Navigation Engineering - Challenges for the New Decade

1Navigation EngineeringChallenges for the New Decade

Produced byWaterways Committee

and Navigation Engineering SubcommitteeCOPRIPresented by

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PresentedbyThomasH.WakemanIII

[email protected]

Our world appears to be getting smaller and moving faster because of advancing technology,

expanding global communications, and

The World is Changing!

expanding global communications, and liberalization of trade.

2World in 1990 World in 2010

2Major Events/Shifts of Last Decade

9/11 terrorist attacks in U S2001 TO 2010

9/11 terrorist attacks in U.S. Rapid trade liberalization Emergence of BRIC economies Nobel Peace Prize 2007 awarded to

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Al Gore

Global recession of 2008-2009 Shift in wealth to the Far East/China

What is on the horizon for the coming decade?

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2011 TO 2020

3Presentation Outline Navigation Engineering creating the

infrastructure connecting the worlds oceans with gcoastal/inland ports and their intermodal links

Marine Transportation System an evolving context for navigation engineering

Emerging Challenges infrastructure capacity and capability, shifting naval architecture, security risks, affordability realities, climate h d i t l

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change and environmental concerns Enhancing the Engineers Toolbox integrated

design, e-Navigation, sustainability, risk management, and asset management

Specialty Engineering Practice

What is navigation

ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERING

NAVIGATION ENGINEERING

navigation engineering?

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4What is Navigation Engineering?

Navigation Engineering (NE) is a civil i i i lt th t i l th lifengineering specialty that involves the life-

cycle planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of safe, secure, reliable, efficient, affordable, and environmentally sustainable navigation

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infrastructure (channels, structures, and support systems) used to move people and goods by waterborne vessels.

Navigation Infrastructure

Dredged and maintained channels Jetties at entrance channels to harbors Ship locks on coastal & inland waterways Harbor features including turning basins,

maneuvering areas, anchorages & berths

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Aids to navigations Plus hurricane barriers, salinity barriers,

sediment traps, diversions, dikes, etc.

5Three Separate Maritime Areas Closely Linked in Todays MTS

Open Ocean Areas

Coastal / Inland Waters

Port & Hinterland Areas

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Naval Architecture

Navigation Engineering

Source:NYC TransportedExploring New York City and its Waterfront

Port / Transportation Engineering

What is the MTS?

10Source: MTS National Advisory Council, 2009

6Marine Transportation System Todays global (and U.S.) economy is highly

dependent on the efficient uninterrupteddependent on the efficient, uninterrupted, and integrated operations of vital supply lines and logistic processes.

The Marine Transportation System, or MTS, is a public/private owned network of

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infrastructure (waterways, ports, and intermodal landside connections) that allows for the movement of people and goods to, from, and on the water globally.

U.S. MTS Infrastructure 25,000 miles of navigable channels; 238 locks at 192 locations; Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway; Over 3,700 marine cargo & passenger terminals; Numerous recreational marinas; Over 174,000 miles of rail connecting all 48

contiguous States, as well as Canada/Mexico;

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Over 45,000 miles of interstate highway, supported by over 115,000 miles of other connecting roadways; and

Over 1,400 designated intermodal connections.(Maritime Administration, 2009)

7MTS is Big Business for U.S.!It provides access to worldwide and domestic markets and is responsible for:

Value of waterborne cargo = $1 trillion per yearMoving 95% of International GoodsCarrying 25% of Domestic Goods

Supporting more than 13 million jobs Enabling oil imports of 9 million barrels per day

F i f 140 illi

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Ferrying of 140 million passengers per year Providing for 110,000 commercial fishing vessels Having 12 million recreational boats (registered).

MTS Evolving asGlobal System of Systems

Ocean-going vessels, waterways, and port g g , y , pactivities have become closely coupled to shore-based transportation activities including intermodal delivery systems.

Other systems functioning within the MTS i l d l b l l i ti t b i

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include global logistic system, business systems, and government system of laws and regulations for safety, security, labor, and environmental protection.

8What is the key trend that What is the key trend that will influence the future will influence the future

MTS?MTS?MTS?MTS?

Expansion ofExpansion ofGlobal TradeGlobal Trade

9World Seaborne Trade 1968-2008

TRIPLED in 40 years!

17(Source: http://www.marisec.org/shippingfacts/worldtrade/volume-world-trade-sea.php)

Transportation Demand Will GrowAs Population Expands and

Consumption Increases!Consumption Increases!

Outsourcing

Industrial Production Global Trade, Global Trade,

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Population

GrowthConsumptionConsumption

International Food Production

,,Transportation Transportation & MTS Growth& MTS Growth

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Most growthMost growth will be in the developing nations.

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What are the WARNINGTurbulence Turbulence emerging

challenges for the new decade?

Turbulence Turbulence AheadAhead

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decade?

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Emerging MTS Challenges

Shifting scales and transport connectivity Affordability realities & funding shortfalls Infrastructure capacity deterioration Environmental concerns Climate change

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Security and natural disaster risks Life cycle cost management

Commercial Shipping Fleet

General Cargo ships 17,104 Tankers 14,095 Bulk Carriers 7,787 Passenger ships 6,839 Container ships Container ships 4,6784,678

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Other 2,502 TOTAL 53,005

Source: Lloyd's Register Fairplay, July 2009

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Pre-Containerization Cargo handled piecemeal & many times Consolidation at port of loading Deconsolidation at port of discharge Inland transportation a distinct leg Port calls as necessary

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Shift to Containerization

Consolidation of cargo in containers started in US by Malcolm McLean

First vessel was converted tanker that

Ideal X

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First vessel was converted tanker that went from Newark, New Jersey to Houston, Texas on April 26, 1956

58 thirty-five foot containers on deck

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Container Advantages Greater efficiencies Increased speed to p

market shelf Reduced damage Reduced labor

costs Facilitates

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Facilitates intermodal cargo exchanges

U.S. Waterborne Foreign Containerized Trade: 1995-2009

of lo

aded

TE

Us

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Milli

ons

o

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2011

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Containership Evolution

27Source: C. Davis Rudolf III, Ship-to-Shore productivity: can it keep up with mega-ship size increases? Part 1, Port Technology International

Container Vessel Growth in US6000

EUs

2000

3000

4000

5000

ge C

apac

ity in

TE

2008

2010

28

0

1000

West Coast Gulf Coast East Coast

Aver

ag

Source: After W. Kemmsies, 2010, Moffatt & Nichols

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Modern Mega-containerships

The largest ships currently in operation are th M k E Cl t i hi (397the Maersk E-Class container ships (397 m Emma Maersk) carrying 13,500 TEU.

Five lines (Maersk, CMA CGM, MSC, Cosco and Zim) each have at least one mega-containership (10,000 TEU+).

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mega containership (10,000 TEU ). Maersk has now ordered 20 new vessels,

Triple-E class, 400+ m long with 10+ more proposed... which will carry 18,000 TEU.

Why? - Economies of Scale

As quantity of d tiproduction

increases from Q to Q2, the average cost of each unit

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decreases from C to C1.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Economies_of_scale.PNG

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Cost of ConstructionCost/DWT per DWT Bulkers

900

200300400500600700800900

Cos

t/DW

T ($

/ton)

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0100200

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000

DWT

C

Source: Tradewinds Sales and Purchase Data, November 2009

Global Container Flows 2007TRANS-ATLANTIC

6.3 million TEU

TRANS-PACIFIC

20.7 million TEU

32Source: Drewry Shipping Consultants

ASIA- N.EUROPE18.6 million TEU

INTRA-ASIA

28.3 million TEU

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14k Ship with Eight Gantry Cranes!

33Source: DPW_Daniela_14k.jpeg

Bigger Ships Mean Bigger Infrastructure - New $5B Panama Canal Expansion Opens in 2014

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Total excavation = 133 MCMOriginal 1914 construction = 205 MCM

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Infrastructure Misalignment!

Todays mega-ships are too big for last centurys channels and bridgeschannels and bridges.

Several dredging projects to deepen channels in ports including New York/New Jersey, Delaware River, etc. were designed with last years model ocean carrier.

Bridges with air draft limitations include Bayonne

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Bridges with air draft limitations include Bayonne (NY/NJ) and Gerald Desmond (LA/LB) are now the problem, not just depth.

Regina Maersk 1996

7 500 TEU

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7,500 TEU

NY/NJ Design Vessel Emma Maersk 2006

13,500 TEU

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2009 Infrastructure Report Card Grades

Aviation D Bridges C Dams D Drinking Water D- Energy D+ Hazardous Waste D Inland Waterways D- Levees D-

U.S.Transportation infrastructure is

aging and deteriorating!

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Rail C- Roads D-

America's Infrastructure GPA: D Estimated 5 Year Investment Need: $2.2 Trillion

Other Issues Competing supply chains Maritime assets

work collaboratively with other modes (road & y (rail) to provide door-to-door logistic services.

Emphasis on reliability Failure to provide freight on-time causes supply chains to move.

Tightening of budgets There has been a shift in engineering practice from new construction projects to managing operations and capacity d d ith i ti i f t t

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demands with existing infrastructure. Asset maintenance Protection to reduce

impact of aging assets on service, to extend their useful life, and to avoid supply chain disruptions because of infrastructure failure.

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Potential NE Responses Treat MTS as system and use Asset

Management strategies to guide decisions. Adopting Sustainability Principles in design,

such as systems architecture, win-with-nature and build-with-nature strategies, and resiliency engineering for all hazards mitigation and business continuity.

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Expanding Technology Applicationsincluding AIS, ECDIS, ship simulation studies, e-navigation, and interoperability principles to increase productivity.

Asset Management

Asset management is a life-cycle process where infrastructure and equipment arewhere infrastructure and equipment are monitored, maintained, and replaced to meet operational/business functions.

Asset management may apply to both tangible assets and to intangible concepts, such as intellectual property

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such as intellectual property. Considers all aspects of assets economic

life-cycle including its recycling or disposal.

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Strategic Property PerspectiveBusiness Asset Portfolio

InfrastructureOperations

Capital Investments

MaintenanceManagement

Inspections & Assessments

Asset Management

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OperationsCompleted ProjectsNew Projects

NE Response: Establish an asset management strategy to enable risk-informed, life cycle investment decisions across the corporate asset portfolio... Find the best use of the next dollar!

Designs for Sustainability Shift from historic tension between

environmental regulation and development toenvironmental regulation and development to harmonization among the corporate 3 Es.

Design with consideration/integration of: Environment Economy Equity

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PIANC approaches for engineered projects: Working with nature Building with nature

ASCE working on a policy statement

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Transportation as Major Source of Environmental Degradation

...and Climate Change?

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Yemen Terrorist Attack USS Cole October 2000

Port Security

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Seventeen American sailors were killed, and 39 were injured.

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Natural Disruptive Events

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Earthquakes: Haiti (2010), Chile (10), Japan (11) Hurricanes: Andrew (1992), Ivan (04), Katrina (05) Tidal waves (tsunami): Sumatra (04), Japan (11)

Resiliency CurvePreparation Recovery Time

onal

Cap

acity

Lost Performance

CurveBaseline

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Ope

rati

TimeShock

Resilient

Option #1

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Marine Domain Awareness USCGs VTS Center

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Application of New Technologies for Navigation and Security

AIS (Automatic Identification System) is an automated tracking system used on shipsautomated tracking system used on ships and by Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) for identifying and locating vessels by electronically exchanging data with other nearby ships and shore stations.

ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and

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ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System) is a computer-based navigation information system that complies with IMO regulations and can be used as an alternative to paper charts.

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Utilizing Technology to Enhance Navigational Performance

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e-Navigation Goals

Increase efficiency of harbors & waterwaysMaximize effective capacity of waterways Maximize effective capacity of waterways

Maximize the carrying capacity of vessels Reduce travel time Reduce transport costs Reduce fuel consumption

Provide efficient link between transport modes

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Provide efficient link between transport modes Reduce security vulnerability hazards Reduce polluting emissions and spills due to

accidents, illegal actions or normal operations

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Risk Management

An ever-increasing number of professionals and managers in industry government andmanagers in industry, government, and academia are devoting a larger portion of their time and resources to the task of improving their approach to, and understanding of, risk-based decision-making.

Risk management must be an integral part of the

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Risk management must be an integral part of the management of technology-based systems, where the failure of the system can be contributed by the hardware, the software, the organization, or the humans.

Calculating RiskRisk = [ Threat x Vulnerability x

Consequence ]Consequence ]

Threat potential cause of unwanted event Vulnerability likelihood that safeguards will fail

Consequence magnitude of the negative effects

While commercial aviation remains a possible target

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While commercial aviation remains a possible target, terrorists may turn their attention to other modes. Opportunities to do harm are as great or greater in maritime or surface transportation

- 9/11 Commission Report

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UnacceptableConsequences

Understanding Risk

Risk ReductionMitigation Measures

Ri k A

Consequences

Likelihood

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Risk AcceptanceBaseline Protection

Consequence

I SIn Summary

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Emerging NE Challenges

Increasing infrastructure capacity requirements for waterways and portsfor waterways and ports

Aging and deteriorating infrastructure, particularly for inland waterways

Funding shortfalls with emphasis on affordability and public/private financing partnershipsF t i bilit d ili i l di

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Focus on sustainability and resiliency including response to potential impacts of climate change, environmental protection strategies, and preparations for natural or terrorist disruptions

Enhancing Engineers Toolbox

Systems assessment and integrated design Sustainability analyses including

incorporation of resiliency measures Asset management strategies Develop risk analysis, management and

mitigation measures

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mitigation measures Expand use of technology applications

including e-navigation and interoperability communication tools and principles.

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Technical Information Sources forNavigation Engineering

ASCE Manuals & Journals

PIANC Working Group ReportsJournals

50: Small Craft Harbors 65: Dredging 94: Inland Waterways 107: Ship Channels 116: Navigation

Engineering & Ethics

Reports WG6: Sustainable Inland

Waterways 102: Minimizing Harbor

Siltation 106: Innovations in Lock

Design

U S A C f

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Transportation Research Board (TRB) Reports & Research Record

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Manuals

U.S. Navy Manuals

Educational/Research Resourcesfor Navigation Engineering

Mississippi State UniversitySt I tit t f T h l Stevens Institute of Technology

University of Hawaii McNeese State University Johns Hopkins University University of Florida Florida Institute of Technology

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Florida Institute of Technology University of Alaska Texas A&M University Others in U.S. and overseas

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Questions or Comments?

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Navigation Engineering CertificationThe Academy of Coastal , Ocean, Ports, and Navigation Engineering recognizes those individuals who have excelled in one or more ofindividuals who have excelled in one or more of the sub-disciplines of COPRI, including Navigation Engineering. To learn more about the Academy and certification as a Diplomate, Navigation Engineering, please visit: http://content.asce.org/acopne/index.html

6060

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Navigation Engineering - Challenges for the New Decade

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