Navel  Orangeworm  Management    

Walt  Bentley,  Mario  Viveros,  Brent  Holtz  and  David  Doll  

Historical Almond Inedibles (NP), 1980-2005: Where We Are

Major  Pest  Management  Concerns  for  the  Almond  

Industry      Ø EffecFve  damage  reducFon.  

Ø Safety  of  almonds  from  natural  and  chemical  contaminants    Ø The  public  (customers)  are  environmentally  aware  of  their  food.    Ø Encroachment  of  urban  areas  on  Ag  lands.  Ø Worker  health  and  safety.    

InsecFcide  Changes  in  UC  Guidelines    •  1973  

–  Dormant  oils  –  Parathion  –  Diazinon  –  Trithion  –  Ethion  –  Sevin  –  Guthion    –  Chlorobenzilate  –  Methyl  bromide    –  White  wash  

•  2013  –  Dormant  Oil  –  Esteem/Seize  –  Clinch  –  Applaud  –  Confirm    –  Intrepid  –  Success  –  Phostoxin  –  Lorsban    –  Pounce/Ambush  –  Diazinon  –  Sevin  –  Imidan  –  Asana/Warrior/Scout  –  Supracide  –  White  wash  –  Proclaim  –  Altacor  –  Belt  

NOW Life Stages

Sources  of  NOW  

Winter Mummy Removal and NOW Harvest Infestation, A Sampling in

Merced and Madera (NP)

AVERAGE # MUMMIES

PER TREE # Farmers

AVERAGE % NOW INFESTATION AT HARVEST

<2 (0 - 1.9) 15 1.69 (0 - 5)

>2 (2.6 - 177) 21 3.53 (0.2 - 14)

Egg  Trap  Monitoring  

Early Harvest - Relationship Between NOW Egg Deposition and Infestation,

Wasco, CA

Predicting Third Generation  

NOW Control 2011 Holtz/Bentley

NOW Control 2011 Holtz/Bentley

SelecFve  Material  Integrate  with  Biocontrol    

Timing is Critical From Zalom and Neiderholzer 2011

Hullsplit and Shell Seal (Factors in Nut Susceptibility)

   

Shell Seal, Nonpareil, 1998

(% nuts in each category)

MaFng  DisrupFon  of  NOW?  

Is  There  a  Be\er  Way?  

If  Not  a  Be\er  Nonpareil  

•  70%  of  almond  crop  exported    •  Aflatoxin  is  a  major  concern  of  importers,  primarily  Europe  – Less  NOW  in  Fght  sealed  nuts  =  less  aflatoxin  

•  Can  E.  coli  be  reduced  through  be\er  shell  seal?  

•  Conclusion:  Look  to  be\er  sealed  varieFes  with  characterisFcs  of  NP  

PrognosFcaFons  (Give  me  20  years)  

•  ApplicaFon  Equipment  will  be  more  efficient  with  less  potenFal  for  dric.  

•  Chemicals  will  be  conFnue  to  be  selecFve  and  based  on  the  insect’s  regulatory  system.  –  There  will  sFll  be  a  need  for  some  broad  spectrum  materials,  but  will  be  used  for  only  a  few  pests  

•  Food  a\ractants  or  volaFles  will  become  more  important  for  managing  NOW.  

•  Pheromone  for  NOW  will  aid  understanding  of  pest  dynamics  but  used  with  food  volaFels  

•  SanitaFon  and  early  harvest  will  remain  keys  to  management.  

•  A  shic  in  varieFes  will  be  made,  at  least  for  the  export  market