New Asian Empires1200 - 1800

•In Asia, the period from 1200 to 1800, was a time of great empires and shifts in power.• From east of the Mediterranean Sea to India, strong Muslim rulers built large empires.•In China a new dynasty sought to revive the traditions neglected under the Mongols, while a military society rose in Japan

1. The Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empires2. The Mughal Empire3. The Ming and the Qing Dynasty4. Medieval Japan and Korea

2. The Mughal Empire-Muslims Rule in India

Mughal rulers created a powerful empire in which military might and artistic culture flourished.

After the fall of the Gupta Empire in the 500’s, India broke apart into a number of small kingdoms.

For several centuries, no single ruler emerged to take charge of all India.

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The Arrival of Islam Arab Muslim traders arrived in India for the first time. Over time, some Muslims traders settled in Indian towns,

where they peacefully lived beside Hindus and Buddhists. The next Muslims to arrive, however, were not so peaceful Early 700’s, Muslim raiders invaded and conquered the

area of Sind (Pakistan) By 1000, they reached Afghanistan. By 1200, most of northern India was under Muslim control

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The Delhi Sultanate

Once the Muslims gained control, they established a new government for the region.

Based in the city of Delhi Rulers were tolerate of

traditional Indian practices.

As a result, a new culture emerged – a new language, Urdu, formed from a combination of Arabic and Sanskirt.

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A New Empire Mughal

The Delhi Sultante remained strong for about 300 years.

By the early 1500s, however, its power was weakening, and left India wide open for invasion.

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Babur

A Young Central Asian named Zahir ud-Din, better known as Babur “the tiger”

Failed to take over China and turned to India.

1526 – defeated the rulers of Delhi and founded the Mughal Empire.

Persian for Mongol Reigned as India’s first Muslim

Empire and were one of the great civilizations in history.

Best known for its wealth and power

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Akbar the Great

Akbar the Great took over after the death of Babur.

One of the greatest of all Mughal rulers.

Did everything he could to win his people’s loyalty.

He promoted religious tolerance.

He encouraged discussions and debates among Muslims, Hindus, Christians, and other religions.

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Height of the Empire

Babur and Akbar laid the foundation for a powerful empire. The rulers who followed them built upon that foundation and

raised Mughal India to new heights of power and wealth.

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Jahangir

Jahangir took power after the death of his father, Akbar.

Known as a good ruler, despite his ruthless start.

Practiced religious toleration, supported the arts and adopted many Persian influences into Indian society.

Wife Nur Jahan – born in Persia.

Sikhism – founded by Guru Nanak – blended Islam and Hinduism – One god, but believe in reincarnation

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Shah Jahan

Jahangir’s son an successor – Shah Jahan

A Cultural Golden Age Followed same practices as

his father. (except religious tolerance)

Taj Mahal – greatest example of Mughal achievement – built as a tomb for Shah Jahan’s beloved wife.

New capital of India- Delhi – at the heart a Peacock Throne- symbol of the Dynasty

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Aurangzeb

In 1657, Shah Jahan became extremely ill.

His sons, thinking their father was going to die, began to maneuver to take the throne.

War broke out among them. Aurangzeb, one of his sons,

captured his father and brought him one of his son’s heads and declared himself emperor.

Supported the growth of the Sunni Islam

Increased the empire to its largest size.

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Decline the Mughal Empire

His actions marked the beginning of the end for the empire.

Due to harsh measures during his reign, frequent rebellions broke out in the late 1600s.

Civil War broke out and invaders poured into India from the north.

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3. The Ming and Qing Dynasty

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China prospered, but the empire entered a period of isolation in response to increasing European contact.

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The Ming Dynasty 1279 –Mongol leader Kublai Khan conquered China and founded

the Yuan Dynasty. After the death of Khan, China became ripe for rebellion and led

to the Ming Dynasty. Hongwu, “vastly martial” –founder of the Ming Dynasty –

overthrew the last of the Mongol emperor. Worked to rebuild China. Reforms – reduced taxes and improved agriculture and trade and

at the same time restored traditional Chinese practices, such as Confucianism and civil service examinations for government positions.

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The Forbidden City

Yonglo – successor of Hongwo – moved Ming Capital to Beijing, a city northeast of China.

The Forbidden City – a vast imperial city surrounded by high walls.

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Ming Sea Voyages

Zheng He – 1405 and 1433 – Chinese Muslim Admiral, led seven voyages around the Indian Ocean as far as Africa.

He sailed with a fleet of 300 ships. (included trading ships called junks as well as immense treasure ships, each 400 feet long.

He voyages demonstrated China’s growing sea power.

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Admiral Zheng He’s Voyages

First Voyage: 1405-1407 [62 ships; 27,800 men]. Second Voyage: 1407-1409 [Ho didn’t go on this trip]. Third Voyage: 1409-1411 [48 ships; 30,000 men]. Fourth Voyage: 1413-1415 [63 ships; 28,500 men]. Fifth Voyage: 1417-1419 Sixth Voyage: 1421-1422

Emperor Zhu Gaozhi cancelled future trips and ordered ship builders and sailors to stop work.

Seventh Voyage: 1431-1433 Emperor Zhu Zhanji resumed the voyages in 1430 to restore

peaceful relations with Malacca & Siam 100 ships and 27,500 men; Cheng Ho died on the return

trip.

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1498 --> Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port.

Ming contact with EuropeansMing contact with Europeans1200 - 18001200 - 1800

Ming Society

Foreign Relations – policy to end voyages led to a period of isolationism from the outside world.

Why? The arrival of Europeans and Christians interfered with traditional Chinese practices that were already ruined by the Mongol Empire.

Metteo Ricci – Italian Jesuit priest who learned Chinese and adopted many Chinese customs.

In exchange, he introduced mathematics and science from Europe.

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Ming Decline

In late 1500s, Ming Dynasty began to weaken.

High taxes, weak leaders, and crop failures created harsh economic times.

Manchu – a people from Manchuria swept into Beijing and took the capital.

The last Ming emperor killed himself to avoid capture.

The Manchu then formed their own dynasty and gave it a Chinese name –Qing.

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Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty, 1644- 1911 – became the last dynasty in 3,500 years of imperial rule in China.

Under Manchu rule, China again grew prosperous and expanded to its largest size in history.

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China under Qing Rule To win the support of opposition

to many Chinese, the Manchu showed respect for their Chinese customs and maintained Confucian traditions.

Civil Service and government positions were distributed equally among Chinese and Manchu.

Kangxi and his grandson Qianlong – reduced taxes for peasants and expanded the empire into parts of Central Asia.

Agricultural production and population rose and the economy thrived due to better transportation and growing domestic and foreign markets.

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Qing Foreign Relations

1793- Lord George Macartney tried to change China’s isolationist policies.

He came to China to discuss expanding trade.

Emperor Qianlong thought British goods were inferior and demanded that he kowtow (kneel)’ Macartney refused.

At that time, China was one of the more advanced civilizations in the world.

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Qing Decline

China’s isolationism and refusal to enter the world market eventually toppled the Qing Dynasty – and

imperial rule.

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Ming and Qing Culture

Under the two empires, China made many developments in the arts and literature.

Ming artisans produced exquisite blue and white porcelain. Valuable trading item

Rising literacy rates contributed to the growth or popular fiction.

Cao Zhan wrote the novel Dream of the Red Chamber – considered China’s greatest novel, examines the decline of an upper-class Chinese family.

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Imperial China’s Impact on History

Removed religion from morality.

Beginnings of political philosophy through which a ruler must prove he/she is legitimate.

Mandate of Heaven Secular law. Valued history The Dynastic Cycle

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