Nationalism Chapter 24 section 3

Key Terms• Russification• Camillo di Cavour• Giuseppe Gabraldi• Junker• Otto von Bismarck• Realpoltik• Kaisers

Setting the Stage• Prince Metternich

wanted to maintain old Europe

• 15 years later Metternich said old Europe is nearing the end

• Nationalism a growing force during the 1800’s

Setting the Stage• Fostered by some

of the decisions made at the congress

• Congress created political boundaries

• They ignored national groups

• Placed group under control of large empires

Nationalism: A Force for Unity and Disunity

Some had different ethnic groups

Austria empire home to Croats Czechs Germans Hungarians Italians Poles Serbs Slovenes

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires• Austrian Empire –

Hapsburgs• Russian Empire –

the Romanovs• Ottoman Empire-

the Turks

The Breakup of the Austrian Empire• 1866 Prussia

defeats Austria• Austria splits into

Austria and Hungary

• After World War 1 Austria broken up into several states

The Russian Empire Crumbles• Nationalism broke up

370years of czars• Russification-forcing

Russia culture on all ethnic groups

• Helped to strengthen national feelings and disunify Russia

• Last Romanov czar 1917

The Ottoman Empire Weakens• Ruled Greeks, Slavs,

Arabs, Bulgarians, and the Armenians

• 1856 British and French pressure to grant equal citizenship

• Ottomans massacred and deported Armenians

• Broke apart after WW1

Cavour Unites Italy• Camillo di Cavour-

leader for Italian reunification

• Thought Italian nationalist movement was strong enough to unite Italy

• Founded nationalist newspaper Il Risorgimento (rebirth)

Cavour Unites Italy• 1852• Cavour becomes

prime minister• Believe thriving

economy was important

• Believed Italy should be a monarchy

• Supported France in its war with Russia

Cavour Unites Italy• France

supported them with the war with Austria

• 1860 northern Italian states were liberated from Austria

Garibaldi Brings Unity• Giuseppe

Garibaldi- was called the sword of Italy

• 1833 joined the Young Italy movement

• Learned guerilla warfare from his exile in South America

• Returned to Italy in 1854

Garibaldi Brings Unity Named after their

colorful uniforms Using guerilla warfare

gained control of Sicily in 1860

Cavour annexed territory in central Italy

1870 French forced to withdraw troops from Rome

The Red Shirts• Garibaldi agrees to

unite southern areas

• Conquers Piedmont-Sardinia

• Italian troops enter Rome

• Italy unified• King Victor

Emanuel their leader

Steps Towards Unification

• 1848 Italy and Germany not a unified nation

• Napoleon nurtured Nationalism when he united the German states into a confederation

• 39 separate states with a common language and culture were poised to unite

Bismarck Unites Germany

• Revolution swept through Europe in 1848

• German liberals revolted in Prussia

• Support a republic or constitutional monarchy

• German unity should promote individual rights and liberal reforms

Bismarck Takes Control

• Junker- strongly conservative member of Prussia’s wealthy landowning families

• Leading force in unification

• 1847 becomes prominent in politics

• 1862 Wilhelm I chose Bismarck as Prussia’s Prime Minister

Bismarck Takes Control

• Was not a liberal• Supported the King of

Prussia• Prussia’s destiny to

lead German unification

• Bismarck philosophy was practical rather than idealistic

• Realpolitik- policies based on Prussian interests

Bismarck Takes Control

• Argued German unity would not be won by speeches and majority vote but by “blood and iron”

• Liberal parliament would not approve funds for the military

• He dismissed the assembly and collected the taxes anyway

Prussia Expands

• Built up the Prussian Army

• 1864 formed and alliance with Austria against Denmark

• Schelswig and Holstein should be controlled German Federation

• After a fight Denmark gave the territory to Austria and Prussia

The Seven Weeks’ War

• Met with Italy for support

• Promised land (Venetia)

• Persuaded Napoleon III to keep France neutral

• To provoke Austria sent troops into Holstein

• Austria declared war on Prussia

The Austro-Prussian War

• Prussia’s king Wilhelm blamed Austria for starting the war

• Highly skilled and well equipped Prussian army defeats Austrians in seven weeks

• Austro-Prussian War dissolved the German Confederation

• Forced Austria to surrender Holstein

The Franco-Prussian War

• Only three states out of Prussian control

• Another war needed to include southern states

• 1870 conflict brewing with France

• Alsace and Lorraine sparked feeling of nationalism in southern German states

The Franco-Prussian War

• These states supported Prussia and the north German states in a war against France

• 1871 Bismarck secured a Prussian victory

• Prussia won the war• The peace treaty

declared the unification of Germany

Creating the German Empire

Victory established a unified German Empire

Allied German states met a Versailles

Proclaimed Wilhelm I the first kaiser or emperor

Bismarck the first chancellor

Germany rose in power

The Empire’s Growth and Change

• 1871 Germany prospered

• Second Reich• Holy Roman

Empire was the First Reich

Bismarck and the Wilhelm II

• Bismarck did not want to expand German borders

• He did not believe France was a threat

• Entered into numerous alliances– Austria, Hungary– Italy and Russia– Protect each

other from attack

A Shift in Power• 1815 Congress of

Vienna established 5 Great Power in Europe

• 1815 Great Powers equal in strength

• 1871 Germany and Britain the most powerful militarily and economically