Chapter 23: Nationalism Triumphs through Europe

Chapter 23: NationalismChapter 23: NationalismTriumphs through EuropeTriumphs through Europe

Section 1: Building a German NationSection 1: Building a German Nation

Section 2: Strengthening GermanySection 2: Strengthening Germany

Section 3: Unifying ItalySection 3: Unifying Italy

Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old EmpiresEmpires

Section 5: Russia; Reform & ReactionSection 5: Russia; Reform & Reaction

Section 1: Building a German Section 1: Building a German NationNation

• Summary:Summary:– Otto Von Bismarck, Otto Von Bismarck,

the chancellor of the chancellor of Prussia, led the Prussia, led the drive for German drive for German UnityUnity


• In the early 1800s, most German-In the early 1800s, most German-speaking people were loyal to their speaking people were loyal to their own statesown states

• From 1807 to 1812, Napoleon of From 1807 to 1812, Napoleon of France raided German landsFrance raided German lands– Feelings of Nationalism stirred in those Feelings of Nationalism stirred in those

who fought French rulewho fought French rule– Some Germans called for Some Germans called for German German

UnityUnity


• In the 1830s, Prussia set up a trade In the 1830s, Prussia set up a trade agreement among German statesagreement among German states

• Each state still governed itself, but Each state still governed itself, but Prussia had become a clear leader Prussia had become a clear leader under King William Iunder King William I

Section 1: Building a German Section 1: Building a German NationNation• Otto Von Bismarck, appointed Otto Von Bismarck, appointed

chancellor in 1862, guided Prussian chancellor in 1862, guided Prussian Government policies:Government policies:– Bismarck’s goal was to unite the German Bismarck’s goal was to unite the German

States under Prussian rule States under Prussian rule – Bismarck’s policy was known as Bismarck’s policy was known as “Blood “Blood

and Iron”and Iron”•Blood stood for his willingness to engage other Blood stood for his willingness to engage other

countries in warfarecountries in warfare

• Iron symbolized his desire to forge Germany into Iron symbolized his desire to forge Germany into a modern industrialized nationa modern industrialized nation


• Bismarck’s aggressive tactics to Bismarck’s aggressive tactics to unify Germany included participation unify Germany included participation in three wars between 1864 and in three wars between 1864 and 18701870– 1864; Prussia allies with Austria to 1864; Prussia allies with Austria to

defeat Demarkdefeat Demark– 1866; Prussia defeats Austria1866; Prussia defeats Austria– 1870; 1870; Franco-Prussian WarFranco-Prussian War, Prussia , Prussia

defeats Francedefeats France


• Question:Question:– What do these wars all have in What do these wars all have in

common?common?

• Answer:Answer:– All resulted in Prussian victoriesAll resulted in Prussian victories– All resulted in Prussian territorial gainsAll resulted in Prussian territorial gains– All encouraged German nationalism, or All encouraged German nationalism, or

pride in being Germanpride in being German


• Bismarck used Bismarck used Prussia’s victory Prussia’s victory over France to over France to unite the German unite the German states under the states under the leadership of leadership of William IWilliam I


• William I of Prussia becomes………… William I of Prussia becomes………… Kaiser William I, the Emperor of Kaiser William I, the Emperor of GermanyGermany

• Together, Kaiser William I and Otto Together, Kaiser William I and Otto Von Bismarck become two of the Von Bismarck become two of the most powerful people in Europemost powerful people in Europe

Section 2: Strengthening Section 2: Strengthening GermanyGermany• Summary:Summary:

– Germany increased its power by Germany increased its power by building up its industry and militarybuilding up its industry and military

Section 2: Strengthening Section 2: Strengthening GermanyGermany

• After Germany unified in 1871, it After Germany unified in 1871, it became the leader of industry in became the leader of industry in EuropeEurope

• Before unification, many German Before unification, many German states already had big factories and states already had big factories and well-built railroadswell-built railroads– The new nation built upon this progressThe new nation built upon this progress


•German Advantages:German Advantages:– Germany had plenty of coal and Germany had plenty of coal and

iron, both needed by industries of iron, both needed by industries of the late 1800sthe late 1800s

– A population boom provided A population boom provided Germans to work and buy Germans to work and buy productsproducts

Section 2: Strengthening Section 2: Strengthening GermanyGermany• Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck had Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck had

great plans for Germanygreat plans for Germany– Foreign goals:Foreign goals:

•Keep France weak & isolatedKeep France weak & isolated

•Build alliances with Austria & RussiaBuild alliances with Austria & Russia

– Domestic Goals:Domestic Goals:•Crush all oppositionCrush all opposition


• Bismarck’s attempts to control Bismarck’s attempts to control German citizens sometimes met with German citizens sometimes met with outrageoutrage– His anti-Catholic campaign sought to His anti-Catholic campaign sought to

undermine the authority of the church, undermine the authority of the church, but resulted in a public backlash of but resulted in a public backlash of support for Catholicssupport for Catholics

– Bismarck was forced to end his attacksBismarck was forced to end his attacks

Section 2: Strengthening Section 2: Strengthening GermanyGermany• Bismarck also feared the growing Bismarck also feared the growing

power of socialists could lead to a power of socialists could lead to a revoltrevolt

• He banned socialists from holding He banned socialists from holding public meetingspublic meetings– When workers ignored the bans, When workers ignored the bans,

Bismarck set up new programs to meet Bismarck set up new programs to meet their needstheir needs•He felt that happy workers would not turn to He felt that happy workers would not turn to

SocialismSocialism


•In 1888, William II became In 1888, William II became the next Kaiserthe next Kaiser– William II wanted absolute William II wanted absolute

powerpower

•In 1890 William II shocked the In 1890 William II shocked the world by asking Bismarck to world by asking Bismarck to step downstep down

•He also rolled back even the He also rolled back even the modest democratic reforms modest democratic reforms William I & Bismarck had William I & Bismarck had allowedallowed


• William II made sure all of his William II made sure all of his people had good services, people had good services, including:including:– Schools, where students were taught Schools, where students were taught

to obey the Kaiserto obey the Kaiser– The continued expansion of what was The continued expansion of what was

already the largest army in Europe, already the largest army in Europe, including the development of modern including the development of modern weaponryweaponry

– The building of the world’s most The building of the world’s most modern navymodern navy

– The DESIRE to gain overseas coloniesThe DESIRE to gain overseas colonies


• Summary:Summary:– In the 1800s, influential leaders In the 1800s, influential leaders

helped to create a unified Italyhelped to create a unified Italy


•When the Roman Empire When the Roman Empire fell in the 400s, Italy split fell in the 400s, Italy split into many kingdomsinto many kingdoms– In the 1800s, Napoleon of In the 1800s, Napoleon of

France combined some of France combined some of the kingdomsthe kingdoms•Italians began to dream of Italians began to dream of one Free landone Free land

Austrian controlled lands

Land controlled by the Catholic Church


•After the reign of After the reign of Napoleon, Italy was still Napoleon, Italy was still divideddivided– Nationalists wanted unity, Nationalists wanted unity,

but regional differences but regional differences worked against themworked against them•Austria ruled in N. ItalyAustria ruled in N. Italy

•The R.C. Church controlled The R.C. Church controlled central Italycentral Italy


• Skilled leaders fought for Skilled leaders fought for unificationunification– In the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini In the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini

founded a rebel group called founded a rebel group called Young Young ItalyItaly

– In the kingdom of Sardinia, King In the kingdom of Sardinia, King Victor Emmanuel II made plans to Victor Emmanuel II made plans to rule all of Italyrule all of Italy• In 1852, he named Camillo Cavour as In 1852, he named Camillo Cavour as

prime ministerprime minister


•Sardinia became the Sardinia became the center of the fight for unitycenter of the fight for unity– Cavour joined with France in Cavour joined with France in

a war against Austriaa war against Austria•As Cavour gained land and As Cavour gained land and respect for Sardinia, more N. respect for Sardinia, more N. Italian states allied with Italian states allied with SardiniaSardinia


•Giuseppe Garibaldi led a Giuseppe Garibaldi led a force that won Sicily and force that won Sicily and then moved norththen moved north– Meanwhile, Cavour sent Meanwhile, Cavour sent

troops southtroops south•The two armies overran all The two armies overran all the Italian states but Venetia the Italian states but Venetia and Romeand Rome– As of 1861, Victor Emmanuel As of 1861, Victor Emmanuel

ruled the united landsruled the united lands


•By 1871, all foreign control By 1871, all foreign control of Italian land had endedof Italian land had ended– The Pope could not fight off The Pope could not fight off

the Italian troops, therefore the Italian troops, therefore Rome was surrendered and Rome was surrendered and became the new capital city became the new capital city of unified Italyof unified Italy


•The new (united) Italy The new (united) Italy faced conflictsfaced conflicts– The urban north quarreled The urban north quarreled

with the rural southwith the rural south– The Catholic Church The Catholic Church

continued to resist continued to resist – Unrest grew as groups Unrest grew as groups

called for social change & called for social change & male suffragemale suffrage

Quiz – on a separate piece of Quiz – on a separate piece of paper answer the following paper answer the following questionsquestions

• 1.) What individual is 1.) What individual is mostmost responsible responsible for the unification of for the unification of bothboth Germany & Germany & Italy?Italy?

• 2.) Who was known as the Iron 2.) Who was known as the Iron Chancellor?Chancellor?

• 3.) What Italian kingdom was Camillo 3.) What Italian kingdom was Camillo Cavour the Prime Minister of? Cavour the Prime Minister of?

• 4.) The most powerful German state 4.) The most powerful German state was?was?

• 5.) Who was the 15.) Who was the 1stst Kaiser of Germany? Kaiser of Germany?

Effects of Nationalism on Effects of Nationalism on EuropeEurope

Germany

Italy

Effects of Nationalism on Effects of Nationalism on EuropeEurope

Ottoman

Empire

Austrian-Hungarian Empire


•Summary:Summary:– Desires for national Desires for national

independence threatened to independence threatened to break up the Austrian and break up the Austrian and Ottoman EmpiresOttoman Empires


•The spirit of nationalism The spirit of nationalism helped unite Germany and helped unite Germany and ItalyItaly– It also helped to break up It also helped to break up

two empirestwo empires


•In 1800, the Hapsburgs of In 1800, the Hapsburgs of Austria were the oldest Austria were the oldest ruling family in Europeruling family in Europe– They controlled Bohemia & They controlled Bohemia &

HungaryHungary– They also ruled parts of They also ruled parts of

Romania, Poland, Ukraine Romania, Poland, Ukraine & Italy& Italy


•However, loyalties to However, loyalties to regions and ethnic groups regions and ethnic groups were growingwere growing– Nationalist minority groups Nationalist minority groups

wanted to be free from the wanted to be free from the Austrian EmpireAustrian Empire•These groups wanted self-ruleThese groups wanted self-rule


•In 1867, the leaders of In 1867, the leaders of Hungary worked out a Hungary worked out a deal with Austriadeal with Austria– They set up the dual They set up the dual

monarchy of Austria-monarchy of Austria-HungaryHungary•The Emperor of Austria still The Emperor of Austria still ruled as king of Hungary, ruled as king of Hungary, but Austria and Hungary but Austria and Hungary were separate stateswere separate states


•Austria & Hungary each Austria & Hungary each now had the freedom to now had the freedom to make its own laws, but make its own laws, but each were also soon each were also soon burdened with unrestburdened with unrest– By 1900, nationalists in By 1900, nationalists in

lands controlled by the lands controlled by the Austria-Hungarian Empire Austria-Hungarian Empire began pressing for liberty & began pressing for liberty & self-determination self-determination

Quiz - on a separate piece of Quiz - on a separate piece of paper answer the following paper answer the following questions questions

• (Provide definitions for questions (Provide definitions for questions 1-4)1-4)

• 1.) Self-determination –1.) Self-determination –

• 2.) Self-rule – 2.) Self-rule –

• 3.) Dual monarchy –3.) Dual monarchy –

• 4.) Nationalism – 4.) Nationalism –

• 5.) What 2 nations made up the 5.) What 2 nations made up the dual monarchy of the Austrian-dual monarchy of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire?Hungarian Empire?


•Like the Hapsburgs, the Like the Hapsburgs, the Ottomans ruled a huge Ottomans ruled a huge EmpireEmpire– It was home to many groupsIt was home to many groups

•Among them were the Among them were the – SerbsSerbs– GreeksGreeks– BulgariansBulgarians– RomaniansRomanians


•During the 1800s, groups During the 1800s, groups in the Balkans rebelledin the Balkans rebelled– Serbia won its freedom in Serbia won its freedom in

18171817– Greece freed itself in the Greece freed itself in the

1830s1830s•As the Ottomans continued As the Ottomans continued to lose power European to lose power European nations saw an opportunity nations saw an opportunity to expand their empiresto expand their empires


•Russia, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Britain & France all took Britain & France all took part in wars and changing part in wars and changing alliancesalliances– At the same time, groups At the same time, groups

within the empire launched within the empire launched revolts and fought among revolts and fought among themselvesthemselves

Section 5: Russia; Reform & Section 5: Russia; Reform & ReactionReaction

•Summary:Summary:– Industrialization and Industrialization and

reforms came more slowly reforms came more slowly to Russia than to Western to Russia than to Western EuropeEurope


•By 1800, Western Europe By 1800, Western Europe had entered the industrial had entered the industrial ageage– Russia on the other hand, Russia on the other hand,

saw little economic growthsaw little economic growth•The Czars feared change The Czars feared change might weaken their controlmight weaken their control

•Also a rigid class system of Also a rigid class system of social classes blocked social classes blocked progressprogress


•Wealthy nobles owned all Wealthy nobles owned all farmlandsfarmlands– They cared little about They cared little about

industryindustry– The middle class was too The middle class was too

small to have much powersmall to have much power– Most Russians were serfs Most Russians were serfs

who toiled for the landownerswho toiled for the landowners•As long as people served As long as people served masters, Russia could not masters, Russia could not move forwardmove forward


•Alexander II, freed the Alexander II, freed the serfs in 1861serfs in 1861– His few reforms, or His few reforms, or

changes, did not satisfy changes, did not satisfy many Russiansmany Russians

– As a result he was As a result he was assassinated in 1881assassinated in 1881


•His son, Alexander III, His son, Alexander III, persecuted all non-Russianspersecuted all non-Russians– He insisted on one language He insisted on one language

(Russian) and one church (Russian) and one church (Russian Orthodox(Russian Orthodox•Jews were beaten and killed in Jews were beaten and killed in attacks known as attacks known as pogromspogroms– Many Russians to other lands to Many Russians to other lands to

avoid persecutionavoid persecution


•Under Alexander III and Under Alexander III and his son Nicholas II, Russia his son Nicholas II, Russia at last entered the at last entered the industrial Ageindustrial Age– But factory owners were But factory owners were

often as unfair to workers often as unfair to workers as the nobles had been to as the nobles had been to serfsserfs


•On January 22, 1905, a On January 22, 1905, a priest led marchers to the priest led marchers to the palace of the Czarpalace of the Czar– They called for an end to They called for an end to

poverty and a voice in poverty and a voice in governmentgovernment


•Soldiers opened fire and Soldiers opened fire and killed hundreds of killed hundreds of demonstratorsdemonstrators– That day, known as That day, known as Bloody SundayBloody Sunday, sparked , sparked a revolutiona revolution


•After Bloody Sunday, After Bloody Sunday, Nicholas II agreed to set Nicholas II agreed to set up an elected up an elected DumaDuma, or , or body of lawmakersbody of lawmakers– However, its powers were However, its powers were

limitedlimited•As a result, unrest among As a result, unrest among peasants and workers did peasants and workers did not endnot end

Chapter 23: Nationalism Triumphs through Europe

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 23: Nationalism Triumphs through Europe