May | June 2013

Natural sources of cholesterol, phospholipids and proteins

The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2013 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

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Aquaculture is one of the fastestgrowing industries in food pro-duction. However, the future ofthisgrowthwilldependlargelyon

availabilityofrawmaterialsanddevelopmentof new nutrient sources from vegetable oranimalorigin.

Oneoftheessentialnutrientsforshrimpischolesterol.Drivenby the increasing scarcityofconventionalsourcesofcholesterol,Sonacrecently developed Phosterol. This hydro-lyzedproteinof animalorigin isproduced inaccordance with all relevant EU regulationsandisreadilyavailablefromrenewablenaturalsources. The uniqueness of Phosterol lies inthe natural combination of cholesterol andphospholipids. Trials on shrimp have showna strong synergy between cholesterol andphospholipids, the twomain components ofPhosterol.

Phosterol is a unique protein hydrolysatewithhighcontentofcholesterolandphosphol-ipids like phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidyl inositol. Cholesterolandphospholipidsareessentialbuildingblocksincellularmembranesandarepartofseveralbiological processes. Together with the highamountoffat,Phosterolisagoodingredientinaquafeeds,especiallyshrimpfeeds.Shrimpsrelyuponadietarysourceofcholesterol foroptimalmolting.

The origin of Phosterol is porcine tis-sue which has been collected in dedicatedEuropean slaughterhouses and after enzy-matichydrolysisfurtherprocessedtoabeigebrownishandheatstablepowder.

Gelko Powder is a new hydrolysedanimal-based product that contains highlydigestible proteins for fish and shrimp. Ithosts a combination of important aminoacids, making aqua feed attractive andpalatable. Naturally present nucleotides,

phospholipids and minerals increase itsnutritionalvalue.

EU Feed lawAccordingtoEUFeedlaw,Phosteroland

Gelkoarepermittedforuseforallanimalspe-cies.No limitations are imposedonproduc-tionfacilities,transportsystemsoruseatfarmlevel.Noadditionallabelingtextsarerequired.

Growth trial with Phosterol and Gelko

Threedietswereformulatedtocontainequal amounts of cholesterol. The refer-encedietcontainedcrystallinecholesterol.One diet contained 0.9% Phosterol andthe third diet contained 2% Gelko, aprotein soluble (seeTable2).Feedswereproducedwithapelletmillona2mmdie,usingpreconditioningwithsteam(>90°C)and post-conditioning (>90°C) for 20minutes.

Shrimp trialThe trial was performed at the AFT-

CreveTecresearchcentre.Fortyshrimpof1-1.4 gwere put in 12 nets of 150 litres.All nets were placed in a bigger tank, soallnetshadthesamewaterquality.Waterqualityinthebigtankswasmaintainedwithbioflocs.

Eachnetwasequippedwithafeeder.Thefeed gift was adjusted daily according to anexpected growth curve and average weightfrominitialandlastmeasurement.

ResultsGrowth(averageweight)Wecannotobserveastatisticaldifference

ingrowthbetweenthedifferentfeeds.Gelkoseemedtobedoingalittlebetterinthemid-dleof the experiment, but towards the endtheReferencedietwasthebest.

table 1: Composition of Phosterol and Gelko

Composition Phosterol Gelko

Moisture 4% 4%

Crude Protein 48% 68%

Crude fat 34% 18%

Crude ash 9% 11%

Cholesterol 10% 0.10%

total phospholipids 24% 9%

Phosphatidyl choline 7.80% -

Phosphatidyl inositol 0.90% -

DHa 2.30% -

table 2: experimental diets - Diets were formulated to contain 38 % proteins and 8 % lipids.

reF Gelko Phosterol

Corn gluten 5 5 5

Fish meal 26 24 26

Squid meal 2 2 2

Wheat 16.9 16.9 16.9

Wheat flour 25 25 25

Soybean meal 15 15 14.2

Soyalecithin 2 2 2

Fish oil 2 2 2

Wheat Gluten 4 4 4

Premix 2 2 2

Cholesterol 0.1 0.1

Phosterol 0.9

Gelko 2

total 100 100 100

Natural sources of cholesterol, phospholipids and proteinsby Geert van der Velden, Carine van Vuure and Anke van Doremalen, Sonac BV, The Netherlands

28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | May-June 2013

FEATURE

May-June 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29

Volume 16 / Issue 3 / May-June 2013 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2013 / All rights reserved

ConclusionPhosterolisavaluablealternativesourceof

cholesterolandgivessimilarresultsingrowthand lowerFCRthan thepuresource. Italsoshowslowermortality.

Gelko can replace high quality fish mealwithaminimumof2%withnogrowth loss,andresultsinalowermortality.

Due to the composition, Phosterol hasmanybenefitsinaquafeeds:•Fatandproteinmixture•Richincholesterol(10%)•Richinphospholipids(24%)•Goodsuspension•Goodemulsifier•Attractantandpalatantinshrimpdiets• Improved growth rates, molting fre-

quencyandsurvivalinfarmedshrimp• Cholesterol is heat stable (3 hours

133°C)TheadvantagesofGelko:•Fatandproteinmixture•Richinphospholipids(9%)•Goodsuspension•Attractantandpalatantinshrimpdiets• Soluble proteins with extreme high

digestibility

table 3: Growth of shrimp (g/week) on diets containing Phosterol and Gelko

Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 average

reference 0.89 0.41 1.16 2.00 2.65 2.39 1.58

Phosterol 0.83 0.43 1.41 1.63 2.62 2.15 1.51

Gelko 0.82 0.52 1.55 1.75 2.22 2.44 1.55

overall, the observed growth was good, given the fact that shrimp were relatively small at the start of the experiment. once they reached 3-4 g, they grow above 2g/week.

table 4: FCr of shrimp on diets containing Phosterol and Gelko

Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 total

reF 0.81 2.02 1.18 1.39 0.99 1.36 1.18 b

Phosterol 1.09 1.81 0.69 0.87 0.86 1.41 0.99 a

Gelko 0.70 1.71 0.76 0.98 1.61 1.17 1.07 b

The feed with Phosterol showed the best FCR, and was statistically better than the other diets

table 5: Summary of results

Initial weight

Final weight

Growth (g/week) % Growth Mortality FCr

reference 1.31 10.81 a 1.58 826 % 9.53 % 1.18 b

Phosterol 1.17 10.25 a 1.51 872 % 5.94 % 0.99 a

Gelko 1.26 10.56 a 1.55 838 % 6.41 % 1.07 bMore InforMatIon:Website: www.sonac.biz

28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | May-June 2013 May-June 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29

FEATURE

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Limitations of formulated feeds for live feed production

Formulatedfeedsoffer lowcostandcon-venience, but they have fundamental short-comings. Zooplankton, including rotifers andArtemia, can feedonlyonmicroparticlesofappropriatesize(frombacteriato10µmfor

Brachionus [Baer et al. 2008, Vadstein et al.1993],andfrombacteriato28µm,withtheoptimumabout8-16µmforArtemia [Makridisand Vadstein 1999, Fernández 2001]). It isdifficult to produce dry feeds that provideuniformparticlesizes,andevenwhenuniformdry particles can be produced they can be

subject to clumping when dispersed intowaterforfeeding.Butprobablythemostcriti-calshortcomingofdryfeedsisrapidleachingofwater-solublenutrients;thesmallerthepar-ticle,thefasternutrientsareleachedout.Notonly are leachednutrientsunavailable to thelivefeeds,theycancausefoulingofthewater.

Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Algae concentrate (Reed Mariculture Tetraselmis 3600)

12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | May-June 2013 May-June 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13

FEATURE

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They are what they eat Enhancing the nutritional value of live feeds

with microalgae

Controlling mycotoxins with binders

Ultraviolet water disinfection for fish

farms and hatcheries

Niacin – one of the key B vitamins for sustaining

healthy fish growth and production

Volume 16 I s sue 3 2 013 - mAY | J uNe

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