Neutrino Oscillations with Beams and Reactors :

Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 1

Neutrino Oscillationswith Beams and Reactors:

Neutrino Oscillationswith Beams and Reactors:

Luca Stanco – INFN Padova

Near and Far FutureNear and Far Future

(is there a clear path towards future ?)


Here is our START and END point:

the lepton mixing

In 1998 new history for neutrino begins (as a second life) : - Neutrinos oscillate* (SK and afterwords SNO, K2K …): they own masses

Why, how, which

- Neutrinos mix themselves (CHOOZ and afterwords KamLAND …): MNS matrix

* 41 years after Pontecorvo idea on oscillations in 1957


CHOOZ looked for e ≈ oscillations

PLB 420 (1998) 397

Mainly after KamLAND…

re-interpretation

of Chooz result in terms of

oscillations of Mass eigenstates

Gauge

eigenstatesMass

eigenstates

Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata(1962)

Lepton mixing arranged (and quark mixing in 1963 by Cabibbo)


Standard parametrization of Mixing matrix via 3 Euler rotations

Message: leptons and quarks mix in a similar way

1) Phase violates CP and 2) so phases 1,2 in Majorana picture3) Matrix unitarity if no sterile neutrino

BUT with 3 BIG questions :


≈≈≈Oscillations≈≈≈

SK, K2K/Minos, SNO, KamLand YES (they see oscillations)

Chooz NO (it did not see anything because S12 ≈ 0 and 13 too small)

“atmospheric” frequency

“solar” frequency

m122=7.5*10-5 eV2

m232=2.5*10-3 eV2


Searching of disappearance:

13 measurements from Reactors suffer from m23 correlations

Wonderful KamLAND 2008 Results

S. Abe et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 221803(2008)


Lepton Mixing is weird

Masses Mixing

What does all that means ?

Is there any meaning at all ?

(more than those for cabalistes)

e.g. Quark-Lepton Complementarity:l

12+q12≈/4 and l

23+q23≈/4

UMNS=UbmU+KM (QLCl) or UMNS=U+

KM Ubm (QLC) Ubm stands for QL symmetry or GUT


However…. What is presently known of MNS matrix:

sin223=1.02±0.05tan23=0.47±0.6sin223 from fits (or <0.15@m2

23=2.5*10-3eV2, 90% C.L.)m3)2=2.4±0.13*10-3eV2

m3)2=7.59±0.21*10-5 eV2

e- triangle

Y.Farzan in 0710.4947 (ISS report)

Rather poor resolutions still…

Look at unitarities of Kobayashi-Maskawa !! (from PDG06)

Message: leptons mixing matrix poorly known …

and sin13=0.15

13<11.40

13=8.60

Katrin, Mare, Carlsberg…CUORE-GERDA, NEMO3, EXOSNO+,…Mass and Majorana/Dirac


Hierarchy

CP

13

Beta-BeamNeutrino Factory

SuperBeam:JPARC(T2HK)

Dusel

J-PARCDouble-Chooz Daya BayReno…

and theory where is it ? Waiting for LHC inputs…

…some kind of outline…

PHYSICS

EXPERIMENTS


Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks by

★ We have known a lot about the properties of 3 known ’s, but we have not seen a convincing (quantitative and predictive) theory of -mass. ★ We need new theoretical guiding principles, so as to solve the uniqueness problem of model building.

energyfrontier

intensityfrontier

cosmic frontier

★ We hope that the LHC will tell us much more behind 3 known ’s (new particles; symmetries; …….)

Zhi-Zhong-Xingat ICHEP08:

Neutrino Theory

said in

another w

ords:

WE N

EED MORE EXPERIM

ENTAL INPUTS !!

!

thinking positive:

NEUTRINO MNS RESULTS COMPLEMENTARY TO LHC !!!

in new words:

Experimental QLC (Quark-Lepton Complementarity)

Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 11Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Eilat 2008 11

MINOS near future !!!

see later talk by Jeff de Jong


…and wait for appearance in OPERA !!!See later talk by Alessandra Pastore

12

1999 CNGS beam design

2000 OPERA proposal

CHOOZ: final

flavour not e ...

2000 DONUT

“sees” the in

the nuclear

emulsions provide an unambiguous

evidence for μ→ oscillation in

the region of atmospheric

neutrinos by looking for

appearance in a pure μ

beam

1998 SK atmospheric neutrino anomaly:

deficit of μ ( and not e) with

zenith angle dependence: OSCILLATION !!!

Much m

ore

inte

rest

ing

NOT

to se

e th

e ta

u’s


Imperative to measure 13 !

Example for 3 flavour Oscillation probability !

sin2(212)sin2(213)

m213

m212

Double-Chooz/Daya Bay

Kamland !

AND FORGET THEORISTS…

“recent fit ≈ 70


Move “

realit

y”

2 d

egre

es

forw

ard

…

212

223

22

223121313

323121313

223

213

2

sin2sincos

sincos2sin2sincossin2sin

sin2sin2sincossin2sin

sin2sin2sin)(

CP

CP

eP

NOvA

T2K

122

134222

132 2sincossin2sin)(1 eeP

)4/(312

ELm 23121

2 / mm with

Neutrino superbeams

Reactors

Beams: may be…

(almost) Near future. (almost) Assured.

13=7.10

13=5.10

13=4.20

13=4.50

13=3.00


GETTING to sin2213 < 0.01 with reactors

Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

0.1

0.01

swapping/no-swapping ??

Statistics: - longer Data Taking - more powerful reactors - more massive detectorsSuppress cosmics BG: - go deeper undergroundSystematics: - more than 1 detector - near detector to reduce reactor flux uncertaintyCALIBRATION CALIBRATION CALIBRATION…


Next(near) generation experiments at Reactors

Double-Chooz Daya Bay

RENO, ANGRA... (when ?)

France

8.7 GW

2 detectors

at surface

Stat.err. 0.5%

Syst.err. 0.3%

Phase-I: >0.06

Phase-II: >0.03

From 2009…

China

11.6 GW

3 sites

underground

Stat.err. 0.2%

Syst.err. 0.38%

.. up to 0.18%

Phase-I: >0.03

Phase-II: >0.01

From 2010…

13>2.90

see next talk by David Jaffe

νννννννν

1051 m380 m


Comparison of Reactor Neutrino Experiments

Experiments Location

Thermal Power

(GW)

Distances

Near/Far

(m)

Depth

Near/Far

(mwe)

Target Mass

(tons)

Double-CHOOZ France 8.7 280/1050 60/300 10/10

RENO Korea 16.4 290/1380 120/450 15/15

Daya Bay China 11.6 360(500)/1985(1613)

260/910 402/80

Korea, 16.4 GW, 1 detector, Underground,

Stat.err. small, Syst.err. < 0.5%, sin2213 (phase-I: >0.03, phase-II: >0.015)

From ≈ 2010

Small collaboration, trying to enlarge it…

RENO

in KOREA


The first Super-Beam: off-axis T2K, from Tokai to SK

monitor (beam direction and intensity)

energy spectrum and intensity

Same spectrum as SK, BG measurement

Start

next

yearWONDERFUL

!

EXCITING !!

GREAT !!!

END OF THE STORY ?May be NOT,

may be (almost) YES


T2K project very well on schedule

Less than 2 years from now…

…just money…And CP measurement may be possible with E/L

T2HK/T2KK next generation projects


WHAT BE MISSING ?statistics….CPmore observations/datawith different interactions

SUPER-BEAMSJapanEuropeUSA

Traditional but achievable(tecnology and money)

BETA-BEAMS

Neutrino-Factories

Big effort studiesin Europe

Possible (might be on financial side)

Impossible ?


30kt liquid Scintillator detectorNUMI beam with 6.5 x 1020 pot/yrWith a new Proton Driver, 25 x 1020 pot/yr Superbeam !

810km

14mrad off-axis

e/e

appearancestart about 2013 ??

YES ! more than 13… mass hierarchy !


Very detailed studies, e.g. on systematics

M.Mezzetto at NUFACT08

13=5.00

13=2.90

13=0.90


Lepton CP Violation search

Lepton CP Violation luminosity13=5.00

Hard life but life

MegaTondetector

M.Mezzetto at NUFACT08


INDIAN Neutrino Observatory

as a long baseline detector

Location of INOLocation of INO

Magic Baseline(for the golden channel e-:very low CP dependence,

some degeneracies vanish)

n*50Kton of Magnetized Iron with gRPCFunded (150 M$) only “in principle”…


MODULAr (under Gran Sasso): a dream among others…

• improve CNGS flux of some factors

• relatively simple target upgrade at CERN

• build a new off-axis laboratory under GS

• exploit actul reliable R&D of Liquid-Argon-TPC

tecnique to build n*5 Kton detectors

Few GeV beam for e searches


From Neutrino-08 conference,Neutrino Papers in 2006-2008

Perhaps too few experimental results…

What we need are:

data results

Data results

Data results

with little money

in a short time

Think tosmall

upgradesops… here is the usual idea…


SPS + LINAC4 + SPL + PS2

CERN upgrades of accelerators system

CERN DG on October 3rd, 2008


BETA-BEAMS: CERN can be a good place for

protontarget

Isotope (radioactive)

isotope* + e+ + e

Ion source Acceleration Storage e

Higher Q2 ions:C.Rubbia et al. NIM A568 (2006)

Main drawback: q/m << q/m… we mainly work with low-energy neutrinos (sub GeV if we use 18Ne, 6He and the SPS as terminal booster)

(P. Zucchelli: Phys. Lett. B532:166, 2002)


Thinking BIG…Too MUCH big ??

Too MUCH far away…


Campagne, Maltoni, Mezzetto, Schwetz, JHEP 0704 (2007) 3

From ()Super-Beams to SuperProtonLinac and Beta-Beam…..

my preferred solution:

WAIT ANDWATCH for 13…

and LHC results…


E.Gschwendtner et al., La Thuile 2007

TARGET limitations of CNGS

* In front of an achivable 2.4*1020 pot/year with LINAR4+SPL+PS2

*

REAL life

Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

33

43.4m100m

1095m 18m 5m 5m67m

2.7m

TBID

Air cooled graphite target magazine– 4 in situ spares– 2.7 interaction lengths– Target table movable horizontally/vertically for alignment

• TBID multiplicity detector• 2 horns (horn and reflector)

– Water cooled, pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150/180kA, 0.3Hz, remote polarity change possible

• Decay pipe: – 1000m, diameter 2.45m, 1mbar vacuum

• Hadron absorber: – Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

• 2 muon monitor stations: muon fluxes and profiles

CNGS Secondary Beam Line

???? ?Is it possible to collect/collimatemuons companions of beam,as a sort of miniMUON factory ?

Upgrade CNGS with mMRD (mini Muon Ring Decay):

L. Stanco, S. Dusini, M. Mezzetto (Padova),working study in progress


Conclusions

• MNS elements: more measurements, better resolutions... • 13 driven measurement for NEAR future

BIG “question mark” to follow CP• side researches: absolutes masses, MAJORANA• Experimental QLC: Neutrino’s fairly complement to LHC

• Neutrinos mass and oscillations new history (many results in last 10 years but still far from settling them)

• Matrix of leptonic mixing clue issue

NEXT few years exciting (and unclear) !FAR future does not really exist out of …

present (almost funded) facilities (pessimistic/conservative view)


Backup Slides


unambiguous measurement of sin213

Osc.Prob (integr. over E) vs L


5 year onlyrun

for maximal atmospheric mixing

with m2≈2,5•10-3 eV2


Work in progress …


Beta beam: P. Zucchelli: Phys. Lett. B532:166, 2002

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