Nationalist revolutions sweep the west
Transcript of Nationalist revolutions sweep the west
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West: 1789—1900
Chapter 24 pgs. 601—623
LATIN AMERICAN PEOPLES WIN INDEPENDENCE
Section 1pgs. 603-608
Saint Domingue• First Latin American territory to free itself from European rule• French Colony• Started Revolution, lead by Toussaint L’Overture to end slavery
Boukman• African Priest• Raised call for
revolution in Saint Domingue to free itself from France–Within a few days,
100,000 slaves rose in revolt
Toussaint L’Overture
• Ex-slave• Untrained in the military and in diplomacy• Got name O’verture (opening in French) because he was
so good at finding openings in the enemy lines• 1801-moved into Spanish Santo Domingo, took control,
& freed the slaves• Agreed to halt the revolution if the french would end
slavery– Despite agreement, the French accused him of planning
another revolution and sent him to prison in the French Alps, where he died in April 1803
Jean-Jacques Dessalines• Toussaint’s general• Took up the fight for freedom
where Toussaint left off• January 1, 1804, declared
Saint Domingo an independent country– First black colony to free its
from European control– Renamed country “Haiti”,
• “mountainous land” in the language of the native Arawak inhabitants of the island
Haiti• Re-named Haiti after
Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared it independent from Spain
• Means mountainous land in the native Arawak inhabitants of the island
• First black colony to free itself from European control
Peninsulares• Top of Spanish American
society • Men who had been born in
spain• Only ones who could hold high
office on colonial government– Spain could keep loyalty of its
colonial leaders• Together with the Creoles they
controlled the wealth and power in the Spanish colonies
Creoles• Spaniards born in Latin
America• Ranked after the peninsulares• Couldn’t hold high-level
political office• Could rise as officers in the
Spanish colonial army• Together with the peninsulares
they controlled the wealth and power in the Spanish colonies
Mestizos• Below the
peninsulares and creoles• Persons of mixed
European and Indian ancestry
Mulattos• Below the peninsulares,
creoles, and the mestizos• Persons of mixed
European and African ancestry
• Africans• Economic value to the
Spaniards
Antonio Nariño• Colombian patriot• Published
translation of the French Declaration of the Rights of Men• Sentenced to exile
in AfricaDrawing of Antonio Nariño
Joseph Bonaparte• Napoleon Bonaparte’s brother• Made king of Spain by
Napoleon– “puppet heir”– Spanish colonists felt no loyalty
to him & rebelled• Even after the return of
Ferdinand, the rebellion continued• creoles had begun their drive
for independence and wouldn’t stop until victory
Drawing of Joeseph Bonaparte
Simón Bolívar• Wealthy Venezuelan Creole• Called Libertador (liberator) • Brilliant general, whose leadership largely achieved victory for the
rebels• Romantic and practical, a writer, and a fighter• First helped free Venezuela• Had to go into exile twice• Led over 2,000 men through the Andes into what is now Columbia,
taking the Spanish army be surprise, and winning a decisive battle• Liberated Bolivia , Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , Panama, and Peru • Took control of San Martin’s army • Defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Ayachucho
José de San Martín• Brilliant general, whose leadership largely achieved victory for the rebels• Simple modest man • Displayed great courage in battle• Born in Argentina, but spent most of his youth in Spain, as a military officer• Believed in strict discipline for his troops
– Showed concern for well being of troops• Met up with Bolivar and helped free Ecuador• Led his army on a grueling march across the Andes to Chile where he, with
the help of O’Higgins, freed Chile• 1821, took his army north by sea to Lima, Peru, planning to force the Spanish
out– Needed larger army
• What caused Bolivar and San Martin to merge their armies and work together
• Left his army for Bolivar to command• After giving army to Bolivar he sailed to Europe where he died, almost
forgotten, on French soil in 1822
Battle of Ayacucho• Bolivar’s army
went to defeat the Spanish
• December 9, 1824• Last major battle of
the war for independence before the Spanish colonies won their freedom
Portrait of Battle of Ayaucho
Padre Miguel Hidalgo
• Priest in small village of Dolores• Took the first step for independence• Poor but well educated man• Firmly believed in enlightenment ideals• September 16, 1810 “Grito de Dolores”– Rang bells of church– When peasants gathered at the church, he issued a call
for rebellion against the Spanish• next day, army of 60,000 Indians and mestizo began a march
towards Mexico City
Grito de Dolores• Padre Miguel Hidalgo
bells of church• When peasants gathered
at the church, he issued a call for rebellion against the Spanish– next day, army of 60,000
Indians and mestizo began a march towards Mexico City
Painting of Grito de Dolores
José María Morelos
• Led the revolution for four years• In 1815, defeated by creole officer Augstin de
Iturbine• Called a Mexican congress to set up a democratic
government• Stayed behind when the Spanish caught up with
the congress, while rebels fled– Captured and shot– Napoleon said, “Give me three generals like him, and
I can conquer the world
Agustín de Iturbide
• Defeated Jose Maria Morelos in 1815
• Creole officer• Made peace with the
last rebel ruler– Proclaimed
independence in 1821
Drawing of Agustín de Iturbide
King John & VI Prince John
• As French troops approached Libson, Portugal where King John VI and Prince Henry were staying, they boarded ships in order to escape and sailed to Brazil– Also took the royal treasury and court
• When royal family returned to Brazil after 14 years the Brazilians were upset– Brazilians had developed their own uniqueness – Many couldn’t imagine their colony becoming a colony
Dom Pedro
• King Johns son• On September 7, 1822
officially declared Brazil’s independence – Bloodless revolution
Drawing of Dom Pedro
REVOLUTIONS DISRUPT EUROPE
Section 2pgs. 609-612
Conservatives
• Usually wealthy property owners and nobility• Argued for the protecting of traditional
monarchies of Europe• In certain cases, as in France, approved of
constitutional monarchies
Liberals
• Mostly middle class business leaders and merchants
• Wanted to give more power to elected Parliament– Only to Parliament in which the educated and
landowners could vote
Radicals
• Favored drastic change to extend democracy as a whole
• Believed that government should practice ideals of the French Revolution– Still radical idea, even 30 years after the
Revolution
Nationalism
Belief that one’s greatest loyalty should be-not to the king or empire-but instead to a nation of people who share a common culture and history
Nation-state
When a nation had its own independent government, it was called a nation-state
Balkans
• Controlled (mostly) by the Ottomans • Region contains all or part of present-day
1. Greece 2. Yugoslavia 3. Bulgaria4. Albania5. Romania6. Turkey• (GaY BART)
GREEK INDPENDENCE
Greek Nationalists• First people to win a self-ruling government• Part of the Balkans, controlled by the Ottoman Empire• Kept alive the memory of their ancient history and
culture• Spurred on the nationalist spirit, Greeks demanded
that their country takes place among the nation-states of Europe– Because of this movement a major Greek revolt broke out
against the Ottoman Turks in 1821• Ottomans, the most powerful government of the time opposed
the revolution
Greece gets help
• The cause of Greek independence was popular with people around the world– Russians felt connection to Greek Orthodox Christians, who were
ruled by the Muslim Ottomans– Educated Europeans and Americans loved and respected the Greek
culture– Lord Byron personally gave the Greek army $4,000 and volunteered as
a soldier– Eventually, with growing sympathy for Greece, the powerful nations of
Europe took the side of the Greeks• In 1827, a combined British, French, and Russian fleet destroyed the Ottoman
fleet at the Battle of Navarino • By 1830, Britain, France, and Russia signed a treaty recognizing the full
independence of Greece
Lord Byron
• British romantic poet• In 1823, he gave a large personal gift of $4,000
to the Greek fleet• Went to Greece and volunteered as a soldier• In February of 1824, a cold Greek rain
drenched him and gave him a fever– Died from illness in April 1824• Never got to see the victory of the cause he was
fighting for
Battle of Navarino
• A combined force of the British, French, and Russian fleet destroyed the Ottoman fleet
• Final battle, of the Greek revolution, winning the Greeks their independence Portrait of a scene from the Battle of Navarino
Dutch Revolution
• Nationalist riots broke out against Dutch rule in the Belgian city of Brussels
• November 1830, the Belgians finally declared their independence from Dutch control
Portrait of a scene from the Dutch revolution
Italy’s Previous Rulers
• Nationalist worked together to unite the separate states on the Italian peninsula– Some were independent– Others ruled by Austria– Others ruled by the pope
Minister Metternich
• Prime Minister of Austria• Sent Austrian troops to restore order in Italy• The uprising in Vienna combined with others,
forced Metternich to resign and set off liberal uprisings throughout the German state
Polish Uprising
• Poles living under Russian rule stages a revolt in Warsaw in late 1830
• Russian armies took a whole year to crush the uprising
Symbol of Polish uprising
Budapest
• City in Hungary• Nationalist leader Louis Kossuth called for
parliament and self-government for Hungary• This uprising combined with others, forced
Metternich to resign and set off liberal uprisings throughout the German state
Louis Kossuth
Called for parliament and self-government for Hungary during the Budapest uprising
Photograph of Louis Kossuth
Prague Uprising
• Czechs demanded Bohemian independence• This uprising combined with others, forced
Metternich to resign and set off liberal uprisings throughout the German state
Uprising in Vienna
• An unruly mob in Vienna itself clashed with the police
• This uprising combined with others, forced Metternich to resign and set off liberal uprisings throughout the German state
See-saw Government
• Many liberal gains like the ones in Budapest, Vienna, and Prague, were lost to conservatives within a year
• In one country after another, the revolutions failed to unite themselves or their nations
• Conservatives regained their nerve and their power• By 1849, Europe had practically returned to the
conversatism that controlled the government before 1848
King Charles X
• King of France in 1830s• Tried to restage an return to absolute
monarchy, after the goal of the French revolution was to get a democratic government– Attempt sparked revolts that forced Charles to flee
to great Britain
Louis Phillipe
• Replaced Charles X• Long supported Liberal reforms in France• By 1848, Louis-Phillipe began to fall from
popular favor• The Paris mob overturned a monarchy and
established a republic– Alphonsoe de Lamartino was the new leader
Alphonsoe de Lamartino
• One of France’s leading poets• Led France’s temporary republic, after
overthrowing Louis-Phillipe • Began to develop own faction in the republic,
causing the government to fall apart
Louis Blanc
• Created faction, opposing that of Alphonso de Lamartine, with in France’s new republic
Drawing of Louis Blanc
Louis Blanc vs. Alphonso de Lamartino
Louis Blanc• Wanted political reform• Wanted social and
economic reform
Alphonso de Lamartino• Wanted only political
reform
•Differences set off bloody battles in the streets of Paris•The violence turned French citizens away from the Radicalso As a result, a moderate constitution was drawn up
later, calling for a parliament and strong president to be elected by the leader
Louis Napoleon
• Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte• Won presidential election, becoming leader of
France• Took title of Emperor Napoleon III– Surprisingly accepted by large majority of France’s
population• Built railroads, encouraged industrialization and
promoted an ambitious program of public works– Unemployment decreased in France and the country
experienced real prosperity
Reform in Russia
• Had yet to make a lead into the modern industrialized world in the 1800s
• Serfs being bond to the land prevented the empire from advancing economically– Many czars were reluctant to free the serfs
because it would anger the landowners, whose support the czars needed
Czar Nicholas I
• Eventually Russia lack of development became obvious to Russia and the rest of the world
• Threatened to take over part of the ottoman empire in the Crimean War
Portrait of Czar Nicholas I
Crimean War
• Czar Nicolas I threatened to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
• Russia’s industries and transportation systems failed to provide adequate supplies for the countries troops– As a result, in 1856, Russia lost the war against a
combined force of France, Great Britain, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire• Humiliating defeat for the czars
Alexander II
• Nicolas III’s son• Decided to move Russia towards
modernization and social change– Through his reforms he believed that Russia would
compete with Western Europe for world power• His first and boldest reform was freeing the
serfs in 1861• Assassinated in 1881 by terrorists
Edict of Emancipation
• Alexander II’s first and boldest reform was freeing the serfs on March 3, 1861– Peasant communities received half of the nobles
land, paid for by the government, and had 49 years to pay the government back• When serfs were still legally “free” they were still tied
to the land
Alexander III
• Alexander II’s successor• Tightened czarist control on the country• Encouraged industrial development to expand
Russia’s power• Nationalism was a main force behind Russia’s
drive towards industrial expansion
NATIONALISMCASE STUDIES: ITALY AND GERMANY
Section 3pgs. 613-618
Nationalism
• When citizens were loyal to the people they shared a common bond with, not their king
• These bonds might include– Common history– Language– Culture– World-view
• Nationalism helped to form nation states
Nationalism Unity or Disunity?
Unity• Could create new, unified
nation states• Could unify masses of
people• Nationalist spirit inspired
the French citizens armies to conquer the armies of the European powers
• Gave rise to the nation-state that is basic to our world today
Disunity• Capable of tearing apart
long established empires• Conservatives reasoned
that if a each ethnic group wanted its own state, empires would split and crumble
Austro-Hungarian Empire
• Brought together theo Hungarians
o Italianso Slovakso Germanso Czechso Serbso ‘Poleso Croatso Slavs
H I S Good Choice Stopped People from Committing Suicide
North German Federation
• Land gained by Prussia after defeating the Austrians in the Austro-Prussian War Map of the North German Confederation
Francis Joseph
• Emperor of Prussia• Pressure by the Hungarians, he split his
empire in two after gaining the North German Federation in the Austro-Prussian War– Austria and Hungary became two separate states,
both ruled by Francis Joseph
Russian Empire Crumbles• Nationalism helped break apart the 400 year old empire of the czars in Russia• The Russian czars ruled over, each having their own culture
– Jews
– Russian
– Ukrainians
– Armenians
– Estonians
– Georgians
– Turks
– Finns
– Romanians
Justin Reminded Us About Every Good Thing Finn Ruined
Russification
• Imposing Russian culture on all ethnic groups of an empire– Strengthened nationalist feelings• Helped disunity Russia
• The disunited and weakened empire couldn’t with hand the double shock of WWI and the communist revolution and the last of the Romanov czar fell in 1917
Romanov Dynasty
• Reigning dynasty of Russia until the WWI
Romanov Dynasty family tree
Ottomans Weaken• Ottomans controlled the
– Greeks – Slavs– Arabs– Bulgarians– Armenians– Turks
• In 1856, under pressure from the British and French, the Ottomans issued reforms to grant equal citizenship to all the people under their rule– Angered conservative Turks who wanted no change in the situation and
created tensions in the empire• In response to the nationalism in Amenians, the Ottomans carried out massacres
and deportations of the Armenians
• Like Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire soon broke apart after WWI
CASE STUDY: ITALY
Formation of Italy
Italy was one of the countries to form from the territory of crumbling empire
Map of the formation of Italy from separate states
Austrian Rule in Italy
• After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Austria ruled the Italian provinces of Venetia and Lombardy and several small states in the north
• Between 1815 and 1848, an increasing number of Italians were no longer content to live under foreign rulers
Venetia (top) and Lombardia (bottom)
Spanish Rule in Italy
• The Spanish Bourbon family ruled the Kingdom of Two Sicilies
• Between 1815 and 1848, an increasing number of Italians were no longer content to live under foreign rulers
Kingdom of Two Sicilies in green
Giuseppe Mazzini
• Idealistic Italian• Organized a nationalist group called “Young Italy”• During the violent years of 1848, revolt broke out
in eight states on the Italian peninsula and Mazzini briefly headed a republic government at Rome
• Believed that nation-state were the best hope for social justice, democracy, and peace in Europe
• Rebellions in Italy failed in 1848 and Mazzini and other nationalist rulers were driven into exile
Young Italy
• Nationalist group• Created by Giuseppe
Mazzini• Only men under 40
were allowed to enter
Portrait of Young Italy fighting in battle
Piedomnt-Sardinia
• After 1848, Italians looked to Piedmont-Sardina for leadership
• Largest and most powerful of the Italian states• Adopted a liberal constitution, so to the Italian
middle class, unification under the Piedmont Sardina seemed a sensible alternative to Mazzini’s democratic idealism
King Victor Emmanuel II
• Sardinia's king in 1852• Named Count Camillo
di Cavour as his prime minister
• Controlled all of Italy after Garibaldi gives him that land he conquered in the south
Drawing of Victor Emmanuel II
Camillo di Cavour
• Named prime minister of Sardinia under King Victor Emmanuel II
• Wealthy, middle-aged aristocrat• Worked tirelessly to expand Piedmont-Sardina’s power– With careful diplomacy and well chosen alliances, he
achieved that goal• Also, almost as a coincidence, he achieved unification of Italy
• Distrusted by Mazzini, who believed correctly that Cavour wanted to strengthen Sardinia's power, not unite Italy
Cavour gets help from France
• At first, Cavour’s major goal was to get control of northern Italy for Sardinia
• Cavour realized that greatest roadblock to conquering Sardinia was Austria
• To help him expel the Austrians from the north Cavour found an ally in France– Napoleon III agreed to help drive Austria out of the northern
provinces of Lombardy and Venetia• Cavour soon provoked war with Austria
– A combined French-Sardinian won two quick victories against Austria• Sardinia then succeeded in controlling all of northern Italy, except for
Venetia, from the Austrians
Napoleon III
• French emperor• Agreed to help Cavour
help drive the Austrians out of Lombardy and Venetia– Gave Sardinia control of
all of Italy except Venetia
Portrait of Napoleon III
Cavour helps unite the south
• As Cavour was uniting the northern part of Italy, he began to consider controlling the south
• Cavour secretly started helping nationalist rebels in southern Italy
Photograph of Camillo di Cavour
Garibaldi Conquers Sicily
• Bold and romantic soldier, Giuseppe Garibalidi that led a small army of Italian nationalists who captured Sicily for Italy
• Garibaldi, or “the red one” always wore red shirts– Became known as “Red
Shirts”Portrait of Giuseppe Garibaldi
Red Shirts
• Garibaldi’s army• Known as Red
Shirts because they always wore red shirts in battle “Red Shirts” fighting in a battle
Garibaldi gives power to Emmanuel II
• From Sicily, Garibaldi crossed to the Italian mainland and marched north, where volunteers flocked to his banner
• In an election voters gave Garibaldi permission to unite the southern areas he conquered with the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
• Cavour arranged for King Victor Emmanuel II to meet Garibaldi in Naples– Garibaldi agreed to step aside and let King Victor
Emmanuel rule
Venetia
• In 1866, the Austrian province of Venetia, which included the city of Venice, became part of Italy after the Seven Weeks War
The city of Venice, part of Venetia
Papal States
• In 1870, Italian forces took over the last part of territory known as the Papal States– With this victory, the city of Rome came under
Italian control, and soon after Rome became the capital of the united Kingdom of Italy
• The Papal States had been governed by the Roman Catholic Popes as both its spiritual and earthly rulers– The pope would remain to rule over a section of
Rome known as the Vatican City
Challenges after unification• Centuries of separation had bred fierce rivalries among the
different Italian provinces– The greatest tension arose between the industrialized north and the
agricultural south• Had two different ways of life• Couldn’t understand the others way of speaking Italian
– In Italian parliament, disorganized parties, with vague policies often squabbled• As a result, prime ministers and cabinets were changed frequently
• Also faced severe economic problems– Bloody revolts broke out in the south – At the same time, strikes and riots troubled the northern cities– Meanwhile, the Italian government couldn’t deal with the countries
economics• As a result, Italy entered the 20th century as a poor country
CASE STUDY: GERMANY
German Confederation• Made up of 39, loosely grouped, German states• The two largest states, Austria-Hungary and Prussia
dominated the confederation • Prussia enjoyed several advantages that would
eventually help it forge a strong German state– Unlike Austria-Hungary, Prussia had a mainly German
population• As a result nationalism unified Prussia, while ethnic groups in
Austria-Hungary tore it apart
– Prussia’s army was by far, the most powerful in central Europe– Prussia industrialized more quickly than other German states
Fredrich Wilhelm IV
• Like many other European powers, Prussia experienced the disorder of revolution
• Berlin rioters forced the frightened and unstable Prussian King, Friedrich Wilhelm IV to call a constitutional convention– The convention then drew up a liberal constitution
for the kingdom
Conservative Wilhelm I
• Wilhelm I succeeded Friedrich Wilhelm IV• First reformed the army and doubled the already
powerful Prussian military– Liberal parliament refused him the money for his reforms– Wilhelm saw the Parliaments refusal as a challenge to his
authority• Supported in his views by the Junkers
• Wilhelm drew all his ministers and army officers from the Junker class
• Named conservative Otto von Bismarck prime minister
Junkers• Members of Prussia’s
wealthy landowning class• Supported the views of
Wilhelm I• Strongly conservative and
opposed liberal ideas– For that reason, Wilhelm
drew all his minister and army officials from the Junker classPhotograph of a typical Junker
Otto van Bismarck
• Was master of realpolitik• Unable to command parliament to grant
Wilhelm’s desires, Bismarck, with the kings approval, declared that he would rule without the consent of parliament and without a legal budget– Actions were in direct violation of the constitution
realpolitik
• German term meaning, “the politics of reality”• Described tough
power politics with no room for idealism
Otto von Bismarck, one of the most famous users of realpolitik
Ambitious Bismarck
• Bismarck was devoted to his king and country, but was also ambitious– “man who was striving after supreme power,
including military power”• By working to expand Prussia, Bismarck could
satisfy his patroitism and his desire for power
Prussian-Austrian Alliance
• Bismarck’s first step towards molding an empire was forming an alliance between Prussia and Austria
• Bismarck then went to war with Austria, against Demark, in order to win two border provinces: Schleswig and Holstein– Victory increased national pride among the Prussians– Also won Prussia respect from other Germans and lent
support for Prussia as the head of a unified Germany– After victory, Prussia governed Schleswig and Austria
controlled Holstein• Bismarck suspected that this arrangement would lead to friction
between the two powers
Seven Weeks War
• To disable his powerful rival, Bismarck purposely stirred up border conflict with Austria over Schleswig and Holstein– Tensions provoked Austria into declaring war on
Prussia in 1866• This conflict became known as the Seven Weeks War
• Prussians used their superior training and equipment to win a smashing victory– Prussia humiliated Austria– Austrians lost Venetia, which was given to Italy
North German Confederation
• With its victory in the Seven Weeks War, Prussia took control of northern Germany
• For the first time, the eastern and western parts of the Prussian kingdom were joined
• In 1867, the remaining states of the north joined a North German Confederation, which Prussia dominated completely
Catholic South
• By 1867, a few southern German states remained independent of Prussia– The majority of southern Russia was Catholics
• Many of in the regoin resisted Protestant Prussia
• Bismarck believed he could win the support of the outsiders if they faced a outside threat– Reasoned that war with France would rally the
south• Bismarck insulted the French and they declared war on
Prussia on July 19, 1870
Franco Prussian War
• Prussian army poured into Northern France and the Germans took 80,000 prisoners, one of which was Napoleon III– French could only with stand 4 months of German
siege, until hunger forced them to surrender• Franco-Prussian War was final step in German
unification, as the catholic southerners got caught up in German nationalism and accepted Prussian leadership
Kaiser
• German Emperor• From the Roman title
Ceasar• King Wilhelm I was first
to be given the title Kaiser
Wilhelm I, the first kaiser
Second Reich
• Title for the German Empire
• Holy Roman Empire was the First Reich
Flag of the Second Reich
Shift in Balance of Power
• Congress of Vienna established the five great powers in Europe: Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia; all nearly equal in strength
• By 1817, Germany and Britain were clearly stronger, militarily and economically
• Austria, Russia, and Italy lagged far behind• France struggled in the middle
REVOLUTIONS IN THE ARTS
Section 4pgs. 619-622
Romanticism
Lord Byron
• One of the leading romantic poets of his time
• Fighter for freedom in Greece
• Died at the age of 36
Ideals of Romanticism
1. Emphasized inner feelings, emotions, and imagination2. Focused on the mysterious and the supernatural; also
on the odd, exotic, and grotesque or horrifying3. Loved the beauties of untamed nature4. Idealized the past as simpler and nobler time5. Glorified heroes and heroic actions6. Cherished folk traditions, music, and stories7. Valued the common people and the individual 8. Promoted radical change and democracy
Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm
• Concentrated on the history and the sense of national pride that romanticism fostered
• Collected German fairy tales• Created a dictionary and grammar of the
German language– Both the tales and the dictionary of the Grimm
brothers celebrated the spirit of being German• Celebrated long before Germany united as one country
Amandine Aurore Duplin
• “George Sand”• French novelist• Described the
French countryside and country life
Photograph of “George Sand”
Emily Bronte
• Set her powerful romantic novel, Wuthering Heights in the windswept moors of England
Book cover to Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights
Wuthering Heights
• Written by Emily Bronte• Set in the windswept
moors of northern England
Book cover to Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights
Moors of England where Wuthering Heights takes place
William Blake
• British poet• Believed he could, “see
a World of in a Grain of Sand/And a Heaven in a Wild Flower”
Joseph Turner
• English romantic artist• Captured the raging of
the sea in one of his paintings
John Constable
• English artist• Celebrated the
peaceful English countryside
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
• German author• One of the greatest and
earliest writers• Published The Sorrows
of Young Werther
Sorrows of Young Werther
• Told of the sensitive young man whose hopeless love for a virtuous man who drives him to commit suicide
Victor Hugo
• Led the French romantics• Huge output of poems, plays, and novels
expressed romanticism’s revolutionary spirit• Works reflected the romantic fascination with
history and support for the individual • Novels The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Les
Miserables showed the struggles of the individuals against a hostile society
“Les Miserables”
• Showed the struggles of the individuals against a hostile society
Hunchback of Notre Dame
• Showed the struggles of the individuals against a hostile society
William Wordsworth
• British romantic poet• Honored nature as a true
source of beauty• Believed that nature was
richly alive
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
• British romantic poet• Honored nature as a true
source of beauty• Put an accent of horror
and supernatural in nature
• Wrote poem “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”
The Rim of Ancient Mariner
• Poem written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
• Put accent of horror in supernatural in nature
Gothic Novel
• Often took place in medieval gothic castles
• Filled with fearful, violent, sometimes supernatural events
Mary Shelley
• Wife of poet Percy Shelley
• Wrote one of the first and most successful Gothic horror novels, Frankenstein
• Died at the age of 29
Frankenstein
• One of the earliest and most successful gothic novels
• Told the story of a monster created from the body parts of dead human beings
John Keats
Wrote poems celebrating rebellious heroes, passionate love, and the mystery and beauty of nature
Ludwig van Beethoven
• Lead the transition between classical and romantic music
• Became deaf but continued to compose
Romantic composers
• Robert Schumann• Felix Mendlessohn • Fredric Chopin• Franz Liszt
Realism
Tried to show everyday life as it was, not as it should be
Honore de Balzack
• Wrote a massive series of almost on hundred novels entitled The Human Comedy
The Human Comedy
• Written by Honore de Balzack• Series of almost one hundred novels• Detail the lives of over 2,000 people from all
levels of French society following the revolution
• Describe the brutal struggle for wealth and power among France’s buisness calss
Emilie Zola
• Realistic French author• Exposed the miseries of the French workers in
small shops, factories, and coal mines in his works– Shocked readers– Spurred reforms of labor laws and working
conditions in France
Charles Dickens
• Most famous realist author “The houses on either side were high and large, but very old; and tenanted
by people of the poorest class. [...] A great many of the tenements […] which had become insecure from age and decay, were prevented from falling into the street by huge beams of wood which were reared against the tottering walls, and firmly planted in the road; but even these crazy dens seemed to have been selected as the nightly haunts of some houseless wretches, for many of the rough boards which supplied the place of door and window, were wrenched from their positions to afford an aperture wide enough for the passage of a human body. The kennel was stagnant and filthy; the very rats that here and there lay putrefying in its rottenness, were hideous with famine.”
Daguerreotypes
• The first practical photographs
• Named after their French inventor, Louis Daguerre
• “startlingly real” and won Daguerre worldwide fame
• Made on metal
Louis Daguerre
• Created the Daguerreotype• Artist who created scenery for theaters– To improve the realism his scenert, he developed
the daguerreotype• Gained worldwide fame after invention of
daguerreotype
William Talbot
• British inventor• Invented light-sensitive paper that he used to
produce photographic negatives– Many prints could be made out of one negative– Allowed photographs to be reproduced in books
and newspapers• Gained wide audience for the realism of photography
Impressionism
Instead of showing life “as it really is” it showed the impression of a subject at that moment of time, catch a moment at a glance
Impressionist artists
• Edouard Manet• Claude Monet• Edgar Degas• Pierre-Auguste Renoir• Showed the more positive views of new urban
society– Instead of abused workers, they showed shop
keepers– Glorified life in the middle class
Impression, Sunrise
The Lunch on the Grass
The Woman in the Green
Dress
Garden at Sainte-Adresse
The Dance ClassThe Dance Class
Glass of Absinthe
At the Races
At the Races
The Theater Box
The Theater Box
The Swing
The Swing
On the TerraceOn the Terrance
The Bohemian
The Bohemian