in Social and Political Life

Confucianism

DYNASTIES OF CHINA

ZHOU DYNASTY

Mandate of Heaven

Exam for Government

Work

THE ANCIENT WORLD

Great Wall QIN

DYNASTY Invented Paper and Lead-Glazed

Ceramics Emperor Shih Huang-ti

100

Zoroasterism

Twelve Tablets

ROME

RELIGION Postal

Service

PERSIAN EMPIRE ACCOMPLISHMENTS

GREEK OVILIZATION

Built Roads

Used Coins

Hellenistic Culture

ALEXANDER THE GREAT

Socrates, Plato,

Aristotle

Literature, History,

Sculpture

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THE POST-CLASSICAL ERA

In this unit, you will learn about the chain of events that were set in motion by the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 A.D. The eastern part of the Roman Empire survived and became the Byzantine Empire. In the west, Rome's fall brought the turmoil of the early Middle Ages. To end the chaos, kings, nobles, and peasants developed the system of feudalism.

In addition, you will learn about the rise and spread of the Islamic religion and the emergence of advanced civi-lizations in West Africa. Finally, you will study events in Asia in this period and even beyond, including the rise of the Ottoman and Mongol Empires.

Sankore Mosque at Timbuktu, a center of learning and the capital of Mali under their ruler Manso Musa.

Chapter 8. The Middle Ages in Europe. In this chapter, you will look at the events that took place in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. In Eastern Europe, the Byzantine Empire emerged. Western Europe fell into a period of chaos and disorder, which ended with a new social order known as feudalism .

Chapter 9. The Islamic World and Africa. In this chapter, you will learn about the emer-gence of Islam in the Middle East and how it spread. You will also look at how the African gold-salt trade brought about the spread of ideas and commerce to West Africa.

Chapter 10. Post-Classical Asia and Beyond. In this chapter, you wi ll focus on major developments in the Ottoman Empire, India, China, and Central Asia. You will learn how Muslim invaders established Sultanates and the Mughal Empire in India, how the Ottomans captured Constantinople, and how the Mongols conquered an empire stretching from the Pacific Ocean to the Black Sea.

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THE MIDDLE AGES IN EUROPE

• History 1 (C) Identify major causes and describe the major effects of the ... formation of medieval Europe.

• History 3 (B) Explain the impact of the fall of Rome on Western Europe. • History 4. The student understands how, after the collapse of classical

empires, new political, economic, and social systems evolved and expanded from 600 to 1450. • History 4(A) Explain the development of Christianity as a unifying social and

political factor in medieval Europe and the Byzantine Empire. • History 4(8) Explain the characteristics of Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. • History 4(C) Describe the major characteristics of and the factors contributing to the

development of the political/social system of feudalism and the economic system of manorialism.

• History 4(G) Explain how the Crusades ... contributed to the end of medieval Europe. • Geography 16(8) Analyze the influence of human and physical geographic factors on major

events in world history. • Government 20(8) Identify the impact of political and Legal ideas contained in Justinian's

Code of Laws [and] Magna Carta. • Government 20(C) Explain the political philosophy of Thomas Aquinas ... • Citizenship 22(8) Identify the influence of ideas regarding the right to a "trial by a jury of

your peers" ... • Culture 23 (8) Identify examples of religious influence on various events referenced in the

major eras of world history. • Culture 24(A) Describe the changing roles of women, children, and families during major eras

of world history. • Culture 26(A) Identify significant examples of art and architecture that demonstrate an artistic

ideal or visual principle from selected cultures.

In this chapter, you will learn about Europe after the fall of Rome. In the East, the Roman Empire continued as the Byzantine Empire. In the West, Europe experienced centuries of turmoil as different groups invaded and political authority was frequently challenged by outbreaks of violence. Eventually, a new political, social and economic order emerged, known as feudalism.

Ess 0- What were the main characteristics'i-df the Byzantine Empire? 0- How was Western Europe affected by the collapse of Rome? 0- How did the system of feudalism restore order to Western Europe? 0- How did religious beliefs shape life-styles in this period?

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SOCIAL STUDIES TERMINOLOGY IN THIS CHAPTER

• 'vzat1tit1e Et1tpire • Feudalistff • fhree-field SystetM • Cot1stat1tit1ople • Lords • Rot1tat1 Catholicistff • Eastert1 Orthodoxy • Kt1ights • fhe Pope • Code of Justit1iat1 • Serfs • Crusades • Middle Ages • Mat1or • fhot1tas Aquit1as • Charlet1tagt1e • Mat1orialist1t • Magt1a Carta

- IMPORTANT IDEAS -A. In the East, the Byzantine Empire emerged with its center at Constantinople.

It was to last for almost 1,000 years. Emperor Justinian brought together Roman laws into a comprehensive legal code.

B. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Western Europe descended into a period of chaos. Different tribes set up separate kingdoms. Waves of invaders kept Europe in turmoil. Cities fell into decay and much of the learning of the ancient world was lost.

C. To protect themselves, Europeans developed the system of feudalism - a political, economic and social system. Under feudalism, the king gave land to his nobles in return for their service. Nobles provided the king with knights. Serfs worked on self-sufficient manors for their noble lords.

D. During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church preserved learning and emerged as the most powerful institution in Western Europe. The Pope was the head of the Catholic Church. St. Augustine emphasized the role of faith, while St. Thomas Aquinas believed that Christian teachings were compatible with the exercise of reason. Aquinas also believed in natural law.

E. Christians and Muslims fought for control of the Holy Land during the Crusades. The Crusades introduced Europeans to new goods and ideas from the Middle East.

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (330-1453) In 330 A.O., Emperor Constantine moved the capi-tal of the Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium, a Greek city in the eastern part of the empire. He renamed this city Constantinople. The city was located along land routes that connected Europe and Asia. The city was also strategically located on the Bosporus, a water-way connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. Constantinople was surrounded on three sides by water, and the city had thick walls, mak-ing it was almost invulnerable to attack.

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A BYZANTINE CULTURE EMERGES While the western half of the Roman Empire collapsed in the 5th century, theeastern half of the empire survived for another thousand years. The Byzan-tines saw themselves as simply continuing the Roman Empire. Like the emperors of Rome, the Byzantine emperors continued to be all-powerful. They maintained an impe-rial system of govern-

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

D Byzantine Empire at death of Justinian, 565 Fl Byzantine Empire t::::::J circa 1050

AFRICA

0 Miles 750

ment over a diverse population. Because Constantinople was in the East, most of its merchants and other residents spoke Greek. At first, the official language of government remained Latin, but it also eventually was replaced by Greek.

The Byzantines were also united by their own form of Christianity - Eastern Orthodoxy - which was separate from the Catholic Church. Orthodox Christians did not recognize the Pope as the head of their church. Instead, they had their own Patriarch. Orthodox Christians decorated their churches with icons - images of Jesus and the saints. There were also other differences, such as views on the Trinity and the shape of the cross they displayed in their churches.

There were several reasons why the Byzantine Empire survived as one of the most powerful economic, cultural and military forces in Europe:

Classical Cultures. Byzantium benefited from a rich infusion of Greek, Roman, Christian, and Middle Eastern cultures.

Location. At the crossroads of Europe and Asia, Constantinople was a major center for trade. Silks and spices from the East. furs from Russia, and grains, olives, and wines from the empire itself brought great wealth.

REASONS FOR THE SURVIVAL OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Strong Central Government. Byzantium was ruled by a series of powerful emperors with a strong cen-tra lized administration and a single set of laws.

Large Army. The Byzantine central government taxed merchants and peasants to support a large standing army.

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The Byzantines developed a vibrant culture. They built the Church of Hagia Sophia with its giant dome and tall spires. Schools taught ancient Greek texts. Byzantine artists used precious materials - gold, sil-ver, and ivory - to display classical images. They were especially known for their colorful icons and mosaics (pictures made with pieces of cut stone and glass).

The size of the Byzantine Empire varied over time. In its early centuries, it ruled over the Balkan Peninsula, the Middle East and parts ofltaly. Under Justinian (527-565), it reconquered much of the old Roman Empire.

Hagia Sophia

One of the greatest achievements of the Byzantine Empire was the Code of Justinian. Emperor Justinian collected all of the existing Roman laws and organized them into a single code. The code listed all the laws and opinions on each subject. Justinian's Code also had special laws relating to religion. It required that all persons in the empire belong to the Eastern Orthodox Christian faith .

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ACTING- AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN Read the following document from the Code of Justinian. Then answer the questions that follow.

The Code of Justinian: On Bringing an Action to Court

• You must [determine] the proof necessary to establish the fact that you are entitled to the money which you [claim] you have deposited. Emperor

• Anton;nus, 156 A.O. • He before whom proceedings are brought shall order public documents, both

civil and criminal, to be produced, for the purpose of being examined, in order to Liudge] the truth. Emperor Severus, 193 A.O.

• Persons who wish to bring an accusation must have evidence, for the law does not permit a party to inspect the documents of the other side. Therefore, if the plaintiff does not prove his allegations, the defendant shall be discharged, even if he furnishes no evidence. Emperor Antoninus 223 A.O.

* What legal principle do all three sections above share?

* Why was the Code of Justinian such an important legal advance?

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THE DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE The late Byzantine Empire continuously battled the Slavs and Avars to the north, the Per-sian Empire to the east and the spread of Islam in the south. In the 600s, Muslim Arabs took most of the empire's territory in the Middle East. You will learn more about the rise of Islam in the next chapter.

The empire declined further in the 11th century. The Seljuk Turks, originally from Central Asia, defeated the Byzantine army in 1071 and took possession of most of Asia Minor. Crusaders attacked the city in 1204. City-states in Italy began to compete with Constantinople for Mediterranean trade. Yet the Byzantines still controlled the Balkan Pen-insula and survived for another 400 years. Their empire eventually unraveled from contin-uous attacks on all sides. By the 1440s, the Byzantine Empire was reduced to a small area just around the city of Constantinople itself. In 1453, Constantinople was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks.

INFLUENCE ON RUSSIA One place that was greatly influenced by Byzantium was Russia. Russia emerged as a state in the 9th cen-tury, in the forest lands between the Baltic and Black Seas. Viking raiders organized Slavs in the region into a kingdom centered in Kiev. Other Russian cities, such as Moscow and Novgorod, developed to the north. Early Russian cities carried on a brisk trade with the Byzantine Empire. Contact with the Byzantines affected Russia in many ways. Byzantine culture - especially Orthodox Christianity, the Cyrillic alphabet, and Byzantine crafts and products - was introduced into Russian society. The Byzantines also converted other Slavic peoples and the Bulgars to Christianity, leaving a permanent legacy in Eastern Europe.

O utt nt of K>evan R111 '" 1054

Preserved Ancient Cultures. The Byzantines pre-served the rich cultural heritage of classical civi-lization, including Greek philosophy and science and Roman engineering. Copies of ancient texts were saved despite destruction in the West.

Code of Justinian. Emperor Justinian consolidated Roman laws into a single legal code which served as a guide on most legal questions. It greatly influ-enced later Western legal systems.

I THE BYZANTINE LEGACY I New Form of Christianity. Eastern Orthodox Christianity was led by the Patriarch and the emperor in Constantinople, rather than the Pope in Rome.

The Arts. The Byzantines were renowned for their mosaics, painted icons, gold jewelry, and silks. Constantinople's cathedral, Hagia Sophia, is con-sidered one of the world's most beautiful buildings.

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••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ACTIN& AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN Research the economic, political, cultural, and religious influ-ences of the Byzantine Empire on Russia and other countries in Eastern Europe. Then write a short paragraph summarizing the information you have found .

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WESTERN EUROPE IN TURMOIL While the Byzantine Empire survived as a center of classical culture, important changes were taking place in Western Europe. Historians sometimes refer to this period of history, from the fall of Rome in 476 A.O. to the 1400s, as the "Middle Ages" or medieval period - the period between ancient and modem times.

THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS Beyond Rome's frontiers lived Germanic tribes like the Goths, Vandals, Lombards, Burgundi-ans, and Franks. The Romans considered these peoples to be uncivilized "barbarians." The Romans considered anyone to be a barbarian who came from a foreign, non-Roman culture.

In the 4th century, a war-like tribe known as the Huns moved from Central Asia to Europe. As the Huns moved into Europe, they forced the Germanic tribes to move westward. These Ger-manic tribes in tum pushed for-ward into the Roman Empire.

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

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The Visigoths were permitted by the Romans to enter the empire to escape the Huns. Later, the Visigoths turned against the Romans. The Visigoths defeated the Roman army and sacked the city of Rome in 410 A.O. They were assisted in defeating the Romans by the many Germanic slaves inside the city.

After a period of invasions, Germanic tribes then established their own kingdoms in many parts of the former Roman Empire. The Angles and Saxons invaded England; the Visigoths moved westward to Spain; the Lombards occupied northern Italy, and the Franks took Gaul (present-day France).

The constant warfare of this period disrupted trade across Europe. Travel became unsafe because of violence. Bridges and roads fell into disrepair. Cities and towns were aban-doned. Bandits roamed freely. Life became increasingly rural and unsafe. Wealthy families moved out of towns to the safety of fortified homes in the countryside. People gave up their interest in learning. Shortages of food and goods grew. Churches and monasteries became the only places where people could read and write .

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ACTING- AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN Use your local library or the Internet to learn more about one of the groups shown on the map on the previous page, such as the Goths, Slavs, or Saxons. Then create a chart showing their major characteristics, their unique skills, and where they originated from. Include illustrations in your chart.

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THE RISE OF THE FRANKS The Franks established the largest of the new Germanic kingdoms in what is now France. Charles Martel, a powerful nobleman, helped unite the Franks. In 732, at the Battle of Tours, Martel stopped the advance of Islam from Spain into France.

In 751, his son Pepin seized power and became King of the Franks. With the support of the Pope, Pepin marched across the Alps and took control of Northern Italy. Frankish kings created a powerful army by granting lands to their nobles in exchange for service in the king 's army with their knights.

At the Battle of Tours , Martel halted the advance of Islam into Europe.

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THE REIGN OF CHARLEMAGNE Pepin's son, Charlemagne, became king in 768. Charlemagne expanded the practice of giving land to his nobles in exchange for their promises of loyalty and service. At the same time, his nobles gave land to their knights in exchange for similar promises. Peasants gave up their rights to their local lords for better security. They offered services "in kind," pro-viding firewood, livestock and crops.

Charlemagne enlarged his kingdom to include France, Germany, Holland, Belgium, and Northern Italy. Charlemagne established a new capital at Aachen, which he turned into a center of learning. He constructed a beautiful palace in imitation of the imperial court of Rome. He used riches from his conquests to attract scholars to his palace school for chil-dren of the nobility.

At the request of the Pope, Charlemagne was crowned "Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire" in 800. This step announced to the world that Western Europe was now indepen-dent from the Byzantine emperor. The coronation of Charlemagne also signified the new political and religious unity of Western Europe under the concept of Christendom. After Charlemagne's death, his empire was divided among his sons.

EUROPE FACES NEW THREATS The division of Charlemagne's empire occurred just as Europeans were facing new threats. From the east, Slavs and Magyars invaded the lands of Germany, France, and Italy. From North Africa, Muslims attacked Southern Italy. The greatest threat came from the Vikings - fierce warriors and sailors from Scandinavia in Northern Europe. They sailed south in search of trade, loot, and land.

Between 800 and 1000, the Vikings launched repeated assaults on the coasts of Western Europe, often committing brutal atrocities. Although spreading fear and destruction, the Vikings also created new trade routes. Their longboats were easy to maneuver and could sail in heavy seas or close to the land. In many places, they created new settlements - such as the Danelaw in Northern England, Normandy in France, and their own communities on the island of Siciliy.

APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED How did the collapse of central authority have continuing effects on Western Europe?

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FEUDAL SOCIETY (800-1400) To protect themselves from violence and to provide for basic economic needs, people throughout Western Europe adopted the system introduced by the Franks. Kings offered nobles a grant of land, known as a feud or fief, in exchange for loyalty and service. The noble-man, known as the vassal, gave homage (allegiance) to the king. This new order, known as feudalism, helped people survive the breakdown of central government and order.

Feudalism in Europe was characterized by a number of key social, political, and eco-nomic relationships:

SOCIAL A major characteristic of feudal society was the development of a strict class structure based on the control of land and military power. People born as serfs, knights, or lords could not change their social posi-tion. Local lords (nobles) were given land by their rulers in exchange for mili-tary service. These lords had their own small armies of knights - armed war-riors on horseback.

POLITICAL

Medieval knights practice their fighting skills.

Under the feudal system, the leading nobles controlled political life. They built large cas-tles for their own protection, often rivaling those of the king in size. They surrounded themselves with armed knights. The king relied on his nobles for his own army, and the nobles often fought among themselves or challenged the king's authority. Civil wars were frequent, and powerful nobles often grabbed land for themselves.

ECONOMIC During feudalism, most people lived on manors. A manor consisted of the lord's house and the peasants living in the surrounding territory. This aspect of the feudal system is also sometimes known as manorialism. Each manor produced its own food, clothing, and shel-ter. Manors varied in size, depending on their lord's wealth. Every noble had at least one manor, but some powerful or wealthy nobles had many manors. For example, in England there were more than 9,000 manors.

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Peasant farmers known as serfs gave their lord part of their harvest in return for the use of land and other services. The lord protected the serfs from attacks by outsiders. Each lord had almost complete power over the serfs who lived on his manor. The lord could pass laws, require labor, and act as a judge. Serfs were bound to the land and had no voice in most matters.

Farming in the Middle Ages. Farmers lacked specific knowledge of how to enrich the soil or rotate crops. Each year, only two-thirds of the land was usually cultivated, letting the other third remain fallow (uncultivated), so that it could recover its fertility. This was known as the three-field system. One field was devoted to winter crops, a second to sum-mer crops, and a third lay fallow each year. Farm animals were often small. Bad weather and a poor harvest could lead to famine and death. For example, during the Great Famine of 1315 to 1322, large numbers of people across Europe died.

Peasant Life-Styles. Peasant farmers produced the food used by medieval society. Most worked long hours to grow enough food to survive each year. Although most peasants were farmers, some were millers, blacksmiths, and tavern owners. Life revolved around the agrarian calendar. Most of the time was spent working the land. Church feasts marked sowing and reaping days. Peasants lived in small towns or nearby farms on their lord's manor. A typical peasant home was a two-room cottage with walls of dried mud, plastered branches, and straw. The cottage often had a roof of thatch. Rooms had earthen floors and a few furnishings, such as a stool, table, and a chest to hold clothes. Stacks of straw served as beds for the entire family. Water was drawn from a nearby well or stream. Ventilation was poor. Pigs and other farm animals often lived inside the house.

WOMEN IN THE MIDDLE AGES During the Middle Ages, the role of women was determined by the attitudes of the Catholic Church and the nobility. Women were supposed to be obedient to men. Women's inferior status was often blamed on the Biblical story of Eve's disobedience in the Garden of Eden.

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112 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY

Medieval people lived in extended families. Nobles main-tained large households; related peasants lived close to one another. Women of all social classes gave birth to a large num-ber of children, but many children died in infancy.

Women's life-styles varied according to their social status. Noble women spent most of their time in prayer and in domes-tic chores such as sewing and embroidery. Among the nobility, only a handful of women received an education. Among the peasants, a close partnership often existed between a husband and wife. Both worked side-by-side in the fields. Women ran the home and looked after the livestock .

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••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ACTING- AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN Imagine you are a medieval noble or peasant. Write a short movie script showing what life was like on a typical day. Include a description of the setting and some dialogue. You can search for additional information about medieval life in your school library or on the Internet.

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THE AGE OF FAITH During the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church remained the single most powerful organization in Western Europe. There were many reasons for this:

I REASONS FOR THE CHURCH'S POWER I The Role of Faith. People were very religious. They believed the Church represented God and held the power to send a per-son to Heaven or Hell. Most felt united by their common faith.

Power and Wealth . Many nobles left land to the Church when they died, hoping to gain entry into Heaven. The Church became Europe's largest landowner. Church wealth also increased through tithes (church taxes).

Center of Learning. The Church was the main center of learning . Church officials were usually the only people who could read and write. Rulers often relied on Church officials, since they were the most educated people.

The head of the Catholic Church was the Pope in Rome. The Pope was regarded as the successor of St. Peter, leader of the apostles after the death of Jesus. Catholics believed the Pope had inherited the role of Peter in running the Church. The Pope governed the Church with the help of cardinals, bishops and other church officials. The Church controlled enor-mous amounts of land throughout Europe. The Church also possessed monasteries, abbeys, and convents, where monks and nuns spent their lives devoted to prayer.

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I TWO CHRISTIAN THINKERS

Two Christian thinkers who had a great influence on the Middle Ages were St. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. St. Augustine (354-430) lived at the time of the fall of Rome. In The City of God, Augustine asks why God is letting barbarians destroy the Christian civilization of Rome. He concludes that no earthly city, like Rome, can last forever. Only the "City of God" in Heaven is eternal. Because our understanding is limited, he said we must put our faith in God, who will reward us in the afterlife.

St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) lived 800 years after St. Augustine. His most famous book, Summa Theologica, provided a summary of Christian beliefs. Aquinas wrote at a time when Muslim and Jewish scholars had just discovered lost works by Aristotle. Some Christian scholars felt such pre-Christian thinkers had no value. Aquinas showed how these works by Aristotle were compatible with Christian teachings. Aquinas said that God had given man the power of reason to help him explain and interpret the world. Therefore, we should trust reason as well as faith.

Aquinas also believed in the existence of "natural law" - universal laws independent of any laws passed by govern-ment. These laws are based on reason. Our reason tells us what we must do in order to "do good and to avoid evil." Aquinas believed that we can use our understanding of natural law to evaluate the laws of governments. If a human law conflicts

St. Augustine

St. Thomas Aquinas

with natural law, it is not a law and we do not have to obey it. "Laws of this kind are acts of violence rather than laws." Aquinas believed that citizens even have the right to remove rulers who continually enact unjust laws. Although Aquinas thought a ruler's power came from God, he felt this power came from God through the people.

APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED Why do you think the teachings of St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas were important to people in the Middle Ages?

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THE CRUSADES The power and influ-ence of the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages can be seen in its ability to carry out a "holy war" against

.-----"!l'i PASSAGE TAKEN BY THE FIRST CRUSADE 1---------.

Muslims. For hundreds A TLANrrc of years, Christian pil- OCEAN grims had regularly visited Jerusalem, where the sacred events depicted in the Bible were believed to have taken place. However, in the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took control of the "Holy Land" and drove out Christian pilgrims.

AFRICA

(J

0 Lands under Christian control D Lands under Muslim control • Palestine

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

THE CALL TO FREE THE HOLY LAND In 1095, Pope Urban II received a plea from the Byzantine Emperor in Constan-tinople for help against the threat of a Muslim invasion. Shocked and angered at the possibility of Constantinople's falling to the Muslims, Urban II called on all Christians in Europe to unite and fight a holy Crusade - a war to recap-ture the Holy Land from its Muslim rul-ers. The Church promised salvation to all who participated.

The word "Crusade" meant "war of the cross." Crusaders fought under the banner of a red cross against a white background. The Crusades brought rul-

European Christians set off to recapture the Holy Land during the Crusades.

ers and nobles from different parts of Europe together in a common cause. Pilgrims, wives, and children of many knights accompanied the Crusader army on its long journey from different parts of Europe to Constantinople and then southward to the Holy Land. Many of the participants died of hunger or disease along the way. Several Crusades were fought over the next two centuries.

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••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ACflNO- AS AN AMAfEUR fflSfORIAN Read the following primary source, a speech by the Pope Urban II. Then answer the question that follows.

Pope Urban II's Sermon Calling for the First Crusade:

"Begin the journey to the Holy Sepulcher; conquer that land which the wicked have seized, the land given by God to the children of Israel and which, as the Scripture says, 'is all milk and honey: Undertake this journey for [forgiveness] of your sins, with the promise of 'glory which will not fade' in Heaven. When you make an armed attack on the enemy, let all those on God's side cry out, 'God wills it!"'

Source: The Crusades: A Documentary Survey, James A. Brundage, ed.

What were some of the reasons that inspired Europeans to take part in the Crusades?

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Although the Crusaders never achieved more than a temporary control of Jerusalem,

the Crusades had many important effects:

New Ideas and Products. Europeans had greater exposure to new ideas, such as the use of zero in mathematics, and to for-eign products, such as silk, rice, spices, coffee, perfumes, cotton cloth, raisins, and glass mirrors.

THE EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES I Increased Trade. The European demand for foreign products, like spices, sugar, lemons and rugs eventually led to increased trade with the Middle East as well as with other parts of the world.

Growth of Intolerance. The Crusades led to the Christian per-secution of Jews and Muslims, as well as to the Muslim perse-cution of Christians.

THE LATER MIDDLE AGES During the later Middle Ages, Europe underwent gradual changes. Trade first revived when merchants displayed their goods at fairs , often inside a castle 's walls. Trade slowly increased and cities along trade routes grew. The Crusades increased interest in luxury goods from the East. A new merchant class arose in the towns. Merchants and craftsmen organized into powerful associations known as guilds. New inventions, like better water-mills, windmills and mechanical clocks, improved life. Cities like Bologna and Paris founded the first universities.

Name Date _______ _

116 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY

Throughout the Middle Ages, important towns had often competed to build the largest church or cathedral. The later Middle Ages saw the introduction of a new art style. The first Gothic church was built in France in 1231. Its pointed arches, high spires, and beautiful stained glass windows were designed to give worshippers the feeling that they were being transported to another world .

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ACTING- AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN Examine the photographs below.

The Greek Parthenon Chartres Cathedral

What characteristics make these two buildings alike? How are they different?

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

ENGLISH POLITICAL TRADITIONS In the Middle Ages, England developed traditions of liberty and limited self-government that were unique in Europe.

Magna Carta. In 1215, the English nobles (known as barons) rebelled against the taxes and forced loans being collected by King John. They were helped by the Church and towns. John was forced to sign an agreement promising not to take away any free man's property or to imprison any free man without following procedures established by the laws of the land. The Magna Carta guaranteed all free men the right to a trial by jury, and fur-ther forced the king to obtain the consent of a council of nobles for most new taxes.

Parliament. Later English kings summoned nobles and representatives of the towns to grant them new taxes. This led to the origins of Parliament.

Name _________________ Date ______ _

UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 8: The Middle Ages in Europe 117

'-,_1111LEARNING WITH GRAPHIC ORGANIZER •

Complete the graphic organizer below by describing the effects of feudalism on Western Europe.

FEUDALISM

Political Economic Social

Complete the graphic organizer below by describing the influence of the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages.

ROLE OF THE CHURCH

Power Learning and Art Crusades

Name Date ________ _

118 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY

CHAPTER STUDY CARDS r------------------------------y------------------------------,

Byzantine Empire

* Emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople in 330 A.D. * Constantinople was located on the land route between Europe and Asia. * Lasted for almost 1,000 years. * Religion. They developed their own form of Christianity known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity. * End of Empire. Over time, the Byzantine Empire gradually lost its territories. In 1453, the Byzantine Empire was conquered by t he Ottoman Turks.

People in the Middle Ages

Certain individuals had a major impact. * St. Augustine. Appealed to faith in God. * Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Aachen in 800 A.D., expanded the empire, and revived learning. * St. Thomas Aquinas argued men could judge government laws against natural law and could overthrow unjust rulers. * King John signed the Magna Carta in 1215. It guaranteed Eng lishmen the right to a trial and required consent of the nobles before passing any new taxes.

I I I I I I I

~

~------------------------------+------------------------------· Feudalism

Feudalism arose in Europe out of the chaos after the fall of Rome. It provided security and protec-tion in a period of great turmoil. * Social System. Society was divided between

the king, nobles, knights, and serfs. Lords gave land to vassals in exchange for service. * Political System. The king ruled with the advice of his leading nobles. The nobles served the king with their knights, armed warriors on horses. * Economic System. (Manorialism) Serfs worked on the land of their lord. Most peo-ple lived on a self-sufficient manor.

Age of Faith: Catholic Church

* The Catholic Chu rch was the most powerfu l organization in Western Europe. The Pope was the head of the Church. • Christians believed the Church held power

to send persons to Heaven or Hell. • Church was the main center of learning. • Church wealth grew as many nobles who

died left their land to the Church in order to gain entry to Heaven . * Crusades. Christian Europeans challenged

Muslims for control of the Ho ly Land. The Crusades increased interest in trade with the East.

CHECKIN& YOUR UNDERSTANDIN& Directions: Put a circle around the letter that best answers the question.

Use the passage and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.

"The Peace of God declared that feudal warfare could not take place on church property, and it promised sanctuary in churches and abbeys to fugitives from combat. The Truce of God forbade fighting from Wednesday evening until Monday morning, on holidays, and during the religious seasons of Christmas and Lent. ... "

Name ________________ ~~~~-Date~~~~~~~~

UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 8: The Middle Ages in Europe 119

1 The main idea of this passage is that -A war was limited to religious holidays B religion was dictated by custom and feudal law C landlords determined when warfare took place D the Church limited where and when Christians could fight

J;XAMINE the question. This question tests your ability to inter-pret a document . .!SEGALL what you know. The document shows the power of the Church over medieval society. It describes t he Peace of God and the Truce of God. These were plans and periods that speci-fied where and when Christians could not fight. APPLY what you know. Choice A and Choice B are not stated in the passage. Choice C is inac-curate since it was the Church not landlords that limited when wars took place. Choice D is the best answer, since it st ates in brief the main message of the passage: the Church could limit when people fought.

Now try answering some additional questions on your own.

( Hist 4(A) )

2 "Western Europe went into a long, deep sleep. Learning was found only in the reli-gious orders. Fear and chaos reigned." What period in history does this statement by a historian best describe? F the early rise of Christianity ( Hist 3(8) ) G the start of the Crusades H Western Europe after the fall of Rome J the rise of Islam

3 Two immediate results of the fall of the Roman Empire were -A renewed interests in education and the arts ( Hist 3(8) ) B a period of economic disorder and weak central government C the growth of cities and the emergence by the middle class D an increase in trade and improvements in manufacturing

4 In Western Europe, which development was the cause of the other three? F Warfare disrupted trade throughout Europe. ( Hist 3(8) ) G Travel became unsafe because of violence. H Cities, towns and villages were abandoned. J The Roman Empire was invaded and collapsed.

5 In the Byzantine Empire, one important feature of life was the development of -A Eastern Orthodox Christianity ( Hist 4(A) ) B social and political equality C Islam D civil service examinations

Name Date _______ _

120 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY

Use the map on the right and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE -

6 Based on the information pro-vided in this map, which state-ment about Constantinople is accurate? F Africans traded more

goods in Constantinople than in any other area.

G Constantinople was a city located directly on the Mediterranean Sea.

H Gold was the primary commodity that China sent to Constantinople.

J Constantinople was an important trading center. ( Geog 16(C) )

A HUB OF 11th CENTURY WORLD TRADE

Mediterranean Sea

7 Which is the most valid generalization about the impact of the Crusades? A They strengthened the power of the serfs in Europe. ( Cult 23(8) ) 8 They increased trade between Europe and Asia. C They brought European influence to Africa. D They promoted the idea of religious freedom.

8 What did the caste system in India and the feudal system in Europe have in common? F encouragement of trade between neighboring countries ( Hist 4(C) ) G a strong emphasis on the acquisition of wealth H a strong belief in social equality J a division of society into hereditary social classes

9 Which statement best describes the role of the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe during the Middle Ages? A The Church encouraged individuals to question authority. ( Hist 4(A) ) 8 Church leaders were limited solely to spiritual activities. C The Church gained influence as the world became more secular. D The Church provided a sense of stability, unity, and order.

10 Which institution served as the main unifying force of medieval Western Europe? F legislature ( Hist 4(A) ) G monarchy H church J military

Name ____________________ Date _______ _

UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 8: The Middle Ages in Europe 121

11 What was the primary characteristic of feudal society in medieval Europe? A a representative government (-jH-J$t-,·_4___,. __ (-__ c,---1 ) B economic equality for all C protection of individual rights D an exchange of land for services

Use the two passages below and your know ledge of social studies to answer the following question.

"The medieval Crusades were taken [by some modem writers] and turned into something that they never really were in the first place. They were turned into an attempt to bring the fruits of European civilization to the Middle East, when, in fact, during the Middle Ages the great sophisticated and wealthy power was the Muslim world."

" ... For many in the contemporary Arab world, the Crusades are viewed as hav-ing begun nearly a millennium of conflict with what would become the West. The Crusades are seen as representing the constant threat of Western encroachment [aggression]. But many scholars say that is an inaccurate view of the Crusades."

- Mike Shuster, reporter

- Thomas Madden, St. Louis University, History of Relations between the West and Middle East

12 These statements indicate that the history of the Crusades -F has been neglected by experts G was of little importance H remains a subject of modem debate and interpretation J illustrates the importance of tolerance and understanding

13 In Western Europe, feudalism developed after the -A turmoil of repeated invasions B Renaissance began C city of Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks D Mongols invaded

14 Constantinople became the center of the Byzantine Empire because -F it was a religious center for Muslims G the Pope had made it the capital of the Christian world H it was geographically isolated from surrounding empires J a Roman emperor had moved the capital of the empire eastwards

( Hi$t 4(C). )

( H~St 1{C))

15 A major goal of the Catholic Church during the Crusades (1096-1291) was to-A unite Arab peoples B establish Christianity in Western Europe C capture the Holy Land from Islamic rulers D strengthen the power of European rulers

(Hi~4(~t)