NCM104 -- C50 Immune Function

8/4/2019 NCM104 -- C50 Immune Function

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Copyright 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.4/13/12

The Immune SystemImmunity: the bodys specific protectiveresponse to invading foreign agent or

organism Immunopathology: the study of

diseases that result from dysfunction ofthe immune system

Immune disorders:Automimmunity

Hypersensitivty Gammopathies

Immune deficiencies: primary and secondary


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Development of Cells of the

Immune System


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LymphocytesB lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow; Tlymphocytes mature in the thymus where they alsodifferentiate into cells with various functions


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Lymphoid system- immuneresponse

Primary lymphoid organs

1. Thymus

production of t-cells

hormones that affect t-cells differentiation2. Bone marrow

Antigen processing

Cell-mediated and humoral immunityRecognition and removal of old cell


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Secondary lymphoid organ

Lymph nodes

Spleen

MucosalTonsils

Body recognizes foreign proteins -antigen



The complement response

Immune response without cellparticipation.

Complement CHON activate one or

more following responses.a. Phagocytosis

b. Inflammatory reaction

c. Cytotoxic function

d. If complement response is not controlled,host cells may be destroyed.



Immune Function Natural immunity: nonspecific response

to any foreign invader

White blood cell action: release cell mediators

such as histamine, bradykinin, andprostaglandins, and engulf (phagocytize) foreignsubstances

Inflammatory response

Physical barriers, such as intact skin, chemicalbarriers, and acidic gastric secretions orenzymes in tears and saliva

Acquired immunity: specific against a

foreign antigen



Stages of ImmuneResponse



Defenses

Phagocytic immune response

Humoral or antibodyresponse

Cellular immune response



Role of Antibodies Agglutination of antigens

Opsonization

Promote release of vasoactive substances;activation of complement system andphagocytosis

Act in concert with other components of theimmune system

Types of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE,IgG, andIgM



Antibody Molecule



AntigenAntibody Binding



Cellular Immune Response B lymphocytes: humoral immunity Produce antibodies or immunoglobulins

T lymphocytes: cellular immunity Attack invaders directly, secrete cytokines,

and stimulate immune system responses

Helper T cells

Cytotoxic T cells

Memory cells

Suppressor T cells (suppress immuneresponse)


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Non-T and Non-B

LymphocytesInvolved in Immune

Response Null cells Destroy antigen coated with antibody

Natural killer cells

Defend against microorganisms and somemalignant cells



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Complement-Mediated Immune Responses



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Variables That AffectImmune System Function Age and gender Nutrition

Presence of conditions and disorders:cancer/neoplasm, chronic illness,autoimmune disorders, surgery/trauma

Allergies History of infection and immunization Genetic factors Lifestyle

Medications and transfusions: see Table-



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Tests to Evaluate ImmuneFunction

WBC count and differential

Bone marrow biopsy

Humoral and cellularimmunity tests

Phagocytic cell functiontest

Complement componenttests

Hypersensitivty tests

Specific antigenantibody



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Organ transplantation

Treatment of choice for clients with end-stage disease

Types of rejection:

Hyperacute Acute

Chronic



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Treatment

Immunosuppressive medication :

a. Avoid exposure to infection

b. Use sunscreen

c. Report any sore throat, fever or othersigns or infection

d. No vaccines or immunity

e. Protective isolation


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Highlights of immuneresponse

Communication

Self-recognition, memory, specificity

Immuno-competent cell what belongs

Self-protein - self tolerance Defense mechanism

Bone marrow

Stem cells (lymphocytes T and B)

NCM104 -- C50 Immune Function

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