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Path Description (the numbering matches the one on the map) Rizzitano Path opens (1) at the southern entry of the Mediterranean Biodiversity Park (28). Walk westwards, along via Scuola Agraria, in the direction of the park’s western entry. On the left there is the Istituto di Istruzione Superiore “Vittorio Emanuele II” historical building (2). On the right, besides an orderly Italian style garden (3), stands the contour of the Historical Military Museum “Brigata Catanzaro” (4). Go beyond the park’s western entry gate (6) and carry on straight. The road descends slightly passing by the Tower of Catanzaro’s Old Water Main (10). Beyond the tower the path becomes steeper and an abrupt turn leads into the underpass through which you can cross Catanzaro’s Western Orbital Road. Once passed that the path displays some of the most interesting naturalistic attractions of the whole nature trail. On the steep NW slope we can observe a stretch of the Mediterranean forest in different evolutionary stages. There are small formations of meadows where the Ampelodesmos mauritanicus prevails, as well as little garrigues and layers of vegetation made up of Cistus salvifolius, C. monspeliensis and C. eriocephalus (13). In this area you can find wreck patches of deciduous forest vegetation where the Quercus virgiliana (11) dominates and the evergreen Mediterranean forest with some Quercus ilex specimens (12). Along this part of the path you can see several other species characterizing the Mediterranean maquis. The physiognomically most meaningful ones among them are Rhamnus alaternus, Pistacia lentiscus, Myrtus communis and Fraxinus ornus. Unfortunately there are also a good quantity of exotic species widespread introduced for ornamental or reforestation purposes and some (such as the Pinus halepensis) tend to reproduce spontaneously. We do hope that in the future these kinds of vegetation will not take possession of the local species area. Taking a careful look at the many evolutionary stages of the vegetation here well represented (like the meadow, the bush and the forest) the concept of ecological succession (or vegetation series) can be easily understood. Moreover there are reasons of geological interest too. In this first pathway in fact we can notice interesting schist surfacing formations. The road then descends once more into a deep sheer sided valley on the left. Its slopes are apparently unsteady. Going farther you get to the lowest area of the path, along a lane edging a Riding Stables Centre, “Valle dei Mulini” (Mill’s Valley) (14). A little onwards, up north, you wade through a modest bourn on whose banks you can identify some specimen of Salix alba (15), a woody species typically riparian. Here starts an upward point of the lane where in springtime you can observe some specimen of Saponaria calabrica (16). Continuing upwards along the lane there is a rest area (17). Following the rising road you can see some Robinia pseudacacia samples (18). The plant, originally North American, has widely been exploited in order to stabilize slopes and road and railway escarpments, often escaping cultivation and getting invasive. Along this side of the path you can see some granite outcrops (19). A little farther there are wide Arbutus unedo spots (20) near a belvedere (21). Going on the path leads you to the Barite Mine (22). The mineral was used in manufacturing, yet some decades ago barite extracting in this site became unprofitable, therefore the activity came to an end. Even though no longer used for many years, the mine definitely deserves a short visit. Looking at the burrows (remaining outside because of obvious security reasons!) through the mouths of the mines spread along the lane, we can understand the miner’s hardships and inconvenience. From the mine you need to go back to the former detour. At this point there is a quite steep track where some Quercus suber samples can be seen (23). Climbing it up again you are lead into a nature trail road easy to walk through. On the left, and partially on the right as well, you can distinguish well organized olive groves (24). On the right, just beyond these fields, “Ciaccio” Hospital can be identified (25). Olive cultivation, and these remaining cultivar Carolea olive groves are a proof of it, has had a very old tradition in this area of Calabria. On the left, in many points, there are Laurus nobilis umbriferous groves (26). Walking along the main road for a few hundred meters there is a bridge where you can bypass Catanzaro’s Western Orbital Road. Here the nature trail ends and going southwards there is the Sculpture Park (27) where internationally known artists’ works are kept. Walking farther on there are other attractions in the Biodiversity Park, like the Labyrinth (28). Always keeping the same direction you can find the Park’s southern entry (29), within the path’s starting point immediate reach. This is the end of your excursion.

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3. Mediterranean Biodiversity Park The Mediterranean Biodiversity Park, although not formally a protected area, is a green area that covers approximately 60 hectares in the town of Catanzaro. The idea of the park, which opened in 2004, is a project of environmental rehabilitation of the former Istituto Tecnico Agrario farm, proposed by the institute in order to avoid the risk of overbuilding. Since 2002, the Provincial Administration of Catanzaro, after adopting that project, has achieved massive landscape interventions aimed to the development of the biodiversity and the construction of a multifunctional area. Today the Park is a multi‐thematic system in which the naturalistic dimension is intertwined with the cultural, sporting and recreational one. The park houses the headquarters of the CRAS (Wild Animals Rescue Centre), the MUSMI (see Military History Museum “Catanzaro Brigade”) and the Provincial Police Force, while the valley houses the Riding Centre “Valley of the Mills”. In the park you pass seamlessly from the use of the most strictly naturalistic aspects to the contact with a cultural dimension of international breath, whose highest expression is the prestigious open‐air collection of contemporary art. In fact since 2005 the Park has had a valuable heritage of sculptures, immersed in the landscape (see International Sculpture Park) .

4. Bioclimate The area where the Rizzitano Trail is and, more generally, the town of Catanzaro and the Biodiversity Park, is characterized by a Mediterranean climate with the alternation of mild, wet winters and hot and dry summers.

Tab. 1 ‐ Average rate of the rainfalls and temperatures in the thermo‐pluviometric station of Catanzaro.

Months Rainfall (1916-2005)

Temperatures (1924-2005)

January 136.2 8.7 February 108.8 8.9

March 105.3 10.4 April 67.4 13.2 May 41.8 17.2 June 21.0 21.7 July 15.8 24.4

August 21.8 24.9 September 54.7 22.1

October 106.8 17.9 November 148.1 13.8 December 149.5 10.2

977.0 16.1 According to the bioclimatic classification made by Rivas‐ Martinez, the area crossed by the Rizzitano Trail belongs to the Mediterranean macrobioclimate, Mesomediterranean thermotype, wet umbrotype.

5. Geology The area of the Rizzitano Trail belongs, like the whole Central and Southern Calabria, to the geological domain of the Calabrian‐Peloritan Arc. It is a geological formation considered as a fragment of the Alpine chain, distinguishable from the rest of the Southern Apennines for its tectonic, non limestone units, which are metamorphic or crystalline. The Calabrian‐Peloritan Arc extends from the Sangineto line northward, to the Taormina line southward, and it is a block which, detached from the Sardinian‐Corsican complex in the Miocene, moved towards the SE direction until the today position. As a result of the pressure exerted by

the African to the appelook.

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crystalline sandstones). On the contrary, the poly‐mineralogical and poly‐crystalline sandstones derive by the diagenesis of the sands formed as a result of a weathering degradation and associated deposition of sedimentary rocks, metamorphic shale derived from them and acidic igneous rocks. The sandstones are widely used in construction, such as building materials, coatings and as a refractory element. Clay ‐ This term defines an extremely fine not lithified sediment (granule diameter < 2μm) which consists mainly of silicate‐aluminum hydrates belonging to the class of the phyllosilicates. The minerals that make up clay are all belonging to the subclass of the phyllosilicates collectively defined as clay minerals. The Al hydrated silicates sometimes also contain Fe, Mg, K, Ca, Na, with a lamellar structure, known as clay minerals that can be grouped for analogy of structure and chemical composition, essentially in the three groups of kaolinite (kanditi), montmorillonite (smectites) and illite (idromiche). The genesis of the clay minerals in the rocks is secondary for chemical weathering (in an acidic or alkaline context) of siliceous igneous rocks, for deposition from hydrothermal solutions, low‐grade metamorphism (in the case of chlorites). The formation of the clays as loose clastic sediments, as soils, occurs by the leaching of rocks containing clay minerals, with the concentration of the fine sediment, after a long transport predominantly in water, lake, marine, lagoon environments but also for the action of the glaciers (moraines) or winds (loess). The clay minerals have particular physical‐chemical characteristics, such as the micrometric size of the crystals which involve considerable capacities for water absorption, ion exchange and fixation of cations. These features give the clay sediment a significant plasticity when mixed with water and refractoriness if dehydrated; these properties have allowed the development of brick and ceramic industries. The clays, due to the extremely small size of the particles and the high absorption capacity are, together with the silt and clay silts, pseudo‐coherent rocks, i.e. rocks whose mechanical characteristics are determined by the cohesion between the particles (and hence the state of hydration) rather than by the friction between the same. Conglomerates ‐ They are clastic sediments derived from the dismantling of older formations by the agents of erosion or exogenous agents (weathering, currents, landslides), both in the underwater environment and subaerial one. The mechanisms of deposition of these sediments are mainly fluvial in continental environment and they are gravitational in the marine environment, at the base of the continental scarps. The conglomerates are classified in rubbles and pudding stones. The first ones are rudites whose sediment consists of gravel with clasts and sharp edges. They are characterized by low textural maturity as the granules are bad assembled and possess different dimensions among them. The latter are conglomerates in which the pebbles are rounded. The word “pudding stone” is rarely used and replaced by the generic term “conglomerate”. Diorite ‐ Intrusive meso‐silicic igneous rock, i.e. with an average content of silica and a granular structure as a granite, but with a gray and a gray‐green colour. It is poor or lacking in quartz and orthoclase; it contains mainly plagioclase and a certain amount of biotite and amphiboles. It is known as a building ornamental stones. Granite ‐ Intrusive igneous (formed by the slow cooling of magma at a depth of 1.5–50 km) and felsic rock (a term derived from the association of words “feldspar” and “silica” indicating the mineral rich in light elements such as Si, O, Al, Na and K), grain sized ranging from medium to coarse and occasionally it may present mega‐crystals. Its name comes from the Latin granum (in grains), with a clear reference to its olo‐crystalline structure. Il granite has quartz contents ranging between 20 and 60%. The other essential minerals are the feldspars, the plagioclases and the micas. If the plagioclase is almost entirely albite, the granite takes the name of sodium granite; if in the rock there is also rhombic pyroxene, it takes the name of charnockitic granite. Another variety of granite are leuco‐granites, in which the mafic minerals are extremely reduced. The average density of granite is 2.75 g/cm3 with a range from 1.74 g/cm3 to 2.80 g/cm3.

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The “Molino Mastricarro” Barite Mine The infrastructures of the Barite Mine along the trail are of natural, archeologic and industrial interest. The presence of barite and galena in the Fiumarella of Catanzaro was already known in the late '800; in fact, in his geological description of Calabria in 1934, Emilio Cortese indicated the presence of these mineralizations; in 1964, the Società Industrie Minerarie Meridionali S.p.a. undertook a careful geo‐mining study of the Molino Mastricarro locality, in which the presence of a substantial barite mineralization was found and it obtained the mining concession named “Mine of barite Mastricarro” in July 1967, on 155.21 ha of surface and for a period of 15 years. The work of mining cultivation began in the period 1968‐1969 by the method of “cutting in direction” which was later abandoned in favour of the most safe and productive method “in chambers and pillars”. So the exploitation of the particularly irregular barite veins begins, within the igneous‐metamorphic substrate, with an average production of about 80,000 tons of barite per year. The ore mined consisted of gangue barite and of granodiorite and porphyry. It was transported to the enrichment plant (laundry) where it was subjected to various stages of processing (crushing, hydro‐gravimetric pre‐enrichment, primary grinding, flotation, barite flotation, decantation, filtration, drying, secondary grinding, silos storage and bagging); a high quality barite was obtained and it was used primarily as a white pigment in the paint industry. The workforce of the mine at full capacity was made up of about 27 people, but in 1979 the reservoir began to run out. Various surveys of research verified the shrinkage and disappearance of the lines in the north central part of the mine; various breakings of the wall rocks, which landslide areas on the surface corresponded, showing the disappearance of the lines that maybe were located on different levels making it difficult to find them and the continuation of the work. Over 100 million Italian liras were spent to search in the north but with negative results. The deposit was therefore considered exhausted and on June 3rd, 1980, the Società Industrie Minerarie Meridionali (SAMIN Group) gave up the concession of the mine abandoning approximately 5,000 m of tunnels. The mine was made safe by closing all entrances of the tunnels through concrete walls with a thickness of 40 cm. Name Barite (or barytes) Formula Barium sulfate BaSO4 Hardness 3‐3.5 Specific gravity 4.48 (high for a non‐metallic mineral)Colour Usually white or colourless, but also greenish, yellowish, red, blue, brown Brightness Vitreous to pearly Transparency Translucent to transparentCrystals It crystallizes in the rhombic system and the crystals are predominantly tabular, clear or differently

coloured. Flaking In parallelepiped shapes, perfect in one direction, weak in the other ones. Genesis It is formed by deposit of hydrothermal solutions, especially at high temperatures; it can form veins

or it can be “gangue” of metal deposits, or sedimentary deposits. Deposits United States (Oklahoma, Connecticut and Colorado), England, Germany, Russia and in a lesser

amount Romania, Czech Republic and Saxony. Background The name comes from the Greek word barys = heavy, because of the very high specific gravity. For

a long time it was considered a worthless mineral; during the Middle Ages the alchemists discovered, thanks to the barite, the phenomenon of luminescence and this was called “the phosphorus stone of Bologna”. Currently the barite tends to be increasingly used in industry.

Utilization The 75‐80 % of the extracted barite is used to make heavier the mud drilling in the oil industry. For its weight it is used primarily as a heavy mud or bentonite mud in oil drilling to support the walls of the wells. The rest is used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, in the production of colours (such as white pigment) in the textile, paper, rubber (tennis balls contain about 10% barite) industries; for the glass, as a material of departure for the production of barium salts, in radiology for opaque liquids of contrast and to achieve the walls for radiation protection in radiology rooms of the hospitals; in the production of heavy concrete, in the cableways, for nuclear power plants and for ballast washing machines and cranes; small quantities are transformed into metal. The crystallized barite is destined to the mineral collectors’ market.

In the studinatural edaLaboratory on soil samp

TextSkeleton: 12,TYPE OF SOILSand: 83% Silt: 10,50% Clay: 6,50%

pH: 7.73 ( suTotal LimestoActive LimesHumidity: 7 %Organic CarbOrganic MattCalcium: 4.5 Magnesium:

ied area seveaphic conditiof Agricultuples taken in

SAMPture (physico‐,27 g L: sandy

Chemicb‐ alkaline) one: absent tone: absent % bon: 0.72% ter: 1.243 % (mg/kg 1.2 mg/kg

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Some samples

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SkeleTYPESandSilt: Clay

pH: 6TotaActivHumOrgaOrgaCalciMag

© 2014 Istituto

ursion Guide v

s of barite.

ut in order tzitano Trail. Cne Superioreil have provid

Texture eton: 29 gE OF SOIL: sand: 72% 14,47% : 13,32%

6.8 ( neutral)l Limestone: ave Limestone:midity: 30% anic Carbon: 1anic Matter: 2ium: 4.0 mg/kgnesium: 1.2 m

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SAMPLE NR. 3 SAMPLE NR. 4

Texture (physico‐mechanical analysis) Texture (physico‐mechanical analysis)Skeleton: 29 g TYPE OF SOIL: loamy sand Sand : 76% Silt : 20% Clay : 4%

Skeleton: 30 gTYPE OF SOIL: sandy Sand : 84,11% Silt : 13,66% Clay : 2,21%

Chemical analysis Chemical analysis pH: 7.4 ( sub‐ alkaline) Total Limestone : absent Active Limestone : absent Humidity : 5 % Organic Carbon : 1.03 % Organic Matter : 1.776 % ( poor ) Calcium: 4.4 mg / kg Magnesium: 1.2 mg / kg

pH 7.1 ( neutral)Total Limestone : absent Active Limestone : absent Humidity : 16% Organic Carbon : 0.97% Organic Matter : 1.6% ( poor ) Calcium: 4.5 mg / kg Magnesium: 1.2 mg / kg


Texture (physico‐mechanical analysis) Texture (physico‐mechanical analysis)Skeleton: 29,6 g TYPE OF SOIL: loamy sand Sand : 66% Silt : 1.6% Clay: 14%

Skeleton: 20 gTYPE OF SOIL: sandy Sand : 64% Silt : 5 % Clay : 2%

Chemical analysis Chemical analysis pH: 7.3 ( sub‐ alkaline) Total Limestone : absent Active Limestone : absent Humidity : 24% Organic Carbon : 0.6% Organic Matter : 1% (very poor ) Calcium: 4.4 mg / kg Magnesium: 1.2 mg / kg

pH 7.2 ( neutral)Total Limestone : absent Active Limestone: absent Humidity : 12% Organic Carbon : 0.975 % Organic Matter : 1.68% ( poor ) Calcium: 4.4 mg / kg Magnesium: 4.2 mg / kg


Texture (physico‐mechanical analysis) Texture (physico‐mechanical analysis)Skeleton: 37 g TYPE OF SOIL: sandy ‐ loamy Sand : 75 % Silt : 12.67% Clay : 12.21%

Skeleton: 26,99 gTYPE OF SOIL: sandy Sand : 97.16 % Silt : 8.9% Clay : 3.9%

Chemical analysis Chemical analysis pH: 7.2 ( neutral) Total Limestone: absent Active Limestone : absent Humidity : 16% Organic Carbon : 1.131 % Organic Matter : 1.9 % ( poor ) Calcium: 4.6 mg / kg Magnesium: 4.2 mg / kg

pH 7 ( neutral)Total Limestone: absent Active Limestone : absent Humidity : 13% Organic Carbon : 1,209 % Organic Matter : 2.08% (on average provided) Calcium: 4.0 mg / kg Magnesium: 1.2 mg / kg

6. Vascu Flora repreMediterrandifferent faThen the faspecies eacspecies are Lamiaceae flora providabout its hiThe chorologeographic interested expected toMediterranamounts tocharacter ocosmopolitasettlement represents the massivea biologica"biodiversitsome exotic

ular flora

esents the wean Biodiveramilies. The amily of the ch, and the the Scrophu(Labiatae), Rdes valuableistory of antogical spectrdistributionarea are tho be found ean compono 52.1% of thof this flora. an, adventitiof an area, the true cone presence ol richness oty" cannot bc tree or bus

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whole of plarsity Park attmost represFabaceae (LBrassicacea

ulariaceae, ARosaceae ane informationthrophizationrum provide. According te Steno‐Mein the floranent of the he total florThe less chaious and cultin this case

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ant species tests the presented famiLeguminosaeae (CruciferaApiaceae (Umd several otn about then. Very usefes an overvito the availaediterraneana of an areapark's flora a. It is a veraracteristic ctivated spece is high. Thegradation ofd species. Thmore appar from that oautomatic ar

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in a given esence of at ly is that ofe) with 23, tae) with 13 mbelliferae), thers. The que ecological ul is the anaew of the fble informat and the Eua located in(Steno‐, Eury high valuecomponent ies, usually ahe total amof the park's his is in contrrent than reof "naturalitrithmetic inc

© 2014 Istituto

ursion Guide v

area. The least 268 vaf the Asteracthe Liliaceaespecies. OtBoraginaceauantitative acharacteristialysis of the flora of the tion, the preuri‐Mediterrn the Mediteri‐, W‐Medite, which tesof each floraa direct consount of thesflora and therast with theeal. It shouy" and thererease of biod

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study of thescular specieceae (Compoe and Poaceather importaae, Caryophyand qualitatiics of the inchorologicaarea from tvalent choroanean oneserranean ent., Medit.‐Tutifies the esa, i.e. the sesequence of se species ise level of bioe name of thuld be noteefore it is nodiversity.

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16 – Floristic ce area of the iterranean Bioby families. Tde each histognumber of spe

e vascular fes distributeositae) withae (Gramineant families yllaceae, Eupive charactenterested arl and biologthe point ofotypes of thes. This resulnvironment. uranian, Medssentially Meet of cosmopthe processes 17.2%. Thisological polluhe park, whicd that the ot enough t


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odiversity he number gram shows ecies.

flora of theed among 67 44 species.eae) with 14with fewer

phorbiaceae,rization of aea, but alsogical spectra.f view of itse flora of thet is what isIn fact, thedit.‐Atlantic)editerraneanpolitan, sub‐es of humans high valueution due toch alludes toconcept ofo transplant

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© 2014 Istituto

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SWCECISUMEORENEUMEEUCUCOSUS-EUALPAEUST

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Mediterranean forests. Of course these techniques, could also be applied to the Mediterranean Biodiversity Park, even as a result of a possible institutional collaboration between the Istituto di Istruzione Superiore "V. Emanuele II "and the Park's Administration. The ecological meaning exactly opposite to that of exotic, cultivated and cosmopolitan flora (sometimes called "trivial" flora) is that of endemic flora. The most typical and characteristic chorological element of a flora is the endemic one. An endemic species is restricted to a certain geographical area, usually limited. Therefore, this floristic component, in each flora, is an exclusive component and therefore extremely valuable. The counterpart of the richness of exotic and cosmopolitan species in the flora of the park is the relative poverty of endemic species. The level of endemism within the Park is 1.9%, a very low rate for a Mediterranean context such as that investigated. The relative amount of these two important parameters of the floristic composition of the area (especially trivial/endemic species) is consistent with a general low state of naturalness and conservation of this region. Another important element that comes out from the flora of the area, as mentioned above, is the biological spectrum, i.e. the percentage distribution of different biological forms present in an area. The Raunkiaer system classifies plants on the basis of the adaptations evolved to overcome the adverse season. The variability of the vascular plants is reduced to only 6 categories (biological forms). The statistical analysis of biological forms is useful to highlight the prevalent adaptations in a flora, the correlation with the climatic characteristics and to make comparisons between the floras of different territories. Tab. 2 – Biological forms of vascular plants according to Raunkiaer. biological form description

therophyte plant that overcome the adverse period as a seed; annual plant present only for a few months in the year, during which it germinates, grows, flourishes and spreads; finally it dries up and dies;

hemicryptophyte herbaceous perennial plant that overcome the adverse season with overwintering buds at ground level, protected by the remains of the dried aerial part of the plant, which dries up and is renewed annually;

geophyte herbaceous perennial plant provided with underground organs (rhizomes, bulbs) in which are stored the gems that will produce the aerial part of the plant during the favourable period;

hydrophyte aquatic plant;

chamaephyte small shrub that stores the buds on woody branches to a height not exceeding 20 cm above the ground;

phanerophyte plant that keeps the buds on woody stems above 20 cm from the ground; this category includes trees and shrubs as well as the nano‐phanerophyte, up to 2‐3 m tall shrubs.

The biological spectrum of the flora of the Park (Fig. 19) shows a strong hemicryptophytic component. Although this biological form is usually prevalent in cold climates, it is not uncommon that this is also abundant in disturbed Mediterranean environments. The therophytic component, which is also quite abundant, is rather typical of arid climates since this strategy allows the plant to survive as a seed. The phanerophytes are quite numerous, partly because of the many exotic tree species. Native flora (ecological and physionomic significativity) As before illustrated, it is clear that the flora showing the greatest natural interests and conservation importance is that native of a specific area. Since it is impossible in this space to summarize the morphological and ecological description of all the species found in the park, we will limit ourselves to the most important species of shrubs and trees, that because of their morphology, they have the greatest physionomic impact and ecological significativity. The following synthetic cards describe the most interesting species of the Park.

biologic

HemicryptoTherophytePhanerophGeophyte ChamaephNanophaneHelophyte

Fig. 19 –

Latin Name Common NaFamily Description

Biologic formChorotype Latin Name

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© 2014 Istituto

ursion Guide v

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Common Name strawberry tree Family EricaceaeDescription Bush, shrub or tree (1‐8 m), evergreen; trunk short, erect, densely branched and sinuous,

reddish‐ochraceous and tomentose young branches, reddish‐brown, wrinkled thin bark; alternate, simple short petiolate, persistent leaves, leathery, oblong and lanceolate lamina, with acute apex and serrated margin, dark green, glossy upper surface; hermaphrodite flowers in corymbs of 15‐30, terminals at branches, pendulous and pentamers, with calyx reduced to 5 short green lacinias with whitish margin; urceolate, creamy‐white tinged with pink corolla, and hairy mouth with 5 small reflected teeth, including 10 stamens with iron‐coloured anthers and 2 yellow cornets, carpel in superior ovary, with 1 cylindrical style, dark green lobed stigma; long spherical petiolate fruit berries, orange‐purple in colour with grainy skin, yellowish tender flesh, containing 10‐50 elliptical seeds, light brown in colour.

Biologic form Phanerophyte Chorotype Steno‐Mediterranean (Mediterranean coasts) Latin Name Calicotome infesta (C. Presl) Guss. subsp. infestaCommon Name thorny broom Family FabaceaeDescription Densely branched shrub 1.5‐3 m tall, greenish branches, forming plugs at the ends, leaves

divided into three oval or elliptical leaflets; papilionaceous yellow flowers in fascicles of 2‐15 leaf axil; oblong fruit and legume with dense yellowish pubescence.

Biologic form Phanerophyte Chorotype Steno‐Mediterranean (Mediterranean coasts) Latin Name Cistus creticus L. subsp. eriocephalus (Viv.) Greuter & BurdetCommon Name Hairy Rockrose Family CistaceaeDescription Evergreen shrub, 30‐100 cm tall; very branched stems, woody at the base, greyish‐white and

woolly apex, covered with simple hairs mixed with stellate hairs; reddish‐brown bark; shortly petiolate, opposite, ovate‐elliptic, pubescent, not viscous leaves, wrinkled surface; solitary or few, conspicuous flowers; its corolla consists of 5 (2‐3 cm) deep pink wrinkled‐looking petals, numerous stamens, calyx with 5 unequal, ovate‐acuminate sepals; ovoid‐globose capsule fruit.

Biologic form Nano‐Phanerophyte Chorotype Steno‐Mediterranean (Mediterranean coasts) Latin Name Cistus monspeliensis L. Common Name narrow leaved cistus, Montpellier cistusFamily CistaceaeDescription Evergreen, aromatic shrub (30‐100); erected, bushy, very branching stems, woody at the base,

velvety and sticky at the top; brown bark; opposite, sessile, dark‐green, wrinkled‐reticulate leaves with 3 parallel nerves; inflorescences in erect racemes, with 2‐8 ± unilateral hermaphrodite flowers, arranged on long stalks (2‐4 cm); 5 mm capillary pedicels; persistent calyx with 5 ovate‐acuminate, heart‐shaped sepals, of which the three external ones larger than the two internal ones; corolla (2‐3 cm), 5 no margin white petals (10 mm); capsule glabrous fruit, 4 mm, and ovate‐globose, blackish‐brown in colour.

Biologic form Nano‐Phanerophyte Chorotype Steno‐Mediterranean (Mediterranean coasts) Latin Name Cistus salvifolius L. Common Name sage‐leaved rock rose Family CistaceaeDescription Evergreen shrub (30‐60 cm); branched stems, tomentose woody at the base; opposite, shortly

petiolate (2‐4 mm), wrinkled‐crosslinked leaves with rib picking, green‐gray coloured with abundant stellate hairs especially on the underside; oval or elliptical (15‐30 x 8‐15 mm) leaf blade, often rounded at the apex; hermaphroditic solitary or sometimes paired flowers (4‐5 cm), pendulous before anthesis, arranged on long stalks (3‐10 cm), persistent calyx with 5 oval‐heart‐shaped‐pubescent sepals, of which the 3 external ones larger than the 2 internal ones, corolla with 5 white petals (1.5‐2 cm) with yellow nail; numerous stamens with yellow‐orange filaments



and anthers; pubescent, blackish‐brown, globose‐pentagon capsule fruit.

Biologic form Nano‐Phanerophyte Chorotype Steno‐Mediterranean (Mediterranean coasts) Latin Name Crataegus monogyna Jacq.Common Name hawthorn Family RosaceaeDescription Small tree (up to 12 m) or shrub (2‐5 m); sinuous trunk, branching at the base; lateral twigs

ending with sharp and dark thorns (about 2 cm); deciduous leaves, alternate, simple, shiny green leaves, bright top page, glaucescent lower page, glabrous, diamond‐shaped or oval, toothed margin, divided into 3‐7 very deep lobes with entire margin and having only a few tooth apex; grooved petiole, on the insertion of the branches there are toothed and glandulous stipules; fragrant flowers , white or pinkish, in simple or compound erected corymbs, with hairy stalks, deciduous bracts with entire or denticulate margin, calyx with 5 triangular‐ovate lacinias; corolla with 5 subround petals, purple stamens in number multiple of petals (15‐20); glabrous monocarpel ovary, greenish white stylus with a flattened stigma, rare flowers with 3 styles; fruits gathered in dense clusters, drupes (7‐10 mm), red and fleshy at maturity, apex crowned by the remnants of calicine lacinias, containing a single seed yellow‐brown coloured.

Biologic form Phanerophyte Chorotype Eurasiatic (Europe to Japan) and Paleotemperate‐Eurasiatic (also in Northern Africa) Latin Name Cytisus villosus Pourret Common Name hairybroom Family FabaceaeDescription Shrub (1‐2 m), numerous branches, woody, striped green stem, young whitish branches for thick

hair; leaves with short petioles, lamina divided into three elliptic leaflets, completely separate and petiolate, the median one the largest; fragrant flowers, about 3 cm, calyx with dark lips, corolla beautifully yellow coloured, gathered in 1‐3 at the axil of the upper leaves; curved legume fruit (2‐4 cm), silvery‐white for the thick hair.

Biologic form Phanerophyte Chorotype W‐Mediterranean Latin Name Erica arborea L. Common Name tree heath Family EricaceaeDescription Evergreen shrub or small tree (1‐6 m), upright, dense and branched foliage, opposite branches,

the young ones densely pubescent, reddish bark of the stems; leaves needle‐like, 4‐whorled, dark‐green, glabrous, lineate of white at the bottom, revolute that almost hide the underside; small pendulous, fragrant, bell‐shaped flowers, gathered in racemes at the apex of the branches, topped only with leaves; peduncles (3 mm) with bracteoles towards the middle, 4 small hairless sepals and a white‐pink urceolate corolla, from which only the stylus of red color sticks out; ovoid fruit capsule with numerous small seeds.

Biologic form Nano‐Phanerophyte Chorotype Steno‐Mediterranean (Mediterranean coasts) Latin Name Ficus carica L. Common Name fig tree Family Moraceae Description Shrub or small tree (3‐10 m), short and twisted trunk, numerous fragile branches; palmate‐lobed

alternate leaves (rarely simple), 3‐6 cm long petiole, 3‐5(7) oblong lobes, unequal and expanded at the top, toothed at the margin, with a truncate or cordate base and a dark‐green (5‐10 x 8‐15 cm) leaf blade, rough at the top, clear and pubescent beneath, with very prominent ribs; inflorescences at the axil of leaves (syconium), with pedicellate monoecious flowers enclosed in a fleshy pyriform receptacle, with narrow apical orifice; seeds are many small crusty achenes (the true fruits) into an externally green or violet urn (the enlarged syconium).



Biologic form Phanerophyte Chorotype Mediterranean‐Turanic (desert and sub‐desert from Mediterranean basin to Central Asia) Latin Name Fraxinus ornus L. Common Name manna ash Family OleaceaeDescription Small tree (8‐10 m) or tree (up to 25 m); right or tortuous trunk (up to 35 cm), with ascending or

erect branches; opposite leaves, imparipinnate, deciduous opposite leaves, formed by 5‐9 (mostly 7) elliptic‐lanceolate leaflets, roundate or cuneate at the base, cuspidate and briefly petiolate; green, opaque, lighter at the bottom leaf blade, with a notched‐serrated margin; dichlamydeous hermaphrodite flowers in white, dense, fragrant, very abundant panicles, with 4 lacinias cup of 1 mm and a corolla consisting of 4 linear 7‐15 mm petals; they appear at the same time or shortly after the leaves; samaras oblong‐lanceolate fruits (winged achenes), with a tiny residue at the base of the calyx, 2‐3 cm long, with a unique rounded section seed (achenio).

Biologic form Phanerophyte Chorotype Eurasiatic (Europe to Japan), Euri‐Mediterranean (Mediterranean coasts, but with extensions

northward and estward), Pontic (Black Sea) Latin Name Laurus nobilis L. Common Name laurel Family Lauraceae Description Evergreen shrub or small tree (10‐20 m); erected, smooth, sinuous and often strongly branched

trunk; entire, leathery, persistent, aromatic, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled leaves; glossy dark green upper leaf, the lower one lighter opaque green, they are briefly elliptic‐lanceolate and petiolate with an acute apex, up to 20 cm long, glabrous to slightly wavy margin; dioecious plant with pedicled flowers, fragrant, yellowish‐white coloured actinomorphic and tetramers; gathered in small umbels of 4‐5 flowers at the axil of the leaves, the male ones with 8‐12 stamens in whorls, the female ones with an ovary, 1 style, trifid stigma, 4 sterile stamens; ovoid, aromatic, blackish drupes containing a single spheroidal seed.

Biologic form Phanerophyte Chorotype Steno‐Mediterranean (Mediterranean coasts) Latin Name Myrtus communis L. Common Name myrtle Family Myrtaceae Description Erect evergreen shrub; woody and branched from the base stem, opposite branches; coriaceous,

simple, opposite or in whorls, sessile, 2‐5 cm, lanceolate or elliptic leaves; entire margin, acute apex; white solitary flowers or paired at the axil of the leaves, carried by long stalks, 5 free sepals and acute calyx ; corolla with 5 obovate petals, hairy‐glandolous at the margin, numerous stamens, longer than the petals, with yellow anthers; simple stylus, confused among the stamens, small stigma; subglobose or ellipsoidal, glabrous, blue‐black, pruinose berries fruit (6‐10 mm), crowned by the persistent calyx rudiments.

Biologic form Phanerophyte Chorotype Steno‐Mediterranean (Mediterranean coasts) Latin Name Nerium oleander L. Common Name oleanderFamily Apocynaceae Description Evergreen shrub up to 5 m, with an erect, branched from the base stem, ascendant, smooth,

pruinose branches; leaves (8‐14 cm), persistent, simple, opposite, whorled, leathery with petiole 5‐8 mm long, glossy upper surface, clear lower one; hermaphrodite flowers in multi flower corymbose tops, tubolose with single or double petals and a 2‐3 mm, white to crimson red peduncle, 7 mm calix with conical tube; brown stretched (1 x 10‐15 cm) follicle fruit that opens at maturity spreading feathery seeds.

Biologic form Phanerophyte Chorotype S‐Mediterranean (Mediterranean and Atlantic southern coasts) or Steno‐Mediterranean

(Mediterranean coasts).



Latin Name Pistacia lentiscus L. Common Name lentisc, mastic tree Family Anacardiaceae Description Evergreen shrub (1‐3 m), rarely arboreal (6‐8 m); highly branched stem; alternate, paripinnate,

glabrous, dark green leaves, elliptic‐lanceolate obtuse segments 6‐10 (up to 30 mm), entire margin, obtuse apex, leathery, glabrous, with small apical beak and slightly winged rachis leaves; dioecious, actinomorphic, pentamers, tetracyclic flowers, in short, dense cylindrical panicles which are arranged at the axil of the leaves of the twigs of the previous year; male flowers with 4‐5 stamens and a rudimentary pistil, conspicuous by the presence of bright red branches; female flowers with a green ovary; absent petals; globose or lenticular (4‐5 mm), fleshy, reddish, almost black at maturity, containing one seed drupe.

Biologic form Phanerophyte Chorotype S‐Mediterranean (Mediterranean and Atlantic southern coasts), Steno‐Mediterranean

(Mediterranean coasts) and Macaronesia. Latin Name Quercus ilex L. Common Name holm oakFamily FagaceaeDescription Evergreen tree (up to 25 m); stem (over 1 m) with globular crown; leathery glossy leaves, short

tomentose petiole, dark green, with gray felty upper page, the lower page showing 7‐11 prominent lateral ribs; strongly eterofilla species (leaf blade with different size and shape: elliptic, lanceolate , rounded 3‐7 x 1‐3.5 cm , cuneate or rounded base, entire margin, coarsely toothed or serrated or with a deep and mucronata rib); brown ephemeral stipules; male flowers in pendulous and cylindrical tomentose catkins (5‐7 cm), with six‐lobed perianth and 6‐8 stamens, brought at the base of the branch of the year; female flowers perianth with 6 lobes and 3‐4 stigmas, gathered in 6‐7 flowers; acorns mature in autumn, in groups of 2‐5 on 10‐40 mm peduncles, very variable in size, with a dark brown color when ripe, with darker clear streaks; its cupula has distinct scales with free tip, but not divergent, covering 1/3 or half of the acorn sometimes more up to cover almost the entire acorn; ready to seed germination.

Biologic form Phanerophyte Chorotype Steno‐Mediterranean (Mediterranean coasts) Latin Name Quercus suber L. Common Name cork oakFamily FagaceaeDescription Evergreen tree (up to 20 m), trunk up to 1.5 m; the most distinctive character of this species is

the bark which grows thicker (5‐7 cm) in roug, grooved, spongy bark; leathery, ovate‐lanceolate lasting leaves (2‐3 years), with entire margin or with 4‐7 acute teeth, especially in young individuals (3‐7 x 1.5‐3 cm), shiny glaucescent green upper page, grayish‐white, tomentose inferior page for starred trichomes, 0.5‐1.5 cm petiole with linear early caducous stipules, midrib sinuous in the central apical part; sessile male flowers with 5‐8 perianth lobes and 5‐6 stamens gathered in catkins 4‐7 cm long, pedunculate; female flowers with 4‐6 lobed perianth with 3 styles in groups of 2‐5 on the pubescent axis of 0.5‐3 cm long spike, erected on the branches of the year; acorns on an axis of 0.5‐4 cm with 2‐8 acorns, acorn (2‐3.5 x 1.2‐1.8 cm), with sub‐spherical cupula covering about half of the acorn with gray and tomentose scales, the basal ones shorter and appressed while the apical ones are free and divergent; seed ready.

Biologic form Phanerophyte Chorotype Steno‐Mediterranean (Mediterranean coasts) and W‐European (Western Europe from

Scandinavia to Iberian Peninsula). Latin Name Quercus virgiliana Ten. Common Name Virgilian oak Family FagaceaeDescription Tree (12‐25 m), short and sinuous trunk (up to 2‐2.5 m); bark with deep furrows and divided into

wrinkled very hard plates; alternate, simple, ovate‐stretched leaves, but variable (3‐10 cm), blunt at the apex, cuneate or shortly rounded at the base, sometimes asymmetrical leave blade with up to 8 pairs of secondary diverging veins, 5‐6 lobes more or less deep, in some cases sharply toothed; short pubescent petiole (0.5‐2.0 cm); deciduous, cuneate and ciliated stipules; male



flowers with 6‐10 stamens on pubescent and hanging catkins, female flowers shortly stalked at the axil of distal leaves with greenish stigmas; tapered fruits (acorns), small (2‐3 cm), on a short pubescent peduncle even in groups of 3‐4, the cupula enveloping the acorn even until the half, formed by pubescent, grayish, appressed and triangular scales, regular and protruding by the edge; readily germinated.

Biologic form Phanerophyte Chorotype Pontic (around the Black Sea), S‐European (Southern Europe), SE‐European (Carpatian‐Danubian

region). Latin Name Rhamnus alaternus L. Common Name alaterne, buckthorn Family Rhamnaceae Description Evergreen bush or shrub (1‐5 m), rarely small tree (up to 8 m), with branching stems; leathery

leaves, lanceolate or ovate, alternate, sometimes almost opposite, 2‐5 cm long, whitish, entire or serrated cartilaginous margin, pronounced midrib and 4‐6 pairs of secondary veins; glossy dark green upper surface, clear in the bottom, flowers collected in a short axillary racemes a few cm long; dioecious flowers (rarely flowers of both sexes are present on the same plant), pentamers or tetramers, 3‐4 mm in diameter, fragrant; yellowish‐green calyx with sepals erected in the female flowers and reflected in the male ones; no petals (or 1); 3 mm flowering peduncles; fruit obovoid drupe (3‐7 mm) with 3 seeds, first reddish and then black.

Biologic form Phanerophyte Chorotype Steno‐Mediterranean (Mediterranean coasts) Latin Name Spartium junceum L. Common Name Spanish broom Family FabaceaeDescription Shrub (50‐400 cm) with erected or ascending, cylindrical, fibrous, tight, hollow, green, very

branched stem; simple, sessile or shortly petiolate leaves (1‐3cm), sparse and spaced on the stem, linear‐lanceolate, entire margin, glabrous, dark green, silky on the lower page, early deciduous (almost disappeared during the blossoming); fragrant, hermaphrodite, papilionaceous flowers in lax apical racemes, on obconic short stalks; decidous bracts and bracteoles, membranous, persistent calyx (4 mm); glabrous, yellow corolla (2‐2,5 cm), with erected, rounded banner with mucronate apex, longer than the ovate or elliptical wings, open at the sides and bottom by two free petals, but adherent (keen) with cuspidate‐curved apex; sickle, oblong, erected, silky, compressed, green and velvety legume fruit and then blackish and glabrous at maturity; when it dehisces, with a twist, it expels its 10‐18 brown, shiny and poisonous seeds away.

Biologic form Phanerophyte Chorotype Euri‐Mediterranean (Mediterranean coasts with extensions northward and eastward), Steno‐

Mediterranean (Mediterranean coasts) Latin Name Teucrium flavum L. Common Name yellow germander Family Lamiaceae Description Perennial, evergreen, herbaceous or shrubby plant (30‐60 cm), woody at the base, erected,

branching, tetragon stem, violet–purple at the top, densely hairy for patent or a little reflected hairs 0.5 mm long; opposite leaves, with 2‐8 mm petiole and triangular blade (up to 16 x 20 mm), margin more or less folded down and 5‐8 rounded teeth per side, dark green, glossy above; flowers hermaphrodite, zygomorphic, tetracyclic, pentamers flowers, led by stalks of about 1 cm in dense inflorescence at the axil of bracts like leaves, more or less directed by a single side; 5 sepals grown together into a persistent, campanulate, actnomorphic calyx (8‐10 mm), 5 teeth long half than tube and 10 ribs; zygomorphic, gamopetalous corolla (15‐18 mm), formed by fusion of the 5 petals, with yellow or whitish tube, upper lip, corresponding to two petals, null and reduced to two linear greenish streaked with purple lacinias, long up to 8 mm and lower lip, corresponding to three petals, 7 mm long, yellow or white in color; 4 parallel stamens with biloculus anthers close among them and protruding from the corolla; fruit: schizocarp made up of four nucules ovoid in shape.

Biologic form Chamaephyte

Chorotype Latin Name Common NaFamily Description

Biologic formChorotype

F

Fig. 24 – A sherbarium.

Sten

Teucame Sicil

LamPerefor lwithhermwithgibbcorodiveanthnucu

m HemSubeterri

Fig. 22 – Sama

step of the p

Rizzitan

no‐Mediterran

crium siculumian germande

miaceae ennial herbaclong patent hh rounded, brmaphrodite zyh subround orbous at the bolla, sometimerging laciniashers and reddules (tetrachemicryptophyteendemic (entitories).

aras of Ulmus

preparation of

no Trail ‐ pag.

nean (Mediter

m (Raf.) Guss.er

eous plant (2airs, often glaright green, pygomorphic fr kidney‐shapbase, with stres white, chas tube twice dish filamentsene). e tity occurring

minor.

f a small dida

. 23/43 – Excu

rranean coast

20‐60 cm), wiandular; oppopubescent apelowers arrangped bracts, heretched and paracterized bas long as ts with long a

g mainly in

actical

© 2014 Istituto

ursion Guide v

ts)

ith erected, sosite and petiex, with crenged in simple eart‐shaped apatent hairs, y missing upthe calyx; 4 appressed ha

the Italian a

Fig. 23 – Sh

Fig. 25 –

o Istruzione Super

vers. 1.0

imple, rectanolate leaves wate margins aand long vert base; bilabioften glanduper lip, lowedidynamous irs; superior

area, but wit

hoots of Lauru

Rhamnus alat

riore “V. Emanue

ngular stem awith triangulaand with reticrticillaster, oftate, flared caulose; yellowier lip 5‐lobed stamens, lonovary; fruit m

th a few sta

us nobilis bloo

ternus with fr


nd pubescentar‐ovate bladeculated veinsten unilateralalyx (7‐8 mm)sh or reddishwith median

ng protrudingmade up of 4

ands in close

oming.

ruits.

o

t e ; , , h n , 4

e

F

Fig.

Fig. 26 – Erica

ig. 28 – Leave

. 30 – Sapona

Rizzitan

a arborea bloo

es of Rubus ulm

ria calabrica b

no Trail ‐ pag.

oming.

mifolius.

blooming.

. 24/43 – Excu

© 2014 Istituto

ursion Guide v

Fig. 2

Fig. 29

Fig. 31 – C

o Istruzione Super

vers. 1.0

27 – Selaginell

9 – Arum italic

Crataegus mo

riore “V. Emanue

la denticulata

cum blooming

onogyna bloom


.

g.

ming.

o

Fig. 32 – Floan

Fig. 34 – Comorphologicbelongs to thcomes from Latin Name Common NaFamily Description

wers of Lupind Tetragonolo

toneaster frigcal similitude the Rosaceae fMediterranea

Ulmame field

UlmTreesinudarkor sacut

Rizzitan

nus angustifoliobus biflorus (

gidus (left) anthese two spefamily and coman basin.

mus minor Mild elmmaceae e (up to 30‐45uous stem witk brown in colsub‐elliptical bte apex, with

no Trail ‐ pag.

ius (blue‐purp(yellow).

nd Viburnum ecies have taxmes from Hym

l.

5 m), trunk (th regular rhylor; simple, alblade; doubly7‐12 pairs of

. 25/43 – Excu

plish)

tinus (right): xonomy and gmalaya, while

up to 1.5‐3 mytidome with ternate, decidy toothed masecondary ve

© 2014 Istituto

ursion Guide v

Fig. 33

two species geographic orthe second o

m), but often narrow longitduous leaves, argin; asymmeeins; dark gree

o Istruzione Super

vers. 1.0

– Lunaria ann

cultivated witigin quite diffne belongs to

shrub or smatudinal groovthe apical alwetric blade (3en, smooth an

riore “V. Emanue

nua blooming

thin the parkferent. The firo the Adoxace

all tree; straigves, more or lways larger, o3‐11 cm), cunnd more or le


g.

k. Despite therst one in factae family and

ght or slightlyless suberoseovate, obovateneate at basess polished o

o

e t d

y , e , r

Biologic formChorotype Latin Name Common NaFamily Description

Biologic formChorotype

Fig. 35 ‐ Essethe MediterMediterrane

rougpetiin axto Mbase

m PhaEuro

Vibuame laur

AdoGlabregupetigreemultbracodopink(0.5

m PhaSten

ential botanicrranean Biodean Biodiversit

Rizzitan

gh upper surfole (0.5‐1.5 cxillary clustersMarch; wingeded margining tnerophyte opean‐Caucas

urnum tinus Lustinus xaceae brous shrub oular foliage; pole 0.5‐2.5 cmen glossy upptiflowered 5‐cteoles; actinrless; calyx wikish corolla, p‐1 x 0.4‐0.6 cmnerophyte no‐Mediterran

al iconographdiversity Parkty Park.

no Trail ‐ pag.

face with spam), 2 long ears, purple‐red d samara fruitthat almost re

sic (Europe an

L.

r tree (1‐5 m)persistent leam, ovate‐elliptper surface, l‐9 cm in dianomorphic ± ith 5 petals wpentamer, rotm), bluish‐me

nean‐W (West

hy of the leave. An aid to

. 26/43 – Excu

arse hairs, mrly deciduous in colour, appt with short seaches the se

d Caucasus)

), branched froathery leavestical leaf (3‐1lighter and tameter, withequal flowe

welded to the btated or camptallic in color,

tern Mediterr

es belonging the recogni

© 2014 Istituto

ursion Guide v

att lighter lowstipules; hermpearing beforstalk, compresed that is high

om the base; , insertion o6 x 1.5‐9 cm)omentose thh 25‐245 flors, subsessilebase, triangulpanulate 3.5‐, persistent w

ranean basin,

to the main nition of the

o Istruzione Super

vers. 1.0

wer surface amaphrodite fle the foliationssed 1.5‐2 cmher than the c

erected stempposite in w, rounded at e lower one;wers; triangue (3‐4 mm par and reddis6 mm; 1‐3 mith stellate ha

Liguria to Spa

native tree anspecies of s

riore “V. Emanue

and hairy alolowers, monon by the end om subround wcenter of the s

m, opposite brawhorls of 3, ethe base, acu; inflorescencular‐acute brpeduncles), ah (7‐8 mm); s

mm tube; fruitairs near the p

agna and Alge

nd shrub specshrubs and


ong the veinschlamydeousof Februaryupith a cuneatesamara.

anches, denseentire marginute apex, darkce corymboseracts (5‐7), 2all fertile andmall, white ot ovoid drupepetiole.

eria)

ies present intrees of the

o

; , p ‐

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n e

Non‐nativeThe phytogspecies haswhich is derspecies. Eacoptimal conspecies is li(pests, antamany casesthe speciesnative specdifferent froof starting dflora. Thesebiodiversityeconomicalshould be c

Fig. 36 – Plawhich is alrinvasiveness While drastspecies stilcontingent (Moraceae)(Cupressacepomifera (M

(or exotic oeography is s its natural rived from gch species innditions for imited by abagonists, abss are co‐evols. The man hcies into neom their owdevastating pe phenomenay), but also ly importantarefully avoi

antula of Pinuready known to the detrim

tic policies hl exists. Theof exotic sp), Cedrus eae), CupresMoraceae), M

Rizzitan

or alien) florathe branch ogeographic eological, bin its natural its developmbiotic unfavosence of symlved with thhas always hew territoriewn, in the absphenomena a can producserious ecot species. Foided .

us halepensis,the conside

ment of the na

have been ae "Mediterrapecies. Theseatlantica (ssus sempervMorus alba

no Trail ‐ pag.

a of botany thadistributionological and environmen

ment and repourable factombionts, etc.e species in had a tendees. The introsence of theof abnormalce disastrousonomic probr these reas

, exotic specirable potentiative flora.

adopted elseanean Biodive include: Ail(Pinaceae), virens (Cupr(Moraceae),

. 27/43 – Excu

at studies thn (in the boevolutionarnt, tends to production. Oors (tempera.). The bioticquestion anncy to favouoduction of e factors thatl spread of ts ecological blems whensons the intro

ies of ial of

Fig. 3specieitself

ewhere in oversity Park"ilanthus altisCotoneaste

ressaceae), E Phoenix can

© 2014 Istituto

ursion Guide v

he geographitanical tabs y history of tspread to spOutside of thature, solar rc factors thand thus are pur more or non‐native

t control thehe alien speclandscape co connected oduction of

37 – Young es of Austraautonomousl

our society, " itself, despssima (Simarer frigidusEucalyptus cnariensis (Pa

o Istruzione Super

vers. 1.0

cal distributit correspothat specific pecific ecolohese conditioradiation, wat control thepresent onlyless voluntaspecies in

e species in itcies, usually onsequencesto reductionon‐native s

plant of Euclian origin thy in the park.

a certain fapite its fancroubaceae), (Rosaceae),

camaldulensialmae), Pinu

riore “V. Emanue

tion of plantsonds to the territory an

ogical nichesons, the diffater, etc.) ore diffusion oy in the natuarily, the sprenvironments range, carat the expens (with signifon or disappspecies in ou

calyptus camahat seems to

scination fociful name, Broussoneti, Cupressuis (Myrtaceaus halepensis


s. Each plantChorotype),d that singlewhich have

fusion of ther biotic onesof species inural range ofread of non‐nts that arerries the risknse of nativeficant loss ofpearance ofur territories

aldulensis, a o reproduce

r the exotichosts a richa papyriferas arizonicaae), Macluras (Pinaceae),

o

t , e e e s n f ‐e k e f f s

c h a a a ,



Pinus pinea (Pinaceae), Pittosporum tobira (Pittosporaceae), Prunus laurocerasus (Rosaceae), Prunus pissardii (Rosaceae), Robinia pseudacacia (Fabaceae), Trachycarpus fortunei (Palmae), Washingtonia filifera (Palmae). Among the above listed species we must distinguish different situations. Some of them have not shown until now any tendency to become spontaneous in our environments, although there is no guarantee that sooner or later this will also occur as a result of the ongoing climatic change. Other species are so frequently used in our environments that at the eye of the layman may even appear native (e.g. Pinus halepensis and P. pinea), but they are not at all so, and in many cases their uncontrollable expansion threatens rare endemic species in our region. Other species have been widely used for their versatility (e.g. Robinia pseudacacia) and now, in particular ecological conditions, they show a dangerous tendency to invasiveness. It is desirable, therefore, that within the Mediterranean Biodiversity Park, over time, the gradual replacement of these exotic species with native entities can be promoted. Vegetation (outlines) The flora represents, as we have already said, all the plant species present in a given territory. The vegetation is how plant species are associated in different habitats of that territory. Thus, although the two terms are often used interchangeably, they actually represent two fundamentally different aspects concerning the geographical distribution and the ecology of the plants. The study of the vegetation of an area can be done using different methods. Although still in its first steps, the phytosociological method has been adopted in our study of the park’s vegetation. The phytosociology is a branch of botany that studies the social life of the plant species, that’s how different species are associated in certain ecological niches. The information so far resulting from our analysis is not yet enough to provide a complete picture of the vegetation of this area into a dynamic‐catenal approach, however some general considerations on the potential vegetation of the area are presented. To clarify these issues, however, is necessary to introduce the concept of vegetation series. A vegetation series is the set of vegetations that follow one another on an ecologically homogeneous area if it is left to its natural evolution. It is a concept similar to that of ecological succession, which however affects the whole community and not only plants. The vegetation left to itself naturally tends to evolve into more complex forms. An abandoned field is first colonized by high perennial grasses (grassland), then by shrubs (shrubland, garrigue, etc.) and finally by tree species (maquis, forest) which form a relatively stable vegetation (head of series). For each ecologically homogeneous area (tessera) can be identified an evolutionary series, the mentioned type, and a regressive series, which occurs when disturbing factors (usually anthropogenic) stop the evolutionary process of the vegetation.The timing of these processes and the types of vegetation involved depend on many factors (for example flora, bioclimate, edaphic factors, availability of propagules, etc.). Along the Rizzitano Trail and, more generally, in the Biodiversity Park, it is clear that in the past disturbing actions have been quite important. Some sectors, however, show flaps of relict vegetation that correspond to the evolutionary stages (grassland, shrub, forest) of one or more vegetation series. Since these situations are well represented along the Path Rizzitano, they may be an interesting starting point to teach the concept of vegetation series. In the portion of the park characterized by the occurrence of natural or semi‐natural formations, it was found a complex mosaic of vegetational formations belonging to different vegetation series. The most frequent vegetation on the slopes (for example the first long downhill section towards the Equestrian Center) is the climatophilous acidophilus forest belonging to the association Erico arboreae‐Quercetum virgilianae. In the rupicolous situations, as found in the immediate vicinity of the Fiumarella Stream, with poor soil and outcropping rock, the most widely vegetation is the acidophilus thicket attributable to the association Calicotomo infestae‐Ericeum arboreae. The characteristics of the soil of these formations prevent the evolution towards more complex forestry forms. Going up the trail we can cross strips of hyper‐acidophyilus vegetations at different developmental stages. In the mining area of barite, on granite, we found thickets related to the association Erico arboreae‐Arbutetum unedonis and, in the steepest part of the rising edges, some sporadic formations of the association Helleboro intermedius‐Quercetum suberis, head of series in the hyper‐acid environments. Along the upper part of the trail, in a depression with northern exposure, there are thickets that we can indicatively ascribe to the association Hedero helix‐Lauretum nobilis.

Fig.

7. The o The olive trused for th(removal ofspecialized recent time(i.e. Californclimatic incthis crop in

The olive tbordering tHercules. Infor the win

. 38 – Acidoph

olive cult

ree is a fruit he cold extrf the bitter in the cultives, the olive nia, AustraliaompatibilityItaly is the P

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SpItaGrTuSyTuMoEgAlgPoW

ree is a plahe Mediterrn that place nners of the

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Tab

ear 2006

pain aly reeceurkeyria unisiaorocco gypt geriaortugal orld

ant of great ranean basinthe sacred ge Olympic G

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dominated by

from the Eashe oil and, tIt seems thaplant whichen planted s, South Africe mountain ran estimated

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6160100314983024000001800000998988500000470000318339300000280000

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. 29/43 – Excu

Erica arborea

st. It is used to a lesser eat wild planth was later exuccessfully ica). In Italy tranges and id fortune of m

roduction of o

Producers Co

Yield (%) A

35,618,213,910,45,82,92,71,81,71,6

interest andgend tells ofs was born, her anecdot

© 2014 Istituto

ursion Guide v

a.

since ancienextent, for tts existed in xported thron other counhe cultivatioin the Po Vamore than 5

olives (year 20

untries

Area (ha) Ar

24000001140685765000594000498981150000055000049888

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it is also cf an olive hafrom whosete about th

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Fig. 39 ‐Maq

nt times for fthe direct feCrete since

oughout the ntries with aon of the olivlley. The momillion trees

006).

rea (%) Yie(q/h

27,9 213,3 28,9 36,9 35,817,46,40,6 62,1 15,0

2

central in thrvest at the e branches we olive conc

riore “V. Emanue

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food. The freeding prior 4000 BC. CMediterranea Mediterranve tree is abost importans.

eld ha) 25,7 27,6 31,4 30,3 20 3,3 8,5 63,8 16,9 6,5

20,1

he history oborders of t

were woven cerns the do


utus unedo.

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f civilizationthe world bythe wreathsove that, to

o

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announce to Noah the end of the Great Flood, brought him an olive branch that it held tightly between her legs. Name Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae)Morphology Cylindrical and twisted stem; dark grey bark; hard and heavy wood, the stump makes globose

structures (ovules), from which every year numerous basal suckets emerge. The foliage has a conical shape, or pendulous branches bearing licenses according to the variety features. Evergreen, opposite, leathery, simple, entire, elliptic‐lanceolate leaves, with short petioles and entire often revolute margin; underside of silvery‐white colour for the presence of scaly hairs; the buds are mostly axillary; hermaphrodite, small flower, with 4 sepals calyx and corolla of white petals; flowers grouped in clusters of 10‐15 (olive‐blossoms), at the leaf axil of the twigs of the previous year; flowering, according to cultivars and zones, from May to mid‐June; globose, ellipsoid or ovoid fruit drupe, sometimes asymmetrical, weighing 1‐6 grams depending on the variety, the adopted cultivation technique and the climate.

Phenology The olive tree goes through a vegetative rest that coincides with the coldest period, for a time interval that depends on the rigor of the climate. At the vegetative growth, which roughly occurs in February, also takes place the flower differentiation; up to that moment every axillary bud of the little branches of the previous year has the potential to generate a new shoot or an olive‐blossom. From the end of February and for the entire month of March, first an intensive growth of sprouts occurs, and then with the issuance of the olive‐blossoms which lasts until April depending on the zones. The birth of the olive‐blossoms culminates in the middle of spring with the achievement of the final sizes. The inflorescences are still closed; however, they are well evident as fully formed. From May to early June, depending on the variety and the region, flowering takes place, rather abundant. In fact the percentage of flowers that will bring to completion the fruiting is very low, generally less than 2%. Pollination is anemophilous. After the flowering there is the fruit set, generally by the middle of June. In this phase the corolla withers and dries persisting until the enlarged ovary causes the detachment. The percentage of fruit set is very low, less than 5%, therefore in this phase occurs an early abundant fall of the flowers (casting). It is a physiological behaviour as the majority of the flowers has the purpose of producing pollen. On the percentage of fruit set may have negative effects of eventual drops in temperature, water stress and hot winds. After the fruit set there is a first phase of growth of the fruits that stops when the lignification of the endocarp starts. This phase, known as hardening of the core, begins in July and lasts approximately until the beginning of August. When the endocarp is fully lignified, the fruit growth resumes, in a more intense way, according to the climate. From mid‐August through the end of September, with no irrigation, the rains influence both the growth and the accumulation of oil in lipovacuoles: in drought conditions olives are small, they can suffer a more or less intense fruit drop and they will give a very low yield of oil per unit area; in favorable humid conditions olives instead attain full development in September. Any late rains (from the end of September to October) after a strong summer drought they can increase the size of olives in a few days considerably; however, the oil yield will be very low because the olive accumulates above all water. From October to December, according to the variety, darkening takes place, that's the change in colour, which indicates the complete maturation. The darkening is more or less scalar both within the same plant both from plant to plant. With the darkening, the olive tree ceases to accumulate oil and reaches the maximum oil yield per hectare. After the darkening, the olives persist on the plant. If not collected they meet a more or less intense fruit drop but deferred in time, until the following spring. During this period, the oil yield tends to increase in relative terms: the oil content increases because the olives meet a progressive loss of water. In fact, the oil yield absolute (per unit area) decreases progressively after darkening, because a part of the production is lost due to fruit drop and the attacks by phytophagouses and pests.

Ecology The olive tree distinguish itself for longevity and frugality. It is a thermophilic, heliophilous and xerophile species. However, it is sensitive to low temperatures. The wild olive (Olea europaea ssp. sylvestris), is one of the species of the thermoxerophilous maquis (Oleo‐Ceratonion, Oleo‐Pistacietum lentisci), but it becomes more rare in the Mediterranean vegetation of Quercion ilicis. For its ecology it is found frequently even in degraded patches, in the garrigues and in the rocky coastline vegetation. It has a good resistance to grazing due to a dense and thorny branching and to the fire due to regrowth. The climatic factor determining the distribution of the olive tree is the temperature. The plant shows symptoms of distress at a temperatures of 3‐4°C. Below these temperatures, the tips of the



shoots wither. Other adverse climatic factors are the wind, especially when associated with low temperatures, the excessive rainfall and the high air humidity. The olive tree prefers sandy or medium texture, fresh and well drained soils. It grows well even on coarse or shallow soils, with outcropping rockiness, while suffering heavy and prone to water‐logging soils. It adapts well to poor soils, with a pH range from sub‐acid to sub‐alkaline and at significant levels of salinity. Drought resistance is a characteristic feature of this species. When the drought continues for long periods the plant reacts by assuming a xerophitic habitus that allows the plant to overcome the adverse season, however affecting production.

Cultivation Cultivar ‐ The varieties of olive tree are classified in cultivars for oil, for canteen and with dual purpose. The former have a high lipid content and a good oil yield and the fruits are small to medium sized. The cultivars for canteen instead have a low oil yield but the large drupes are suitable for the direct consumption. In the Mediterranean there are more than 1000 kinds of genetic olive tree, which are landraces and cultivars. In Italy there are about 500 known genetic types. Plantation ‐ The plantation of the olive does not differ substantially from that of other crops. The soil is prepared (removal of existing vegetation, levelling, removing stones, burglary, preparation of drainage network), fertilized (on the basis of the chemical analysis, integrated with organic manure) and then ploughed and harrowed to distribute fertilizers and reduce the lumpiness. After tracing the planting pattern (depending on climatic conditions, irrigation, cultivars, breeding form, cultivation techniques, etc.) plants and support pole will be planted. After the works of preparation there are those of implantation with the tracking of the pattern and the staking, the planting (manual or semi‐automatic transplanters), the planting of supports.

Plant shaping The choice of the plant shaping depends mainly on the demands of light and mechanization. The most common are vessel, polyconic vessel, bush shaped vessel, palm, epsilon, big hedge, globe, mono‐cone, bush, copse of olive tree.

Cultivation technique

Irrigation ‐ The olive tree is a species of modest water needs, but prolonged water shortages can cause serious damages to plants and reduce production. A rational water intake helps to accelerate the entry into production of the plant, increase and make steady the production . Pruning – The pruning of the olive tree can also be not carried out every year: you have to work according to your needs and the available spaces. It is important, however, to prefer the months of late winter or early spring, February‐March, when the plant has not yet begun the first phase of fruiting.

Adversities Fungi ‐ Eye of peacock of the olive tree, wood decay, sooty mold (Capnodium elaeophilum), leprosy or olive anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum acutatum), or cercosporiose or plumbing, olives rot, verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae), parasitical brusca, woolly (Rosellinia necatrix) or fibrous (Armillaria mellea) root rot. Bacteria ‐ Mange of the olive tree. Phytophagouses – Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Thysanoptera.

Fig. 40 –

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– A few young

al Park

hibition orgaollaboration olacium, in ed by the Png a conspicr research os related to t

enheim n in Electric Cthe field of pes first solo ation of large‐e died in New ses is an sheiss. The shapeborrowed froe work is assocss emanates tof kissing to ath at the endof the archite

no Trail ‐ pag.

g individuals o

of Sculp

anized for seof the CalaRoccelletta rovince of Ccuous artisticon the shapethe main art

ity (Washingterformance aexhibition. A‐scale installatYork on Janu

elter‐object ine can also be com Muslim cociated firmly tthe liquid duean architectud of a sweet kecture in the r

. 32/43 – Excu

f olive tree, cv

pture

everal years bria Regionof Borgia (

Catanzaro anc heritage. Te, place of aists in the Pa

on, USA) on Srt, Land Art, aAround the tions often inary 22, 2011.n part inspirecompared to ountries. Howto the teardroe to the force ural form as tkiss. The excitirealm of the th

© 2014 Istituto

ursion Guide v

v. Carolea, alo

by the Depa. SuggestiveCZ). Some ond found a fhe artists whction‐reactioark of Sculpt

September 6, and video arteighties Opp public space

ed by the flathat of the Ruwever, althouop shape and,of gravity. Ththe narrowinging and vibranheatre, or per

o Istruzione Super

vers. 1.0

ong the Rizzita

rtment of Cue location ofof the worksfinal locatiohose works aon of time aure.

1938 was a co. In 1966 he mpenheim is ds. In 1997 he

attened teardussian onion dugh these ass more specificis association g of the uppent light then brhaps of the d

riore “V. Emanue

ano Trail.

ulture of thef the exhibiks exhibited n in the Meare now exhnd space. Th

onceptual artmoved to Newdevoted primparticipated

drop shape odomes that arsociations arecally, at the ti binds more aer portion of brings this assdance.


e Province ofitions is theat the Parkediterraneanibited in thehe following

tist known forw York wheremarily to thein the Venice

of the classicre believed toe likely to beime when theaccurately thethe structureociation from

o

f e k n e g

r e e e

c o e e e e m

Tony Cragg Born in LivebiochemistrTechnology,College of alternates sBerlin UnivcomponentsPovera, he h(bronze, carforms, someand dynamiworks both an integral pas ScolaciumCragg is orithermoplastnumerous inVenice BienTurner Prize(2001) , Piepaddition Cra(1994). Amo(1994); MadCentre G. PMACBA (MuKonsthall (2Rome, 2003among the c(2005). Among his

Rizzitan

erpool on Apry laboratory o, CheltenhamArt (1973‐19culpture to teversität der s made by hishas used variorbon, wood, fetimes visceraic plastic sculin closed andpart of the scm or in the Imiented towartic, of works nternational enale ( 1986); e in London (1penbrock ‐ Preagg has receivong the notadrid, Museo Nompidou (199useum of Co001) ; Bonn, 3); Porto, Mucollective (tog

works we re

no Trail ‐ pag.

ril 9, 1949. Afof his hometom (1968‐1970)977) in Londoeaching (ÉcolKünste). Influs father, thanous techniqueiber‐glass, staal, similar to tptures. Starti open spacesulpture whermperial Forumds the develthat simulat

events such a43rd Venice B1988) , Von ‐deisfür Skulptuved some honble solo exhiacional Centr96); Seoul, Mntemporary AKunst and Exhseu Serralvesgether with J.

emember: Th

. 33/43 – Excu

fter conductinown. Then he s), at the Wimon. Since 19e des beaux uenced sincenks to his expes, and using ainless steel, the internal oing in the 70. Then he enhrever it is locams in Rome. opment of mte the texturas DocumentaBiennale ( 198der‐ Heydt ‐Prur Berlin (2002nors: Chevaliebitions thosero de Arte ReiMOCA (NationaArt of Barcelhibition, (200s (2004); MosFabre and M

hin Skin (199

© 2014 Istituto

ursion Guide v

ng scientific sstudied Art atmbledon Scho77 he settle‐arts of Metze his childhoerience as a cand transformplaster, ceramorgans of the s he pays pahances the vaated, even amWith the newmonumental e of the stoa 7 of Kassel (88). His art hareis Wupperta2) , 1st prize foer des Arts ete ones in Trenna Sofia (1995al Museum olona, 1997); 3); Rome, MAscow, Central. Paladino) Ar

97), Flotsam

o Istruzione Super

vers. 1.0

studies, he wot the Gloucestool of Art (1d in Wupper in France, Aood by the chemist and lming urban wmic, etc.) assehuman body rticular attencuum that, de

mong the ruinsw millenniumpolished bronne. His work(1982), Sao Pas won severaal (1989) , Shaor sculpture, t des Lettres (nto, Civic Gal5); Paris, Muséf ContemporaLiverpool, TatACRO (Museul House of Arrchaeological

(1998), Digit

riore “V. Emanue

orked as a tetershire Colleg1970‐1973) artal (Germanrt Academy oprojects of later attracte

waste and variembled togethhas develope

ntion to the sefined as auras of an archae

m, the expressnze forms anks have beenaulo Biennaleal awards fromakespeare PriBeijing Bienna(1992), Royalllery of Conteée national dary Art, 1997te Gallery (2um of Contemrtists (2005); Park Scolaciu

tus (1998), P


echnician in age of Arts andnd the Royaly) where heof Düsseldorf,aeronauticald by the Arteous materialsher in varioused impressivesetting of thea , it becomeseological site,sive search ofnd, using the exhibited ine (1983), 41stm the likes ofze ‐ Hamburgale (2005) . InAcademicianemporary Art'art moderne,); Barcelona, 2000); Malmömporary Art ofIntersections

um, Catanzaro

acific (1998),

o

a d l e , l e s s e e s , f e n t f g n n t ,

ö f s o

,

Fi

Artist Biography

Work

Artist Biography

Congregatiodeveloped acolumns, buMediterraneinterpreted an emotiontwists, therecondition.

ig. 42 – Cast G

JaBthDopthHthpimgthlihw MPscuinfrpfoMC

Rizzitan

on (1999), Eroa return to fuilt for the Tuean Biodiversas a challengeal space. Theeby freeing it

Glance.

an Fabre Belgian sculptohe central expDecorative Artone of the mosproduced worhe horizons oHis work showhe clouds), depassage of a cmpossible andold‐coloured hat one of thne above himhimself or infiwho died prem

Mimmo PaladProtagonist ofculpture usinunconscious ondividual and ront of a seaplace of alienaor the first timMember of thChina, he has h

no Trail ‐ pag.

oded Landscapiguration. Nourin Olympicssity the worke to the ratione artist works from its origi

or, director aperience of ets and the Royst innovative ks as a visualf all kinds so ewed in the Bioepicts the mecloud to measd unnecessarythat does note man who m

m. In this worknity. The bodmaturely.

ino f the Transavg ancestral tf the being anthe collectiverch that throwation and introme at the Vehe Royal Acadhad wide inte

. 34/43 – Excu

pe (2000). By otable is "Pois by the Founk Cast Glancenal size for thon the varianal size and le

Fig. 43 –

nd choreograembodiment. yal Academy and versatile l artist, theatrenforcing his aodiversity Paretaphor of thsure its size, wy wait. The "Mt negate the rmeasures the k there is an ady of the work

vantgarde mototemic figurend the landscae imaginationws the vieweospection. Hisenice Biennaledemy and thernational reco

© 2014 Istituto

ursion Guide v

Bent of Mindnts of view",ndation Guidoe belongs to e absolute freble axis of theading to a m

– The man w

apher. In his tJan Fabre is aof Fine Art. hcontemporarre maker andartistic vision.rk, De man dehe artist, withwho can do nMan who meareferences to clouds by hisambiguity, sink is the artist,

vement, Palaes where theape. His workn by creating er into anothes first exhibitie in 1982 ande first Italian ognitions.

o Istruzione Super

vers. 1.0

d (2002) and R the sculpturo and Ettore the series Raeedom of the he object, forcmaterial, energ

who measures

theatre plays a graduate of e is well knowy. Over the pad author. Jan e wolkenmeeth a meter in othing but emasures the cloLeonardo's Vs outstretchence it is not kn, while the he

dino has trane symbols coks outweigh tha single area er dimension on was in 196d at Documenartist to exhi

riore “V. Emanue

Relatives (200re consists ofDe Fornaris (ational Beingform that is pcing it to undgetic, dynamic

s the clouds.

he has alwayf the Municipawn at home aast thirty‐five Fabre is know

t (The man whis hand, wamphasize the ouds" is a broVitruvian man.d arms and tnown if the mead represent

nsformed theme into conthe distinction of the imagiwhere histor68. In 1980 henta VII in Kasibit in a solo


04) Cragg hasf three spiral2006). In the. It has beenprojected intodergo suddenc, changeable

ys maintainedal Institute ofand abroad asyears, he haswn to expand

who measuresaiting for thebeauty of annze sculpture. A poetic act,he horizontal

man measurests his brother

e language oftact with the between thenary world inry becomes ae participatedsel. Honoraryexhibition in

o

s l e n o n e

df s s d

s e n e , l s r

f e e n a d y n

Work

Artist Biography

Work

Artist Biography

Tpstith

Fig. 44 – T

AntoBorn CollearchiSchoolife tomemGormwhichsamethe athe ghumarelatiMassexhibBritisGalleKunstvery for VTrinitTime consifrom of breBiodi Wim The Bmech

Rizzitan

The Witnessesplastic synthesingers of the ime and the mhe contempor

The Witnesses

ny Gormley in London ige (Cambridgtecture and eol of Art, Goldo the human

mory and transmley uses the h, through the time alienatartist, his workgreat existentian condition ionship betwes, Another Plabited in manysh Museum, ery of Art intverein in Geprestigious TuVisual Art (199ty College, CaHorizon is th

ists of 100 irothe moulds oeathing. Seveversity Park.

Delvoye Belgian artist hanism where

no Trail ‐ pag.

, known simusis of Paladinabsence and

memory are trary universe

s by Mimmo P

n 1950. Gradge), 1971‐197ethnic sculptudsmiths Colle image in scusformation, ubody as a meir particularing. Althoughk is not strictlial questions. by turning

een the self ace, and the y exhibitions iWhite Cube) Washington

rmany). Amourner Prize (1999). He is an mbridge and Jhe title of anon sculptures of his body; thn of the Cycle

works on thee the objects

. 35/43 – Excu

ulators represeo’s survey. Thd of the unspehe subjects. Iwith the mag

Paladino.

duating in ar74, he travelure. Back in ge and the Slulpture throuusing his own measurement r exposure in h the original ly autobiograpSince 1990 thhis exploratand the othelatest Doman the United and elsewhe

n DC, the Iriong the award994) , the Ordhonorary meJesus College,n installation (189 x 53 x 2he works appee Time Horizo

e relocation oare ousted f

© 2014 Istituto

ursion Guide v

enting a journhe hieratic figeakable, theyt is a silent ingic and the ritu

rchaeology, as in India anLondon he foade School ogh a thorougbody as subjand a matrixthe space, taform of his wphical, but rathe author hastion to the er, in large‐scin Field and Kingdom (Where (Humleabsh Museum ds and recognder of the Britember of the, also in Cambthat Antony 9 cm, 650 kg ear as a seriesn sculptures a

of the signs, rom their fun

o Istruzione Super

vers. 1.0

ney into uncongures, the oray are the actoner meditatioual.

Fig. 4

nthropology nd Sri Lanka ollows in‐depf Art. With high research oect, tool and x, as a startinake domestic works is alwayther a means s broadened itcollective bocale installatioInside Austrahitechapel, Tabaek Louisianof Modern nitions to Gorish Empire (19 Royal Institubridge. Gormley haseach) that thes of variants ware now exhib

creating a panction and loc

riore “V. Emanue

nsciousness, acles of an afors of a staginon that tends

45 – Time Hori

and art histoto further h

pth courses as work Gorm

on the body amaterial of t

ng point to accharacteristi

ys that of the to question hts perspectiveody, the crowons like Allotmalia. Gormley ate and Haywna Museum, Art in Dublirmley’s works997 ), the Souute of British

s created for e English artiswith respect tbited in the M

aradoxical andcked in the a


represent thefterlife world,ng where theto reconnect

izon.

ory at Trinityhis studies oft the Centralley gives newas the seat ofthe sculpture.chieve figurescs and at thesilhouette ofhimself aboute towards thewd, and thement, Critical's works are

ward galleries,the Corcorann, Koinischers there is theuth Bank PrizeArchitects at

Scolacium. Itst has createdo the process

Mediterranean

d provocativeppearance of

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y f l w f . s e f t e e l e , n r e e t

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Fig. 4 Artist Biography

Work

their this cneo‐GVenicEuropConcrfeatubuttoarcheobse

46 – Concrete M

i

rr

icp2w

itdt

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pGruta

Rizzitan

being. Since context, his yGothic worksce Biennale ape and Amerirete mixer is aures of the obon correspondes. The artist arver in a reviv

e mixer by Wim

MichelangeloProtagonist oinnovative waPaintings thatreversing therecognitions Pistoletto theis directly rescareer that hpolitical and s2003 he was awhere until 20Kassel. The Shores ofMediterraneaintended as athey begin todifference, a this case, the Mediterraneaand religions.I Temp(l)i camdifferent justSculpture, is Recycling of hprotection. InGreek templerefrigerators unstable basethe era of proand with them

no Trail ‐ pag.

the late 80s hards are relev. His first solond in 1992 aca. a neo‐gothic cbject deprivinds a monumenaims to createval postmoder

m Delvoye.

o Pistolettoof the Arte Pay to affect rt include the p concept of Rwith exhibits e art work repsponsible for tas led him tosocial sphere,awarded with012 he partici

f the Mediterran basin anda starting poino understandproject declinworld of ideaan is reflected

mbiano (The for a “l”), athe icon of thousehold app the work of Pe where the wcreate the bae, a symbol ofogress and com the myths.

. 36/43 – Excu

he has challenvant with its o exhibition t Documenta

characteristic ng it of its funtal presencee an unsettlinrn style.

Fig. 47

Povera movemradically contepresence of thRenaissance pin the most

presents the pthe change. To develop a s, highlighting h the Golden Lipated eleven

ranean is a wod the Countrnt for a globad and love thned in severaas is revealed d through a co

Times/Tempanother Pistolthe activity ofpliances) to rPistoletto thewashing‐machase and the eaf the inevitablonsumption to" Pistoletto s

© 2014 Istituto

ursion Guide v

nged the convcaterpillars, tdates back toa IX in Kassel.

sculpture in wnctionality. Ae that evokes tng effect that

7 – The Shores

ment, since temporary aeshe viewer in thperspective. Hprestigious E

place of sociaThis is evidensurvey wherea number of Lion for Lifetimn times. He too

ork consistingries borderingl reflection one differencesl works for soin its concreteomparison inv

les Change, iletto’s work f Ecodom (Itaaise public awe "waste" is trhine drums beardrum. A "mle transformao that of recyays, "Today,

o Istruzione Super

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ventions, creatrucks, cemeno 1986, in 19The artist co

which the autt the removathe medieval calls into que

s of the Medite

he early 60s sthetics. In 19he work and tHis work in sEuropean andl transformatt from the an art extends solutions for me Achievemeok part in fou

of 68 stones g on this sen the differens. The work bocially engageeness and thevolving people

in Italian langexhibited in alian Consortiwareness on tansformed anecome Doric cmonument to tion and revocling and respthe new myth

riore “V. Emanue

ating paradoxnt mixers tran990 he was a ollected a lot

thor respects al of the meccathedrals wistion the cert

terranean by M

his research962 he createthe real dimenshort collects d American mion, where eanalysis of his its meaning the post‐globent at the Venr editions of D

that form, asea. The Mednces, the placbelongs to thed art made se geographicaes, ethnic gro

guage the twthe Internatium for the Rthe issue of end takes on a columns, whilrecycling" thaolution: the trponsibility. "Th is recycling


xical works. Innsformed intoguest at theof awards in

the aestheticchanical heartith lancet andtainties of the

M. Pistoletto.

takes on anes the Mirrornsion of time,international

museums. Forach individualentire artisticto the wholebal society. Innice Biennale,Documenta in

s a whole, theiterranean ise from whichhe cycle Lovesince 2002. Inl image of theoups, cultures

wo words aretional Park ofRecovery andnvironmentalnew image: ale the coils ofat rests on anansition fromTimes change,. We live in a

o

n o e n

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Fig. 48 – I T Artist Biography

Work

Artist Biography

Work

Artist Biography

tr

Temp(l)i camb

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time of transirecycling ‐ tim

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c Quinn protagonist inreness towardptures in whitm the ancient ahs of mass memost famouserous awardsexposed for mm is the reprelous as to simead as an exhmake a consge of celluloidnection with th

han BalkenhoGerman artistemic convent

m a single wooviduals who hayday projectio3 and he has h and Ballerinlights the autathos. The twr, far away onk on the top odark pants, ispparent and ir

ro Staccioli teaching, inteeriments withwing its formsorates the idacterized by ch makes his w

no Trail ‐ pag.

tion betweenme ‐ balance ‐

elangelo Pisto

n the second hds the historte marble wiart are embleedia such as thmarble grou

s in the internmany months esentation of

mulate the conibit of contemcious distanc, as well as ohe physical pr

ol t has imposedtions. In manoden trunk anave nothing oon of the aeshad wide interna is a bronzehor's intentio

wo figures, althn the physical of a tall circula placed on a ronic monume

ellectual, polit painting ands in close reldea of organiconsistency, sworks. With h

. 37/43 – Excu

n the myth of change."

oletto.

half of the 90sry and the cth disabilitiesematic. But thhe top modelup of antiquitnational arenat Trafalgar Sf Darth Vader,nstruction of cmporary art ting from realon the contrarresence to bec

d himself for hny circumstannd subsequenof heroic but sthetic experirnational recoe painted dipon to reduce though resumand spatial lear column in apedestal, a pentality.

tical and artisd engraving, ation with soizing a seriessimplicity of fhis work "ma

© 2014 Istituto

ursion Guide v

progress and

Fig. 4

s of Young Brlassics intends who challenhe meditation Kate Moss rety. His first sa have followquare in Lond, negative Stachildren with ahat allows yolity. The workry, in anothercome an idea

his ability to rnces, the imantly illuminateefficiently repence. Balkenognitions, withptych represethe work to ite a theme deevel, with glanan unnatural osition usuall

tic experienceby the late ociety and urs of "action‐sform and perrks" the envir

o Istruzione Super

vers. 1.0

the myth of

49 – Totem by

itish Art, his cded as placesnge the conceon the huma

einterpreted iolo show wa

wed. In 2007, don. r Wars hero. a series of oveu to reflect ok is the objecr work of the l, almost abst

reinvent the fges are carveed by colourspresenting thehol has exhibh exhibitions aenting a man s essential asear to the tradnces that fall imotion, whiley reserved fo

e of Staccioli '60s he devorban space. Itsculptures". Trfect adhesionronment by a

riore “V. Emanue

recycling. Tem

y Mark Quinn.

career takes ths of experimept of fragman nature alsoin the light of as in 1988 anone of Quinn

The image , aerlapping elemon the imaginactive personifartist, Kate Mract form.

figure coming ed with precs. The featuree contemporabited his first around the wo and a dancespect, eliminadition, are fonto the void. e the male figor heroes, the

are inextricabotes himself t is in 1972 The languagen to the envialtering the pe


mple ‐ home ‐

he form of anentation. Hisent inheritedo involves thethe Laocoon,

nd since thenn’s sculptures

apparently soments, shouldary film whilefication of anMoss loses its

out from thecision startinge is to createary man in ansolo show inorld. er. This workting all formsreign to eachThe dancer isure, in a shirtreby showing

bly linked. Heto sculpture,that Stacciolie choices areronments forerception. He

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Fig. 50 –

Fig. 52 – A pthe Br

9. Muse It is a spedocuments,to the Seco

has pperminclu"Catadesigsilenapplirenea plaemot

– Catanzaro ’1

postcard dediigade Catanza

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cialized mu, maps and ond World W

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participated imanent installding one placanzaro '11" igned specificace, but takes icable in a wowed dialectic ace" and thistional tactility

11, a work by

cated to aro.

Military H

seum dedicother historiar.

no Trail ‐ pag.

n two editionlations are loced in front ofs a ring 8 mally for the cityan active pa

ork that accombetween full s concept apy and the inde

Mauro Staccio

History (M

ated to theical relics us

. 38/43 – Excu

ns of the Venocated in Calf the National m high and wy of Catanzarort in the tranmmodates theand empty. "

ppears to be elible mark of

oli. F

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MUSMI)

e “Brigata Ced in histori

© 2014 Istituto

ursion Guide v

nice Biennale,ifornia, KoreaGallery of Mo

weighing 12 too. The work isnsformation oe space, absor"Creating sculparticularly the landscape

Fig. 51 – Man

. 53 – The MU

“Brigata

Catanzaro”, cal periods

o Istruzione Super

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exhibiting ina, Portugal, Todern Art in Rons, as we us not a separaof reality. The rbs it and thropture", says Seffective in ae prevail.

and Ballerina

USMI rear view

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riore “V. Emanue

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The “Brigade Catanzaro” The Brigade Catanzaro was an infantry unit of the Italian Royal Army active during the First World War and, as the 64th Infantry Division “Catanzaro”, a motorized unit operating during the II World War. It was established on 1st March 1915 at Catanzaro Lido in two regiments, the 141st and 142nd. The soldiers (about 6,000) who were part of it were in the majority from Calabria. On 24th May 1915, it was first framed in the troops at the disposal of the Supreme Command then, after a few days, was sent to Friuli where it was framed in the 3rd Army. The “Catanzaro” was one of the most exploited Army units. Worn out by the long rounds in the trenches of the front line in the most contended areas, it was used as an attack brigade on the Carso from July 1915 to September 1917 and in a number of other scenarios. The most glorious episode in the history of the brigade had as scenery the Mount Mosciagh, place of rough fightings. The infantry of the “Catanzaro” recovered some pieces of artillery from a position still held by the Austrians on the top of the mountain, and after about two hours of bayonet attacks, managed to drive out the enemy from the start positions finally conquering even the armament. The incident, mentioned in the war bulletin of May 29th, 1916 nr. 369 signed by the General Luigi Cadorna, was taken by the national press and earned the first page of “La Domenica del Corriere” a national paper. The King, by decree of December 28th, 1916, granted motu proprio to the flag of the 141° Regiment, the Gold Medal of Military Valour and to that of the 142° one the Silver Medal for Military Valour. Several months later, the soldiers of the two regiments of the “Catanzaro” were the protagonists of the most serious revolt in the Italian army during the conflict. The incident occurred in Santa Maria la Longa where the brigade was headquartered from June 25th, 1917 for a period of rest. The news of a new re‐use at the forefront mounted the discontent that quickly became revolt. On the evening of 15th July 1917, the rebels of a regiment attacked the soldiers of the other one leading them to mutiny. The task to quell the protests with timeliness and rigor was given to a company of Carabinieri armed with four machine guns and two auto‐cannons. In the morning it was all over with the shooting of a few surviving rebels and their rapid burial in a common grave. The soldiers of the Brigade Catanzaro, after this tragic incident, continued to fight with discipline for all the duration of the war, so as to obtain a second quote on the war report of 25th August 1917. In June 1920, the brigade was disbanded. The collections of MUSMI The collections are arranged on two levels. The ground floor houses the collections related to the Bourbon and Napoleonic period, while on the first floor there are the collections relating to the future periods, particularly the First and Second World War. One area is dedicated to the Brigade Catanzaro. On the first floor was also staged a reconstruction of a trench with original material and playing sounds, and smells of the trench. The MUSMI exhibits a rich collection of weapons including rifles, anti‐personnel mines, machine guns, semi‐automatic pistols, rotation guns, hand grenades, grenades, bayonets and two cannons at the entrance of the museum. Among the collections there is even a sliver of a bomb felt in the gardens of San Leonardo and exploded only partially. There are also guns of the Bourbon era and of 1800 as well as swords, daggers and typical knives of the Calabrian culture. The museum also exhibits various awards and decorations including the prestigious Legion of Honour from the Napoleonic era and the contemporary ensign of the “Iron Crown”, but also propaganda posters of the fascist period and numerous uniforms of the various periods.

10. Guidance and directions Integral part of the educational project that led to the creation of the Rizzitano Trail was the production of a specific table, giving details about each salient aspect of the path. It was therefore designed a series of tables of different sizes capable of performing different functions along the entire route of the path.

Tab. 4 ‐ Key t nr. Size (cm

1 70 x 8

2 70 x 8

3 70 x 8

4 70 x 8

5 70 x 8

6 70 x 8

7 30 x 4

8 30 x 4

9 10 x 2

10 70 x 8

The purposRizzitano Tunnecessary(for exampindications.Managemephase. This developed i

Fig. 54 ‐ The the hiking tra

1 The logo of t

tables provide

m) Number

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

40 15

40 8

0 10

0 70 x 80

se of the desrail and its y and expenle, in the Pa Unfortunant of Mediteaspect , likein the future

first table of tail with the po

the Rizzitano Tr

Rizzitan

ed in the plan

name

start

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flora

geology

mine

exotic flora

important plant

important geology

direction

sculpture

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Authors’ notes Explanatory Cards The Explanatory Cards of this Hiking Guide are intended to constitute neither a treaty of Agronomy or Botany, Geology or Soil Chemistry, nor a Historical Anthology or a compendium of Modern Art. The information contained herein, coming from disparate sources we verified to the best of our skills, will provide the hiker who ventures along the Rizzitano Trail a wealth of essential information pertaining to different disciplines, who can offer points for reflection and make the walk rewarding both physically and scenically and also from a cultural point of view. On‐line available materials (http:/www.istitutoagrariocatanzaro.it and also facebook /sentiero rizzitano) • Excursion guide of Rizzitano Trail • Rizzitano Trail map • GPS route of Rizzitano Trail • Google Earth route of Rizzitano Trail These materials are also available in Italian language. Information Updates on the trail are available at: Istituto Istruzione Superiore “V. Emanuele II” Via Vinicio Cortese n. 1 88100 Catanzaro Tel +39 0961 726355 e‐ mail: [email protected] http://www.istitutoagrariocatanzaro.it/ facebook/sentiero rizzitano Emergency Numbers Provincial Police: 800 555 222 Environmental impact The explanatory materials relating to the Rizzitano Trail and downloadable from the web site www.istitutoagrariocatanzaro.it or from the facebook page sentiero rizzitano are mostly in pdf format (with the exception of the GPS track that is in gpx and the Google Earth track that is in kml format) and so readable by tablets and smartphones on which was previously installed a reader for files of this type was previously installed. In order to reduce the use of paper we advice to print these documents only when absolutely necessary. Design The project of the Rizzitano Trail was developed by the students of the Class 3A of the Istituto Istruzione Superiore "Vittorio Emanuele II" of Catanzaro in the course of the 2013‐2014 school year (Luca Anania, Roberta Bellavista, Nicola Bonessi, Francesco Canino, Cristian Corigliano, Vincenzo Crescenzi, Gianluca Cropanese, Pierluigi Cropanese, Noemi Donato, Alessandro Fabiano, Matteo Falbo, Antonio Fedele, Pietro Folino, Pasquale Grasso, Francesco Lamonica, Franco Paonessa, Alessandra Raimondo, Giuseppe Rizzo, Ilaria Trapasso, Marco Pasquale Veraldi) under the guidance of the class teachers: Francesco Bilotta (Agricultural Chemistry), Anna Bonadio (Agronomy), Giuseppe Caruso (Agricultural Biotechnology), Enrica Delbene (Italian and History), Maria Giardinazzo (Agricultural Chemistry), Patrizia Massara (English), Fernando Rocca (Topography), Laura Spinazzola (Support), Stefania Basile (Educator). Special thanks for their contribution to the following teachers: Alberto Carpino (Valuation), Immacolata Giampà (English), Rita Loprete (English) and Claudio Tinello (Information Technology). Caterina Aversa (Technician of Information Technology) and Carmine Porcaro (Technician of Chemistry) collaborated too.

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