Government of Nepal

Ministry of Water Supply and Sanitation

Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

National Water Supply and Sanitation Training Centre

Participant Handbook for Climate Change and WASH Training

Final Draft

Publisher

Government of Nepal

Ministry of Water Supply and Sanitation

Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

National Water Supply and Sanitation Training Centre

Nagarkot, Bhaktapur

Nepal

Copy rights©

Government of Nepal, National Water Supply and Sanitation Training Centre (NWSSTC), 2017

Citation

GoN, National Water Supply and Sanitation Training Centre (2017), Participant Hand Book for Climate Change and

WASH Training, Bhaktapur, Nepal

Supported by:

World Health Organization (WHO) "Building adaptation to

Climate Change in health in least developed countries through

resilient water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in Nepal”

Contributors:

Department of Drinking Water Supply and Sewerage

Mr. Kabindra Bikram Karki, Chief, National Water Supply and Sanitation Training Centre (NWSSTC)

Mr. Kiran Darnal, Chief, Climate Change Section, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS)

Mr. Kamal Adhikari, Senior Sociologist, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS)

World Health Organization (WHO)

Mr. Raja Ram Shrestha, National Professional Officer, WHO Country Office

Rupantaran Nepal and Manual Development Team

Mr. Sohan Lal Shrestha, Chief Executive Officer, Rupantaran Nepal

Mr. Bal Bahadur Shahi, Team Leader

Dr. Bandana Pradhan, Public Health Expert

Mr. Gyanesh Bajracharya, WASH Expert

Mr. Namindra Dahal, Climatologist

Dr. Bhimsen Devkota, Public Health Expert

Mr. Nimesh Regmi, Editor

Preface and acknowledgement

Climate Change is now a deep global concern. Climate change causes erratic rainfall and increase in

temperature due to anthropogenic activities by emission of greenhouse gases. These have resulted in

decrease in agriculture productivity, drying of water sources, increase in incidents of floods and droughts

and outburst of various pests and diseases.

Human health is intimately related to climate, which has a wide range of health impacts by playing a key

role in the ecology of many infectious diseases. In addition, heat waves, floods, storms, fires and droughts

already cause death, physical and psychological disease and injury. Scant availability and bad quality of

water damage personal hygiene and health by increasing the frequency and spread of diarrheal diseases.

Likewise, increasing droughts is exacerbating malnutrition and associated disorders. In this context,

Government of Nepal (GoN) is undertaking various initiations with top priority by formulating different CC

related policies and plan in order to responding the issues. In this regard, sensitization and awareness on

climate change, its impact on water sources and public health and relevant adaptation

technologies/measures are key steps to move forward.

World Health Organization (WHO) has been implementing a project "Building adaptation to Climate Change

in health in least developed countries through resilient water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in Nepal.

Under support of this project and guidance and supervision of Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

and National Water Supply and Sanitation Training Centre, Training Manuals are prepared on Climate

Change and WASH sector to enhance knowledge and skills through delivery of training events at different

scales and levels.

During the course of preparation of these manuals different professional from various organizations have

contributed. We would like to extend thanks for peer reviewer Mr. Kabindra Bikram Karki, Chief, National

Water Supply and Sanitation Training Centre (NWSSTC), Mr. Kiran Darnal, Chief, Climate Change Section,

Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS), Mr. Kamal Adhikari, Senior Sociologist, Department

of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS), In this line, we would like to thank to Raja Ram Shrestha,

National Professional Officer, WHO Country Office who played a key role in coordination and facilitated

in providing technical inputs to this assignment. Likewise, our heartfelt thanks go to Mr. Sohan Lal

Shrestha, Mr. Bal Bahadur Shahi, Dr. Bandana Pradhan, Mr. Gyanesh Bajracharya, Mr. Namindra Dahal,

Dr. Bhimsen Devkota and Mr. Nimesh Regmi, the experts from Rupantaran Nepal, the service provider,

who provided their high efforts, field experiences and expertise to develop these manuals. Last but not

least, we would like to request to all readers and users of these manuals for suggestions to modify and

update for the betterment to use in future effectively.

National Water Supply and Sanitation Training Centre,

Nagarkot, Bhaktapur

Nepal

Table of Contents Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................................... 5

1. Background ............................................................................................................................................... 6

1.1. Introduction of the Participant Hand Book ...................................................................................... 6

1.2 Objectives of the training .................................................................................................................. 6

1.3 Training content ................................................................................................................................ 7

1.4 Target Audience ................................................................................................................................ 8

3.4 Training Design and Methodology .................................................................................................... 8

2. Training Management and Logistical Arrangement ......................................................................................... 9

2.1 Educational Materials of Training ..................................................................................................... 9

2.2 Stationeries for Participants .............................................................................................................. 9

2.3 Time Table......................................................................................................................................... 9

2.4 Advance Preparation for Participants ............................................................................................... 9

2.5 Training Monitoring and Evaluation .................................................................................................. 9

3. Reading Materials (Training Handout) of each session ................................................................................. 10

3.1 Session- Fundamental Concept of Climate Change ......................................................................... 10

3.2 Session Impact of Climate Change in WASH ................................................................................... 13

3.3 Session: Initiatives in Climate Change and WASH Sector and Health ........................................ 17

3.4 Session: Concept of Coping, Adaptation and Resilience .............................................................. 20

3.5 Session: Concept of climate vulnerability functions................................................................... 21

3.6 Session- Identification of current and future climate vulnerability on WASH Sector ............... 26

3.7 Session: Exploration of adaptation measures for WASH in different Scenarios ............................. 32

3.8 Session: Integration Climate Change in Project Planning ............................................................... 40

3.9 Session: Concept of Monitoring & Evaluation and Developing Monitoring Framework ................ 43

Acronyms

CC Climate Change

CCA Climate Change Adaptation

MoWSS Ministry of Water Supply and Sanitation

DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

IPCC Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change

LAPA Local Adaptation Plans for Action

MoPE Ministry of Population and Environment

MoSTE Ministry of Science Technology and Environment

NAP National Adaptation Plan

NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action

NWSSTC National Water Supply and Sanitation Training Centre

RN Rupantaran Nepal

UNFCCC United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change

VA Vulnerability Assessment

WASH Water, Sanitation and hygiene

WHO World Health Organization

1. Background

Climate Change (CC) is a deep global concern and Nepal is one of the most vulnerable and affected countries.

Several CC impacts on water resources, biodiversity, agriculture, and health have occurred frequently in Nepal due

to its physiographic characteristics. Within the country, poor and marginalized people and communities are found to

be the most vulnerable to climate change impacts. Responding to the needs for addressing the impacts of climate

change, the Government of Nepal (GoN) as a party to the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC) has initiated various efforts by formulating and endorsing documents like Climate Change Policy, National

Adaptation Programme of Actions (NAPA) and National Framework of Local Adaptation Plans for Actions (LAPA).

Likewise, formulation of National Adaptation Plan (NAP) is in the process.

Since climate change is a global phenomenon, its impact on local hydrology is considerable. The spatial and

temporal distribution of fresh water ecosystems are highly sensitive to climate change resulting in more unfavorable

situation for human health. Weather and climate have a wide range of health impacts and play a role in the ecology

of many infectious diseases. Health is sensitive to shifts in weather patterns and to other climate-related impacts.

Climate change is likely to exacerbate already existing health problems, and bring additional impacts on health and

mortality (IPCC, 2014). Heat waves, floods, inundation, storms, fires and droughts already cause death, physical and

psychological disease and injury. In addition, scant availability and bad quality of water damage personal hygiene

and health. Lack of clean drinking water could increase frequency and spreading of diarrheal diseases, whereas

increasing droughts will exacerbate malnutrition and associated disorders (Synthesis Report, NAP 2017). At local

level, impacts of climate change such as drying off spring, lowering ground water table, decreasing discharge of

water and flow of water in river are being observed and experienced. Approaches of recharge retain and re-use

together with regular measurement of water sources and water saving behavior and practices need to be

encouraged. In this regard, sensitization and awareness on climate change, its impact on water sources, sanitation

as well as public health and relevant adaptation technologies/measures are key steps to move forward.

In this context, World Health Organization (WHO) has been implementing a project "Building adaptation to Climate

Change in health” in least developed countries through resilient water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in Nepal. The

project is supporting Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) and National Water Supply and Sanitation

Training Centre (NWSSTC) to prepare training manuals and participant handbook on Climate Change and WASH for

enhancing knowledge and skills through delivery of training events at different scales and levels.

1.1. Introduction of the Participant Hand Book

This participant handbook is prepared for the participants especially Engineers of the Climate Change and WASH

training. The key objectives of the handbook are to introduce training aims, session outline and provide reading

materials including reference list for further study and advancement of their knowledge. Furthermore, participant

handbook will also act as a guide to participants for advanced preparation for each session and its learning.

1.2 Objectives of the training

The overall objective of the training program is to strengthen capacity of the Engineers working under the Department

of Water Supply and Sanitation on climate change and WASH. Upon completion of the training, the participants will

be able to;

Describe climate science, climate change risks and challenges their impacts and vulnerability of the systems

and communities with focus WASH Sector

Apply and interpret climate change related national policies , strategies, frameworks, guidelines planning,

implementation and monitoring of WASH Schemes

Showcase greater knowledge and skills in understanding and apply tools for climate vulnerability assessment

and identification, prioritization and selection of adaptation measures for WASH Scheme

Demonstrate stronger abilities to integrate and mainstream climate change risks management in water supply

and sanitation schemes

Implement and monitor effectiveness of climate change adaptation measures in water sully scheme

1.3 Training content

The training contents are divided into three sections. Section one covers the conceptual framework of the climate

vulnerability and resilience of the systems and communities, fundamental concept and functions of climate systems,

and the impact of climate variability, extremes and uncertainty in WASH Sector and initiatives taken to response

climate changes risks in the WASH sectors at local, national and international levels.

In the second section, training will focuses on the vulnerability assessment to identify current and future climate

change risks and hazards and identify potential climate change adaptation measures to mitigate current and future

risks and challenges and prepare climate resilient water scheme.

The third section will highlight the integration and mainstreaming of CCA risks management in project cycle and the

concept of monitoring and implementing of adaptation measures and effectiveness of the integrated adaptation

measures within the project. Training schedule is presented in table-1

Table 1 Session outline of the training Climate Change and WASH

Session Code

Day I Time Facilitators/ Trainers

Session-1

Participants registration

Opening of the Training

Introduction

Expectations and norms setting

Training objectives

Pre-test

120 Minutes

Session-2 2.1 Fundamental concept of climate change 75 Minutes

Session-3 2.2 Impact of Climate Change in WASH 75 Minutes

Session-4 Initiatives in Climate Change and WASH Sector and Public health

75 Minutes

Recap and Evaluation of Day I 15 Minutes

Day II Climate Setting and recapitulation of day I 15 minutes

Session 5 Concept of Coping Adaptation and resilience 60 Minutes

Session 6 Concept of climate vulnerability , risks assessment and climate change adaptation

90 minutes

Session-7 Identification of current and future Climate Change vulnerability on WASH sector and WASH schemes

90 Minutes

Session Code

Day I Time Facilitators/ Trainers

Session-8 Exploration of adaptation measures in different scenarios to make climate resilient schemes (WASH)

90 Minutes

Recap and Evaluation of Day II 15 Minutes

Day III Climate Setting and recapitulation of day II 15 minutes

Session 9 Integration Climate Change in Project planning cycle 60 Minutes

Session 10 Concept of Monitoring and developing monitoring framework

60 Minutes

Session 11 Training Reflection and Closing Ceremony 60 Minutes

1.4 Target Audience

The participant handbook is designed particularly for the training participants especially engineers, actively engaged

in designing, implementation and monitoring of water and sanitation schemes in Nepal. The agencies mandated with

WASH sectors and with plans to sensitize on climate change, environment and resources distribution are other

clients of the manual.

Suggested selection criteria of participants and facilitator:

Participant selection criteria's

Participants will be from engineering background mainly working in WASH sector. They need to be

interested in capacity building activities, committed and dedicated to work with local communities. Having

good facilitation skills in delivering training sessions, learning attitude and field experiences are other

criteria to be selected as participants for the training.

Facilitator Selection Criteria's

Facilitator needs to be ToT (Training of Trainers) holder having good facilitation skills and knowledgeable

and skillful in subject matters of Climate Change and WASH sector. They need to have experiences of field

situation and activities carried out in the field by communities. In addition she/he should have good

experiences in facilitating participatory training process and techniques.

3.4 Training Design and Methodology

The training is designed based on a participatory approach and adult learning principles. The training keeps

participants at the centre and deploys the process of supporting for mutual conversation/interaction, creating

ownership amongst participants and enhancing experiential learning. Varieties of training methodologies and

techniques have been included in the training so that the participants can actively engage and express their views

and share their experiences. Likewise the training is designed ensuring and following "Adult Learning Principles" and

it is expected that participants are able to learn through learning by doing practice and reflect their learning according

to their experiences.

Participatory training methodologies such as group work and presentation, brief lecture, brainstorming, case studies,

buzz group discussion, action learning, gallery walk, video /animation show and case study based practical exercise

are included in the trainer's manuals.

2. Training Management and Logistical Arrangement

The training will be managed according to Government of Nepal cost norms and procedure. The training will be

residential therefore participants are expected to arrive at the training venue on the previous day. The participants of

the training will be provided with the following amenities and materials:

2.1 Educational Materials of Training

Every participant will be provided with the participant handbooks and other facilitator books for references. The

handbook will include reading materials as per the session and reference list for advanced study as per the training

session. Electronic version of the distributed materials, manual and presentation materials will be provided in

CD/USB drive at the end of the training session.

2.2 Stationeries for Participants

Stationeries pack will be made available to all participants which includes a ball pen, a notebook, a nametag and a

folder to keep the provided material. However, this will also follow the GoN cost norms.

2.3 Time Table

This training is planned as residential therefore; participants must stay within the training venue as arranged by the

organizers throughout the training period. The time for each session is allocated according to the objectives and

methodology of the session however it will take an effective six hours per day to achieve the objectives of the

training. Apart from this, certain time will be provided as a break between each session. This break will provide an

opportunity for informal discussions between participants and facilitator. Therefore, it may take seven hours to

complete a whole day’s proceedings.

2.4 Advance Preparation for Participants

The participants participating in the training on behalf of their organization must bring the following materials of their

organization with them:

A formal letter written in the letter-pad of the concerned organization (regarding participation).

An organization’s policy, strategy, case study, progress report, learning methodology and experience regarding Climate Change and WASH.

Filled-up form of the participant profile

2.5 Training Monitoring and Evaluation

The understanding of the participants will be assessed based on the objectives of the training and expected outputs.

Understanding level of participants before and after the training will be assessed to judge the understating of

participants on the subject matter. Participants will need to fill the assessment form for assessment. Further, a

participatory method of evaluation will be followed for the daily assessment. Participants are encouraged to give their

valuable suggestions and feedbacks during or at the end of training period to make the training more effective.

3. Reading Materials (Training Handout) of each session

3.1 Session- Fundamental Concept of Climate Change

Objective of Session:

At the end of the session, participants will be able to:

Explain climate system and hydrological cycle

Explain green house effect, global warming and genesis of Climate Change

List out names of Green House Gases (GHGs)

Explain trend of climatic indicators (temperature and Rainfall pattern)

Reading Materials

Weather

Weather is termed as the atmospheric condition at any given time or place. It is measured in terms of wind,

temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, cloudiness, and precipitation. In most places, weather can change from

hour-to-hour, day-to-day, and season-to-season. Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the "average

weather", or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities

over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.

Climate

Climate is the description of the long-term pattern of weather in a particular area. It specifically is an average

condition of temperature and rainfall data of decades/centuries. According to World Metrological Organization,

climate is the average of weather data of at least 30 years.

Climate System (or Earth System)

Climate system includes the five physical components (atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and

biosphere) that are responsible for the climate and its variations.

Hydrological Cycle:

Hydrological cycle is the process of evaporation, vertical and horizontal transport of vapor, condensation,

precipitation, and the flow of water from continents to oceans. It is a major factor in determining climate through its

influence on surface vegetation, the clouds, snow and ice, and soil moisture. The hydrologic cycle is responsible for

25 to 30 percent of the mid-latitudes' heat transport from the equatorial to Polar Regions.

Climate Change

Climate change refers to the changing condition of the climate parameters. The data on the climate parameters over

150 years from the established metrological stations has shown an increasing trend of temperature rise. But the

change in temperature is not uniform spatially.

Global Warming

Global warming is an average increase in the temperature of the atmosphere near the Earth's surface and in the

troposphere, which can contribute to changes in global climate patterns. Global warming can occur from a variety of

causes, both natural and human induced. In common usage, "global warming" often refers to the warming that can

occur as a result of increased emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities.

Greenhouse Effect

Trapping and build-up of heat in the atmosphere (troposphere) near the Earth’s surface is termed as greenhouse

effect. Some of the heat flowing back towards the space from the Earth's surface is absorbed by water vapor, carbon

dioxide, ozone, and several other green house gases in the atmosphere and then reradiated back toward the Earth’s

surface. If the atmospheric concentrations of these greenhouse gases rise, the average temperature of the lower

atmosphere will gradually increase.

Greenhouse Gas (GHG)

Any gas that absorbs infrared radiation in the atmosphere is called a greenhouse gas. According to Inter

Governmental Panel on climate change (IPCC) the following gases are enlisted as greenhouse gases (GHGs):

1. Carbon dioxide (CO2): CO2 is produced from the use of fossil fuel, forest fire, production of cements and other

industrial activities

2. Methane (CH4) : Methane is produced from waste disposal, uses of petroleum and natural gases, shed waste

(Dung and urine) , farm activities especially paddy farming,

3. Nitrous oxide (N2O): Nitrous oxide is produced from chemical fertilizers, fossil fuel use, production of nylon and

industrial activities,

4. Hydrofluoro carbons (HFCs): Hydrpfluoro carbon is produced from air conditioners, refrigerators, foams and

production of aerosols,

5. Perfluoro carbons (PFCs): Perfluoro carbons are produced from aluminum, production of electrical device and

conductors,

6. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6): Sulfur hexafluoride is produced from electricity distribution system, magnesium

production and development of circuit breakers and

7. Nitrogentrifloride (NF3): Nitrogentrifluoride is produced from electrical circuits, Modern solar panel, flat TV and

touch screen and electrical process.

Climate change and Green House Gases (GHGs)

Atmosphere is made up of various gases. It consists of 78% of nitrogen, 21% of oxygen and 1% of other gases. The

sunlight travels to earth from sun through the atmosphere. These gases allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely.

When sunlight strikes the Earth’s surface, 30% of the sunlight is reflected back towards the space as infrared

radiation (heat), while 70% of the solar radiation reaches the earth surface. Some of the sunlight that reaches earth

gets absorbed by water bodies like sea, oceans, lakes and rivers and plants while some portion of the light is

returned back to the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases absorb this infrared radiation and trap the heat in the

atmosphere, leaving the temperature of the earth's surface roughly constant. If this thick layer of green house gases

was absent, the average temperature of the earth would be less than -18 degree celsius which would never favour

living organisms in earth.

Indicators of Climate Change

Amongst the natural processes, temperature, precipitation, sea level rise and increase in extreme climate events are

regarded as indicators of climate change. The amount, intensity, type, magnitude and frequency of temperature and

precipitation are key indicators to climate change. Rise in global surface temperature, snow cover retreat in poles,

decreasing snow in the Himalayas, glacial retreat, fluctuation in rainfall patterns, long drought seasons, devastating

floods etc are the observed impacts of climate change.

Nepal has experienced changes in temperature and mean precipitation. The country, with the exception of some

isolated pockets, has become warmer. Data on temperature trends from 1975 to 2005 showed 0.06 degree Celsius

rise in temperature annually whereas mean rainfall has significantly decreased on an average of 3.7 mm (-3.2%) per

month per decade. Nepal has regularly suffered from increased frequency of extreme weather events such as

landslides, floods and droughts resulting to the loss of human lives as well as high social and economic costs. (INDC

report, 2016)

3.2 Session Impact of Climate Change in WASH

Objective of the Session

At the end of the session, participants will be able to:

Explain three key global impacts of climate change

List the impacts of climate change on the system and communities in Nepal with focusing WASH and

health

Reading Materials

Climate Change Impact and Effect

According to NAPA, there are six sectors which are highly sensitive in Nepal. Details of the sectoral impacts are

presented as follows.

a. Water Resources and Sanitation:

A water resource is the most sensitive and highly impacted sector in Nepal. Increase in temperature has resulted in

glacier melting, lake formation from molten ice and glacial lake outburst flood which ultimately increases vulnerability

of the people. Increase in intensive rainfall days has resulted in flooding, landslides and triggered other natural

devastation, resulting in siltation and engulfing of the productive agricultural land. Besides, decreased stream/river

discharge and underground water scarcity will be the impacts of climate change in water sector.

Temporarily, there will be increased water discharge in the rivers due to ice melting during the initial stages; the real

impacts will be noticed with passage of time, with the decrease in river discharge affecting the hydropower and

irrigation sectors.

Increase/decrease in temperature and variation in precipitation results in direct impacts on the water supply and

sanitation. Some of the examples are presented as follow:

1. Degradation of catchment areas by drought and depletion of water sources leading to long term impacts on

WASH systems and services as well as ecosystem health

2. Pollution of water sources and degradation of water quality leading to long term effects in ecosystem health

3. Scarcity of water for drinking, proper sanitation and hygiene leading to water and food borne diseases

4. Increased frequency and magnitude of climate-induced events like floods and landslides causing loss of

human life, damage to WASH infrastructures, human settlements and agricultural lands, hardship and

increased number of morbidity cases.

b. Agriculture and food security

Majority of the people are dependent on agriculture and this sector is adversely affected. Though rise in temperature

in mid-hills of Nepal has resulted in improved agricultural production but negative impacts on agriculture can be seen

due to loss of top fertile soil due to soil erosion, landslides and floods. Therefore, soil loss is one of the major causes

of decline in agricultural production.

c. Forest and Biodiversity

There are ample evidences that climate change affects biodiversity. There are fifteen climate patterns existing in

Nepal. If amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere doubles then three types of such climate patterns will be

extinct. This will either force biodiversity to adapt either through shifting habitats, changing life cycles, or the

development of new physical traits or become extinct from the area if they cannot be adapted. The species who

cannot migrate easily will be the most vulnerable ones from climate change perspective. Apart from forests,

wetlands, one of the major biodiversity hotspots will suffer from climate change impacts. Rise in temperature,

catastrophe like floods and landslides, and degrading water quality will impact negatively wetlands and its species.

d. Public Health

Climate change has both direct and indirect impacts on health. In the recent years pollution has become the major

threat to public health. Malaria, Japanese encephalitis, kala-azar and dengue are becoming common in Nepal. The

casualties due to these diseases are also increasing because of favorable environment to the vectors. Heat and cold

waves lead to sudden increase in morbidity and mortality rates. Impacts on water sources and extreme events trigger

diarrheal morbidity and mortality mostly among children under five. There are also cases of extreme cold air-borne

diseases (Pradhan B, 2009).

The impacts on water supplies due to extreme events are further aggravating the situation of sanitation and hygiene

services. The health burden and hardship of the displaced people due to extreme events (floods, landslides and

draught) increases accordingly as the severity of unsafe WASH and lack of health services continue over longer time.

The increased temperature, rainfall and extreme events are causing the water sources and WASH infrastructure to

be more vulnerable which affect the WASH services and limits the access of already marginalized people ( NAP

stock taking report). Some of the critical concern of health and sanitation services with climate change are: 1. Prevent

and control occurrence of vector borne diseases (example – Malaria) spread due to increased temperature towards

higher altitude 2. Prevent and control occurrence of water-borne diseases (example – diarrhoea) spread due to

degradation of water sources and supply systems and lack of proper sanitation and hygiene facilities and behaviors.

According to IPPC AR-4, following trends of future impacts on public health sector.

Increase malnutrition and consequent disorders, including those relating to child growth and development (high

confidence)

Increase the number of people suffering from death, disease and injury from heat-waves, floods, storms, fires

and droughts (high confidence)

Continue to change the range of some infectious disease vectors (high confidence)

Have mixed effects on malaria; in some places the geographical range will contract, elsewhere the geographical

range will expand and the transmission season may be changed (very high confidence)

Increase the burden of diarrheal diseases (medium confidence)

Increase cardio-respiratory morbidity and mortality associated with ground-level ozone (high confidence)

Increase the number of people at risk of dengue (low confidence)

Bring some benefits to health, including fewer deaths from cold, although it is expected that these will be

outweighed by the negative effects of rising temperatures worldwide, especially in developing countries (high

confidence

e. Urban settlements and infrastructure

Climate change impacts urban settlements both directly and indirectly. Direct impacts, such as disastrous floods,

reduce freshwater supplies. Indirect impacts of climate change could be experienced due to extreme events that

increase food prices and/or damage livelihood assets of the vulnerable communities. Climate change is likely to

result in increased damage to buildings, energy services, telecommunications, transport structures and water

services (IPCC, 2007). All of these impacts are likely to affect the quality of lives and safety of the local communities.

Climate vulnerability of settlements and the need to adapt will vary depending on their form and size, location,

geography, and economy.

The dense and unsafely built urban settlements are one of the major reasons for climate vulnerability. The ongoing

physical changes in the urban settlements are land use, new built-ups, land transaction, and land fragmentation.

Open spaces as place of escape during major disasters are becoming scarce adding to the vulnerability of the urban

communities. In the past, most construction works had been carried out without proper planning, monitoring and

supervision. (NAPA- 2010)

f. Climate-induced disasters

The NCVST (2009) study projects that the current frequency of hydro-meteorological extreme events such as

droughts, storms, floods, inundation, landslides, debris flow, soil erosion and avalanches will increase due to

projected climate change. Factors that exacerbate vulnerability to climate-related disasters, which are identified by

the TWGs through discussions with communities include: inadequate institutional guidance and land-use regulation,

failure to implement building construction codes, inadequate public awareness on climate related disasters and ways

to reduce community exposure, and limited reach of early warning systems.

Impact on Climate Change and WASH

It is universally accepted that climate is changing and the changing climate is affecting many aspects of the earth and

hence mankind as well. Increase in temperature, erratic rain/precipitations and long dry spells are the main elements

of climate change. These elements are causing floods, landslides, drying of water sources/ drought in Nepal which is

adversely affecting the water supply and sanitation systems.

Erratic high intensity rain fall/precipitation has caused floods and landslides. Floods and landslides are washing away

/damaging infrastructures like water intakes, pipelines etc thus disturbing water supply systems similarly other

sanitation infrastructures like sewer pipes, treatment plants etc. Flooding also spoils the water quality by

contamination of water bodies and increasing water turbidity. Similarly increase in temperature/dry spells dry out the

water sources that either fails the whole system or reduces the water quantity making the supply inadequate.

National Climate Change Impact Survey (NCCIS)-2016/CBS shows that 74.29 per cent of total households have

observed changes in water sources whereby 84.47 per cent observed decrease in amount of surface water. On the

other hand, 79.64 per cent households in urban area and 68.12 per cent in rural area reported decrease in water

quality. Likewise, majority of households (74.56%) in mountain region have reported complete drying up of surface

water and high percentage (48.81%) in hill area observed complete drying up of the underground water sources.

Such changes in water sources have been reported due to insufficient rainfall. National Management Information

Project (NMIP) - 2014 report mentions that 50% of Nepal’s 38,000 water supply systems are not functioning properly.

The majority of these failures are caused by the combination of poor design practices, inappropriate construction

techniques, poor material availability and selection and a lack of regular maintenance of infrastructure. Adverse

effects on water supply and sanitation will/are obviously affecting the hygiene of the general people adversely. This is

bringing and will continue to pose a very bad impact on the general health of the Nepali people and jeopardize their

overall quality of life. IPCC, 2014 document spells ‘Climate change is likely to exacerbate already existing health

problems, and bring additional impacts on health and mortality’. Thus a grave need is being felt for making the water

supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programme in the country climate change resilient. Therefore, capacity

building is one of the main factors that can help make WASH programme climate change resilient in Nepal.

Climate change is relatively a new issue in Nepal and not many concerned people have been adequately sensitized

about it. Only 49.33 per cent households in Nepal have heard about climate change out of which 42.82 per cent

households got information on climate change through radio while 27.63 per cent through television (Source:

National Climate Change Impact Survey (NCCIS)-2016/CBS. This makes the capacity building programme more

important for the concerned people/stakeholders to keep their respective WASH components climate change

resilient.

3.3 Session: Initiatives in Climate Change and WASH Sector and Health

Objective of session:

At the end of the session, participants will be able to:

Explain at least 5 key national initiatives to respond to adverse impacts of climate change especially to WASH

sector

Global Responses

Negative impacts of climate change are evident globally, with comparatively harsher effects in the communities of the

developing world. Scientists warn about worsened threats in the future if the green house gases (GHGs) emissions

are not controlled. 1990s marked the initiation of international policies to resolve this global problem based on

scientific evidences. This global attempt has been facilitated by the United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change 1992 and its affiliated protocols. Some International Initiatives are:

a. United Nation Frameworks on Climate Change (UNFCC)

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) 1992 was enforced during the Earth Summit at

Rio de Janerio, Brazil and Started from 1994. Currently 197 have signed and ratified UNFCCC. The basic principles

of the convention are:

Stabilize the committed level of atmospheric GHGs within a definite time period.

Need for a common unique responsibility from countries with relation to climate change.

Assistance for non-equitable or extraordinary load bearing to the developing countries from the developed

states.

Commitment of the Annex 1 and 2 states to reduce the GHGs emissions.

b. Kyoto Protocol

3rd Conference of Parties (CoPs) was held in Kyoto, Japan, which agreed to enforce Kyoto protocol to reduce GHGs

emissions. According to the protocol, 37 developed and European Annex-1 countries must reduce their GHGs

emissions by 5% relative to 1990 during the 2008-2012 periods. To translate protocol into action, three mechanisms

are established for reduced GHGs emissions:

Internal carbon market and carbon taxation

Joint investment with Economies in transition

Clean development Mechanism (CDM) in the developing countries:

c. Conference of Parties (CoPs)

Conference of the Parties (CoPs) is the supreme body of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC). It comprises of 197 nations that have ratified the Convention. Its first session was held in Berlin,

Germany in 1995 and the sessions are expected to continue on a yearly basis. The COP's role is to promote and

review the implementation of the Convention. It periodically reviews existing commitments in light of the Convention's

objective, new scientific findings, and the effectiveness of national climate change programs. Since 1995, total 22

CoPs meetings have been conducted and upcoming CoP-23 will be conducted in Bonn, Germany in November-

December of 2017. Among the 22- CoPs and 15-CoPs was held in Copenhagen, Denmark which was able to raise

public awareness on climate change significantly.

Nepal’s Responses to Climate Change

a. Climate Change Policy 2011

Climate Change Policy was approved by the Government of Nepal on 17 January 2011. The main goal of this

policy is to improve livelihoods by mitigating and adapting to the adverse impacts of climate change, adopting a

low-carbon emissions socio-economic development path and supporting as well as collaborating in the spirits of

country's commitments to national and international agreements related to climate change.

b. Climate Change Council Formation

The Government of Nepal has constituted 25 members including eight experts in Climate Change Council under

the chairmanship of Right Honorable Prime Minister for high level policy coordination and guidance on climate

change. Climate Change Council was formed in July 2009.

c. Multi-stakeholders Climate Change Initiatives Coordination Committee (MCCICC) Formation

To coordinate climate change activities and implement collaborative programmes, a multi-stakeholder Climate

Change Initiatives Coordination Committee (MCCICC) has been formed with representation from relevant ministries

and institutions, international and national non-government organizations, academia, private sector, and donors. It

ensures and promotes functional level coordination. The committee aims to foster a unified and coordinated climate

change responses in Nepal.

d. Establishment of Climate Change Management Division

Climate Change Management Division is established in the MOE with 3 sections as Climate Change Section,

Climate Change Council Secretariat Section and CDM Section. The division was established to expedite climate

change related activities.

e. Second National Communication (SNC)

Nepal has prepared and published Second National Communication (SNC) and Technology Need Assessment

(TNA) according to the provisions made by UNFCCC.

f. Preparation of National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA)

National adaptation programmes of action (NAPAs) has already been approved by Government of Nepal to

communicate priority activities addressing the urgent and immediate needs and concerns of the least developed

countries (LDCs), relating to adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change. Nepal prepared NAPA following

rigorous discussions with wide range of stakeholders and was approved by the cabinet in 2010. It was then

submitted to UNFCCC on the same year. The NAPA has identified six thematic areas- agriculture and food

security, water resource and energy, forest and biodiversity, public health and urban settlement and infrastructure

and identified 9 combined profile projects.

g. Local Adaptation Plans for Action (LAPA)

Local Adaptation Plans of Action (LAPA) framework has been approved by the Government of Nepal (in Nov 2011)

aiming to connect the national perspective of the NAPA to communities. The main purposes of LAPA are to enable

communities to understand the changing and uncertain future climatic conditions and engage them effectively in

the process of developing adaptation priorities; implement climate-resilient plans that are flexible enough for

responding to changing and uncertain climatic conditions;

h. Climate Resilience Framework (2011)

The NPC (March, 2011) has proposed a climate resilience framework for government adaptation and mitigation

planning, within which it has developed a screening approach for projects. The climate resilient plan is a long term

planning tool for adaptation (2011), which was developed by NPC with a vision of achieving a society and economy

that is resilient to a changing climate. The framework broadly recognizes various issues of climate change,

including its drivers (energy, transport, land use, forestry, agriculture and waste) and impact vulnerability

(ecosystem, biodiversity, food security, human health), and outlines mitigation and adaptation measures to achieve

its fundamental goal of sustainable development under the felt and anticipated climate scenarios. The framework

also identifies cross-cutting issues (knowledge management, capacity building, gender, research and development)

that are crucial for the effective implementation of climate-resilient development interventions in order to realize the

nation’s development vision.

Public Health and Water, Sanitation & Hygiene

Nepal Health Sector Strategy (NHSS)- 2015-2020

Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan, 2010

National Wash Sector Development Plan, 2016

National Health Sector Policies, 2071

3.4 Session: Concept of Coping, Adaptation and Resilience

Objective of Session

At the end of the session, participants will be able to:

Define coping, adaptation and resilience

Definition of Coping, Adaptation and resilience

Coping:

Coping is the use of existing resources to achieve various desired goals during and immediately after unusual,

abnormal, and adverse conditions of a hazardous event or process. The strengthening of coping capacities, together

with preventive measures, is an important aspect of adaptation and usually builds resilience to withstand the effects

of natural and other hazards.

Adaptation to Climate Change

In order to reduce vulnerability to climate change, we must focus on building adaptive capacity, particularly of the

most vulnerable people; and, in some cases, on reducing exposure or sensitivity to climate impacts.

Adaptation is defined as: Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli

or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities

Adaptation consists of adjustments in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic effects,

which moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. It often consists of initiatives and measures to reduce

vulnerability or enable people to thrive in the resulting situation. It can be a spontaneous or planned response to

actual or expected conditions

Resilience

Resilience can be defined as the ability of a community to resist, absorb, and recover from the effects of hazards in a

timely and efficient manner, preserving or restoring its essential basic structures, functions and identity. Resilience is

a familiar concept in the context of disaster risk reduction (DRR), and is increasingly being discussed in the realm of

adaptation. A resilient community is well-placed to manage hazards to minimize their effects and/or to recover quickly

from any negative impacts, resulting in a similar or improved state as compared to before the hazard occurred. There

are strong linkages between resilience and adaptive capacity; consequently, resilience also varies greatly for different

groups within a community. Resilience is the amount of change a system can undergo and maintain the same

function and structure while retaining options to develop in desired directions. Communities are resilient to climate

change if they can withstand climate hazards and rebuild themselves. Resilience can be enhanced by anticipating

and planning for the future

Differences between coping, adaptation and resilience

Coping Adaptation/Resilience

Short-term and immediate Oriented towards longer term livelihoods security

Oriented towards survival A continuous process

Not continuous Results are sustained

Motivated by crisis, reactive Uses resources efficiently and sustainably

Often degrades resource base Involves planning

Prompted by a lack of alternatives Combines old and new strategies and knowledge

Focused on finding alternatives

3.5 Session: Concept of climate vulnerability functions

Objective of the session:

At the end of the session, participants will be able to:

Describe climate vulnerabilities and its functions

Practice vulnerability assessment of water supply schemes

Definition of Vulnerability: Vulnerability is the degree to which a system is susceptible to, and un-able to cope with, adverse effects of climate change. Vulnerability is a function of exposure to climate stresses, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Vulnerability increases as the magnitude of climate change (exposure) or sensitivity increases, and decreases as adaptive capacity increases. Vulnerability is a function of character, magnitude and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity (FAR, IPCC)

Vulnerability (V) = f (Exposure (E) Sensitivity (S) /Adaptive Capacity (A) E = Climate change, climate variability and climate change induced hazards S = Effects of climate change on bio-physical and socio-economic sectors A = Knowledge, skill and information; natural and physical assets; financial and institutional assets of the community (Livelihood assets of a community)

Vulnerability Functions Exposure Exposure represents the important climate events that affect a system. In practical terms, exposure is the extent to which a region, resource or community experiences changes in climate. It is characterized by the magnitude, frequency, duration and/or spatial extent of a climate event. Sensitivity Sensitivity is the degree to which a system can be affected, negatively or positively, by changes (in climate). Such changes may have direct or indirect effects. In ecological systems, sensitivity is described in terms of physiological tolerances to changing conditions. The sensitivity of social systems depends on economic, political, cultural and institutional factors. These factors can confound or ameliorate climate exposure. (IUCN) Adaptive capacity Adaptive capacity is a system’s ability to adjust to climate change and variability, to moderate potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities or to cope with consequences. Adaptive capacity is a function of the relative level of a society’s economic resources, access to technology, and access to climate information, skills to make use of the information, institutions and equitable distribution of resources. Adaptive capacity tends to be correlated with the level of development: more developed countries and communities tend to have more adaptive capacity. (OECD based on IPCC). In ecosystems, adaptive capacity is influenced by biodiversity (genetic, species, etc.). In social systems

adaptive capacity is determined by the individual and/or common ability to cope with change (the ability to learn, manage risks and impacts, develop new knowledge, and devise effective approaches) and the institutional setting (IUCN). Impact (CC) Impacts are consequences of climate change on natural and human systems. The character and magnitude of an impact is determined by the (a) exposure and (b) sensitivity of the system. We say potential impacts as obviously it is not clear what is going to happen in the future and today’s mitigation and adaptation efforts may even prevent their occurrence. Biophysical impacts refer to the biophysical parts of a system and often directly result from climate change factors, e.g. damaged infrastructure due to flooding or erosion of shorelines due to storm surge. Socio-economic impacts (for the bigger part) follow biophysical impacts and affect socio-economic development, e.g. reduced access to ser-vices due to damaged infrastructure or losses in tourism revenues due to shoreline erosion

Source: TOT on Integrating Climate Change Adaptation in development planning

Vulnerability assessment itself is a situation specific task and aims to disclose the factual situation of particular community from various perspectives. Hence, there is not any cook booked and single methodology that can be claimed absolutely the best one. Various agencies, documents and the practitioners are using different assessment tools and technologies. In the Nepalese context following are some of the agencies and documents recommending/using the different tools. There are different tools and techniques recommended by followings

National Adaptation Programme of Actions

Community Based Vulnerability Assessment

Local Adaptation Plan of Action : Gateway System

Climate Resilient Planning

Why is Nepal a highly vulnerable country to climate change?

A summary note that might be useful to the participants particularly those having limited exposure to learning theoretical aspect of climate change in easier terms.

1. High exposure because

a. Himalayan regions are warming at the fastest rates – leading to rapidly shrinking of glaciers- the sources of perennial rivers

b. Majority of Nepali populations depend on natural resources and ecological services - where dramatic changes are ‘very likely’ with direct implications on their lives and livelihoods sustainability.

c. Growth of climate hazards including extreme rains, snow, thunderstorms, hailstorms, avalanches, GLOFs, and consequential effects of floods, landslides, …

2. High Sensitivity because:

a. Nepali society as a LDC economy depends largely on natural systems such as vegetation (forest, agriculture), water supply and fair-weather businesses, and, less on built-in sophisticated environment. Natural systems function in tune of existing climate pattern, therefore, are very much sensitive to any change in climatic parameters. Those who depend less on natural systems for their livelihoods such as car manufacturing industries or farmers who are well-equipped with sophisticated irrigation and other facilities, are less likely to be affected directly and immediately from climate change. Obviously, livelihoods of those who depend on agriculture with rain-fed irrigations, water supply, and hydropower fall on high sensitivity category, thus, likely may fall into the trap of high vulnerability.

b. Nature based tourism including rural home stay also belongs to this category and, may need to have appropriate adaptation measures in place.

c. The sensitivity of the entire population of Nepal below-poverty-line (BPL) to climate change is significant.

3. Low Adaptive Capacity because:

a. Subsistence agricultural practices, limited opportunities to increase or diversify income sources and unemployment remain major hurdles to overcome challenges of CC impacts.

b. Prevailing gaps of RELEVANT knowledge and information flow to support preparedness

c. Existing social inequity, inequality and injustices from households to societal levels.

d. Inadequate opportunities for accessing technologies, investment capital, and markets.

e. Ineffective policy measures and institutional mechanism.

4. Conditions that lead to put Nepal on the most vulnerable spot:

Nepal is among the most vulnerable countries in the world. It is predictable as the entire South Asian region including the Himalayas is identified as the climate hotspot or highly vulnerable part of the world. Country wise, Nepal, Bangladesh and India are among the most vulnerable countries. As simple is that these countries are not prepared to adapt to adverse impacts of climate change on their lives and livelihoods resources despite of high exposure of their vital natural resources such as water, lands, forests and biodiversity.

Although the degree of exposure to climate change depend largely on the natural settings such as geographical position of the country or region; the remaining factors – sensitivity and adaptive capacity determine the degree of vulnerability. Therefore, responses are often directed simultaneously to reducing sensitivity, and enhancing adaptive capacity of the target entity or societies.

Therefore, addressing climate change vulnerability at community levels means investing more on minimization of risks and removing of barriers to build resilient system when every individuals and households can respond the risks collectively. Prioritization of who, how and when involves all types of adaptation approaches for some level of innovations in actions, but this doesn’t always mean doing new things but doing the same with better or smart way.

Table: Summary of climate change risks, adaptation measures and possible opportunities for innovations in Nepali

context.

Climate Change Hazards (1)

Associated risks (2) Examples of adaptation (3)

Possible opportunities for innovations (4)

Rapid warming

(Temperature rise)

- Rapid melting of snow and glaciers,

- Extreme hot days - Heatwaves, - Breakout of diseases and

fires - Impacts on crops - Impacts on livestock - Impacts on forests and

biodiversity - Impacts on soils - Impacts on open

workplaces e.g. farms

- Improved living and workplaces (homes, schools, resting shelters at farms, trails)

- Micro-strategies for minimizing and avoiding risks over businesses and livelihoods

- Actionable policies and institutional reform to develop community resources and infrastructures.

- Awareness on precautionary steps involving protection of life, livelihood (business), and natural resources.

- Enabling environment for new investment and collaborations

- Developing capacity to

relate CC hazards with available local technologies and

Change in

precipitation

patterns from erratic

- More landslides, soil erosion, flooding and inundation

- Protection of water, lands and other natural sources as well as

Climate Change Hazards (1)

Associated risks (2) Examples of adaptation (3)

Possible opportunities for innovations (4)

rainfalls (short and

intense rains,

frequent

cloudbursts,

reduced duration of

rainfalls – annually,

seasonally, monthly,

daily) to droughts at

higher frequencies

and intensities.

- Inadequate recharge of water springs, lakes, wells, ponds and groundwater leading to gradual decline of water levels in all kinds of water bodies.

- Increased drudgery of managing water (more demand, lesser supply).

- Decline or losses of livelihood options.

- Involuntary migration of people from their traditional homes

- Rapid biodiversity losses due to drying of lakes and water sources during drought and extreme hot.

ecosystem services from losses.

- Watershed conservation and storm water collection ponds.

- Diversification of income and livelihoods

- Access and use of crop varieties that can survive climate extreme.

practices for remedial actions.

- Offer at least one relevant example that the person and agencies interventions making a positive change.

- Promoting social champions locally

- Approach to agencies working in the similar themes and same regions (your locality) and explore ways to engage them for new collaborations to build resiliency of the target communities or households.

- Community based insurance schemes together with public and private sectors’ contributions.

- Any CSR or collaborating opportunities

Extreme weather

hazards

(thunderstorms,

lightning, hailstorms,

snowstorms,

avalanches, series

of cloudbursts)

- Losses of infrastructures e.g. roads, bridges, buildings, hydro- plants, transmission lines, inundated settlements, and cut-off from hospitals, schools, jobs, market.

- Introducing or strengthening planning culture for collective responses to address disaster and climate change e.g. contingencies plan of households to local institutions – health centers, schools.

-

Interlocking climate

hazards – e.g. long

drought followed by

extreme rainfalls,

disease break outs,

- Risks perceived by CC witnesses, victims or survival.

3.6 Session- Identification of current and future climate vulnerability on WASH Sector

Session Objectives:

At the end of the session, participants will be able to:

Describe current trend and scenario of climate- temperature, precipitation and climate extremes

List out climate extreme events and climate induced disaster which directly impacted to WASH programme

Reading Materials

Climate Trend of Nepal

Overall Climate Trend of Nepal

Significant positive trends have been observed in annual and seasonal climate around Nepal. Overall maximum and minimum temperature of Nepal shows a significant and positive trend only in monsoon season. No significant trend regarding precipitation is observed has been observed in any other seasons.

Annual maximum temperature trend observed all over Nepal is significantly positive (0.056ºC/yr). In the same way, annual minimum temperature trend has also been observed positive (0.002ºC/yr) though it is slightly insignificant.

Precipitation Trends

District level pre-monsoon and monsoon precipitation show significant trends in few districts only while winter and post-monsoon precipitation trends are observed as insignificant in most of the districts. The significantly highest positive rainfall trend has been observed in Syangja and Parbat districts during the monsoon season.

Only pre-monsoon precipitation shows significant negative trend in the High-Himalayan region. In other seasons, precipitation trends are insignificant in all physiographic regions.

Three coherent yet insignificant patterns have been observed at district and physiographic level, 1) insignificant positive precipitation trend in the southern districts of Far Western Development Region (FWDR) in three seasons (winter, pre-monsoon and monsoon), 2) insignificant decrease in monsoon precipitation in majority of districts east of 84E longitude, and 3) insignificant highest decreasing rainfall trend in all seasons in the High Mountains and insignificant positive trend in all seasons, except in post-monsoon in Tarai. These coherent but insignificant patterns might be associated with short term variability in atmospheric phenomena. However, further analysis and longer period data is necessary to understand these patterns. Since these patterns are not significant, these results should be used very cautiously.

Maximum Temperature Trend

The positive temperature trend is highly significant in majority of districts (more than 90% of the districts) and in all physiographic regions in all the seasons, except in majority of the Tarai districts in winter.

At the district level, the highest significant positive trend (0.12oC/yr) is observed in Manang district in winter season.

All five physiographic regions show significant positive trend in all seasons, except in Tarai in winter and pre-monsoon, and in Siwaliks in winter.]

In High Mountains and High Himalayas, the highest positive trend has been observed in winter season and in Tarai, Siwaliks and Middle Mountains, the highest positive trend has been observed in monsoon season.

Seasonal and annual maximum temperature trends at the district and physiographic levels, demonstrate a pattern in relation to altitude with negative trend or small positive trend in lower altitude districts/regions and larger positive trend in higher altitude districts/regions

Minimum Temperature Trend

The negative minimum temperature trend is significant in most of the north-western districts in winter and post-monsoon seasons while positive minimum temperature trend is significant in majority of southern (Tarai to Middle Mountains) districts in Eastern Development Region (EDR), Central Development Region (CDR) and WDR in all seasons.

Though seasonal and annual minimum temperature trends are insignificant at district and physiographic levels, they show positive trends in lower elevation and negative in the higher elevation. Since these patterns are not significant, but might be associated with short term variability in atmospheric phenomena, these results should be used very cautiously.

At the district level, significantly highest positive trend (0.046oC/yr) has observed in Dolpa district in monsoon and significantly highest negative trend (-0.076oC/yr) in Humla district in winter.

At the physiographic level, Tarai and Siwaliks show significant increasing trend in most of the seasons. The decreasing trend is significant only in winter season in the High Himalayas.

Extreme Precipitation Trends

Number of rainy days is increasing significantly mainly in the north-western districts.

Very wet days and extremely wet days are decreasing significantly, mainly in the northern districts.

Consecutively dry days are decreasing significantly, mainly in the north-western districts of MWDR while consecutive wet days are increasing significantly in the northern districts of MWDR and central parts of WDR and EDR.

Extreme Temperature Trends

Trends of warm days and warm nights are significantly increasing in majority of the districts. Warm spell duration is increasing significantly in majority of the districts.

Cool days are decreasing in majority of the districts while cool nights are increasing in few north-western and northern districts and decreasing in few south-eastern districts significantly. Cold spell duration is also increasing significantly only in the FWDR.

It is noteworthy to mention that maximum temperature trends are higher than minimum temperature trends in all

seasons. The significance test shows maximum temperature trends being more robust than minimum temperature

and precipitation trends. The observed climate trends in districts and physiographic regions along with the

information on significance level analyzed is presented in this report. While higher significance level provides clear

signal in the trend, no clear conclusion can be drawn from insignificant trends. This report with observed climate

trends with significance is, therefore, expected to provide a better guidance for adaptation planning, including the

NAP process in Nepal.

Source: Observed Climate Trend Analysis of Nepal (1971-2014), Department of Hydrology and Meteorology/Ministry of Population and Environment/GoN

National Adaptation Plan: Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Indicators for Public Health (WASH)

The National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process in Nepal has identified Public Health and Water, Sanitation

and Health (WASH) as one of the key thematic areas due to its exposure and vulnerability to climate

change. A large proportion of the population in both rural and urban areas depend on climate sensitive

sectors, thus they are exposed and vulnerable to climate change. The exposure indicators in this sector

include human population, health facilities, infrastructure and services, human resources working in the

sector and specifically for WASH, water sources, water infrastructure and services, and sanitation

infrastructure and services. Vulnerability in the public health and WASH sector looks at the sensitivity of

the exposed population, resources, and services, and their capacity to respond to climate change impact.

Sensitivity indicators include population characteristics and features, infrastructure location and condition,

access to and quality of services, and population dynamics including socio-economic differences. The

adaptive capacity indicators mostly refer to the existing capacity in terms of human resources,

investments (both national and international) in emergency response and preparedness, policy and

institutions, technological advances, early warning systems and hazard monitoring, and technological

practices, as well as the socio-economic capability of the population in terms of their ability to access and

benefit from services. 3

1. Indicators for hazards in the WASH sector

Elements of hazard Unit of Measurement Source

Climate Extreme Events:

− Heat waves

− Cold waves

− Consecutive hot days

− Consecutive cold days

− Consecutive dry days

− Consecutive wet days

− Extreme rainfall/snowfall

Climate-induced Hazards:

− Floods

− Landslides

− Drought

− Forest Fire

Sector-Specific Hazards:

− Sediment load (turbidity and suspended solids)

− Water contamination (chemical and

microbiological)

− Outbreak of diseases (VBD, WBD, Seasonal Flue)

− Outbreak of famine (result of drought, flood,

Duration, intensity,

frequency, coverage (Ha)

Area (Ha)

Area (Ha), number

Area (Ha)

Area (Ha)

Turbidity (NTU), TSS

FC Count, PPM

No of events and coverage

(population)

No of events and coverage

DHM, MoHA,

DWSS,

DWIDM, DoHS,

DoA

Elements of hazard Unit of Measurement Source

climate variability)

(population), duration

2. Indicators for exposureElem

Elements of Exposure Unit of Measurement Data source

Population Nos. CBS

Health infrastructure and services

Infrastructures:

(Hospitals, healthcare units at different level, drug stores,

labs)

Government Hospitals, Private hospital/lab, Registered

Pharmaceuticals, Blood transfusion centers

Nos.

Nos.

DoHS, Department

of Drug

Management,

NHRC

Water supply infrastructures and services

Drinking Water Supply Systems

Stream Intakes

Spring intakes

Pipelines

Pump stations

Water treatment plants

Reservoirs

Nos, KM DWSS/KUKL/NWSC

Sanitation infrastructures and services

− Sanitation Systems (Sewerage lines, private

toilets, public toilets, septic tanks, water

treatment plants, Landfill sites)

Nos., KM

DWSS/KUKL/

NWSC/MoFALD

Water sources

− Ground (deep, shallow)

− Surface

− Spring

− Watersheds

Nos.,

Yield (l/s),

Level (m),

Area (hectare)

CBS, GWRDC,

DWSS, DOI

3. Indicators for sensitivityts of Sensitivity Unit

Elements of sensitivity Units of Measurement

Data Source

Average time required to reach the nearest health center Hours DoHS

Mobility of population Frequency Consultation

Mortality rate (CDR, U5MR) Per 1000 DoHS

Disease prevalence and incidence of disease including trend (NCD, Malaria, Dengue, JE, Malnutrition, Psychosocial effect)

Status DoHS

Age, gender (NPC category, wealth quantile and ecological belt) Population, % DoHS

Race, ethnicity Population, % CBS

Poverty Population, % CBS

Elements of sensitivity Units of Measurement

Data Source

Disparities (geographic, social) Status Consultation

Access to care and public health facilities Population, % DoHS

Pre-existing health condition Status, Population, % DoHS,

Infrastructure condition (Example: water supply systems already having functionality problems)

Status, % DoHS, DWSS

Population density (urban and rural) Status, % CBS

Occupation type Population, % CBS

Location of infrastructures (Example: Hospitals, WTTPs on the river banks, WASH facilities such as intakes/pipes) etc.)

Proximity

Consultation, DoHS, DWSS

Condition of water sources and watersheds Yield, status, % DWSS,MoFSC

Water demand rate Liters per capita per day

DWSS

4. Indicators for adaptive capacity

Availability of improved sanitation (toilet) HH Coverage (%) DWSS

Adequate water supply (quantity) HH coverage (%) DWSS

Solid waste collection and management Number, coverage MoWSS, MoH, MoFALD

Surveillance system (water supply, disease) Water supply (quality and quantity) VPD Disease: Kalazaar, Malaria, Filariasis, Kalazaar, Malaria, Filariasis, Polio, Measles

Status, No. DoHS

Awareness on health and WASH Population covered

(%)

DoHS

Post-disaster health management system (strategy and plan to maintain or resume healthcare services contingency plan)

Status DoHS

Water safety plan

Number of WS systems, population

DWSS

Essential healthcare including vaccination and child health care services − Immunization − IMNCI − OPD services − Nutrition program − Disease control program − Free medicine − Safe motherhood programme

Population, %,

Building codes and practices Status MoUD

Improved drainage Status, coverage (HH) MoUD, DWSS

Diversity of water resources Status MoWSS

Water Treatment Practices (Point of use WT) HHs, % DWSS

Technology practices enhancing water availability and water use efficiency (Example: RWH)

Status DWSS

Health Early Warning System Status DoHS

Emergency healthcare service Status DoHS

Hospital bed per 100,000 population Number DoHS

Medical practitioners per 100,000 population Doctors Nurses Paramedic Ayurvedic and other (alternative and traditional health care provider)

Number, status DoHS

Institutions and functioning (Example: sanitation systems operated by municipalities, WUSCs, RRTs,)

Status

MoH, MoWSS, DWSS, MoFALD

Policy, strategy, plan and programs (Health and WASH) Status MoWSS, MoH

Micro –stratification of Malaria Status DoHS

Health insurance (defined package) % of population DoHS

Alternative and traditional medicines and services Status DoHS

Income/saving HHs, % CBS

International/national emergency healthcare budget NPR, % MoF, MoH

Investment of state/non-state sector budget for health and WASH

NPR, %

MoF, MoH, MoWSS

Health Service Management Committee No. DoHS

Exposure to media (MF/Radio, TV, Print media) Population coverage CBS

Assessment Framework and Indicators

Elements of Adaptive Capacity Unit of measurement Data S

3.7 Session: Exploration of adaptation measures for WASH in different Scenarios

Objective of session:

At the end of the session, participants will be able to:

Use this tool to identify a range of options to adjust or improve water management under challenges and risk of changing climate

Defining Adaptation Option/Measures

The interventions or options that could prevent, reduce or avoid the damaging biophysical and socio-economic impacts, enhance opportunities from climate change and enhance the adaptive capacity of relevant actors. Types of options: Infrastructure = I, Policy = P, Capacity = C, Good Practices = GP

Examples of Adaptation Options with focus to WASH- NAP:

• Construct more diversion structures on river • Construct on-stream storage dams • Artificially recharge groundwater • Treat and reuse wastewater • Re-allocate water among sectors or users • Shift to higher-value lower-water consuming crops • Promote drip irrigation technology

Diversifying crops according to the climate scenario

Introduced irrigation technology such, drip irrigation

Rainwater harvest tank

Use of degraded land for cultivation

Plantation in Landslide sites

Raised the bed of goat

Raised the height of the house from the ground level

Criteria for selecting adaptation measures

• Effectiveness: It describes the extent to which the adaptation option reduces vulnerability and provides other benefits. Think of effectiveness of the adaptation option under different scenarios.

• Costs: It describes relative costs of an adaptation option. Think of investment costs as well as costs over time, such as operation and maintenance costs, reconstruction costs, etc. Think of economic and non-economic costs. Think of costs of avoided damage.

• Feasibility: It answers whether the necessary legal, administrative, financial, technical, etc. resources exist. Adaptations that can be implemented under the current operational framework will usually be favoured.

• Additional criteria may include, depending on the context, e.g. political and social acceptance, urgency, biodiversity friendliness, relative speed of implementation or benefits, ‘no regrets’ potential, avoid detrimental effects on other development goals, alignment with funding requirements or other eligibility criteria, alignment with policy priorities, etc.

Source: TOT on CCA Integration into development planning

There are many tools and techniques in practice for identifying effective adaptation measures. Such tools include

Multi Criteria Index, Cost Benefit Analysis etc. The national framework of the LAPA recommends two tools for

prioritizing the most urgent and immediate adaptation measures to people, communities and local bodies; the gender

sensitive Multi- Criteria Index and Participatory Cost Benefit Analysis. The framework also provides a list of other

supportive tools; Pair Wise Ranking, Gender Need Assessment, Impact Implementation Matrix and scenario tools for

identifying the energy path way.

A sample of Gender Sensitive Multi-criteria Index is presented below:

Hazards Adaptation Options

Efficiency

(1-3)

(A)

Cost

Effective

(1-3)

(B)

Possibility

(1-3)

(C)

Gender

Sensitive

(1-3)

(D)

Total

(A+B+C+D)

Remarks

(Priority )

Flood

Plantation 2 2 2 2 8

Stone wall (Temporary) 2 2 2 3 9 Fourth

Gabion wall Embankment 3 1 1 3 8

Cemented wall Embankment 3 1 1 2 7

Controlled grazing in river

banks 3 3 3 1 10 Third

Minimizing export of sand,

stones and gravels 3 3 3 2 11 Second

Awareness raising 3 3 3 3 12 First

Source: LFP (Community Adaptation Plan, Sukaruli VDC)

A sample of participatory cost Benefit Analysis is presented below:

Activities Cost Benefit Ratio B/C

Plantation 1.69 41.1 24.15

Wooden Bridge 1.6 15.2 9.5

Source: LAPA piloting work (2011), Dhungegadhi, Pyuthan

It is important to consider different scenarios of climate and consequences of multiple natural and climate induced

hazards in order to build a resilient WASH scheme. For this purpose, following tool can be used to explore relevant

adaptation measures:

Climate Induced Hazard

Impact on Water supply and Sanitation System

Adaptation Options/Measures

Implications on local communities

Direct Indirect

Drought Reduced water availability

Population movements to other areas, posing further stress on remaining water sources and use of unsafe sources

Collection and storage of surface water runoff:

Below ground tanks (i.e. cisterns) and excavations into which rainwater is directed from the ground

Climate Induced Hazard

Impact on Water supply and Sanitation System

Adaptation Options/Measures

Implications on local communities

Direct Indirect

surface

Small reservoirs with earthen bunds or embankments to contain runoff or river flows

Managed aquifer recharge: capturing and recharging excess runoff in the vicinity of a well or borehole

Examples of findings of the studies carried out by MCCCRMD in districts of different geographic and physiographic areas

Assets Impacts of Climate Change on Assets

Adaptation Measures for physical WASH assets/infrastructure

Remarks/Overall Impacts of Climate Change

Remarks/ Adaptation Measures in terms of Policy and Institutions

Water Supply - Drying water sources and ground water depletion is likely due to longer dry seasons, increasingly irregular rainfall patterns, and increased incidence of high intensity rainfall events leading to high run-off and less infiltration7.

- Disruption to service or damaged systems can result in higher costs for basic services,

- Additional efforts/costs needed to fulfil the water demand

- Lack /shortage of water will lead to health problems like diseases

- Loss of time and additional burden to get water from other available sources specially hardship for womenfolk

- Fall in water quality will lead to diseases.

- In case of sickness, additional cost for medication and loss of efficiency and working days- an economic loss, unnecessary physical pain ,

-Need for reforms in the existing policy documents, acts, standards etc., by incorporating climate change friendly components and making institutional arrangement and provisions for needful budgets and manpower - Need for projecting and predicting future climate change and its impact and for incorporating this information into the planning, construction and rehabilitation of infrastructure assets. -

Water sources – Springs, surface water, streams

Drying-up and reduced flow

- Conservation, protection and better management of traditional water sources - Identify alternative water supply measures such as tankers and rainwater harvesting and strengthen and rehabilitate traditional water sources - Establish deep tube bore-wells where and as feasible - Establish rainwater harvesting techniques - Introduce impounding reservoirs

Intake structure

Sediment collection, Collapse of intake structure

-Construct a new intake structure with screening arrangements to evade dirty run off water. -Protect the upstream catchment/forest vegetation that provides initial filtration of sediments entering the

Assets Impacts of Climate Change on Assets

Adaptation Measures for physical WASH assets/infrastructure

Remarks/Overall Impacts of Climate Change

Remarks/ Adaptation Measures in terms of Policy and Institutions

downstream system Communities/stakeholders also need to be better prepared for potential consequences of climate changes by being aware adequately, that means adequate capacity building - Provisions made to so that the stakeholder institutions have sense of adequate gender equality and social inclusion. - .

Transmission and distribution pipes

Getting washed away, Breakage/damage due to landslides, flooding, Cracks and rupture due to increased temperatures, Leakage and poor delivery

- Protect and provide concrete/steel casing with abutments to the transmission pipelines laid along historic landslide zones - Anti-crack protective coatings to be applied to the pipelines to resist high temperatures - Rebuild the transmission pipeline with better alignment and temperature resistant pipe material -Construct a new water treatment plant between intake and the storage reservoir to provide better water quality and avoid sediments reaching the storage reservoir. - Establish feasibility study approach and environmental impact study assessment for all future pipeline projects to avoid pipes laid in historic landslide and critical zones. - Incorporate climate change elements such as increased temperature into the design process to design a pipe system that is temperature resilient.

Storage Reservoirs

Collapse of structure, Collection of sediment in reservoir

- Protect the reservoir structure through temporary retaining walls - Regular removal of sediments from the structures - Provide fine screens and disinfection arrangements at reservoir site - Construct new storage reservoir with screening arrangements to evade dirty run off water and provision of structural support such as gabions and bioengineering. - Protect the upstream catchment/forest vegetation that provides initial filtration of sediments entering the downstream system -Establish feasibility study approach for all future water supply projects to avoid key structures being

Assets Impacts of Climate Change on Assets

Adaptation Measures for physical WASH assets/infrastructure

Remarks/Overall Impacts of Climate Change

Remarks/ Adaptation Measures in terms of Policy and Institutions

placed in historic landslide \ zones that are prone to damage and sediment runoff - Incorporate climate change elements in the design process to design a system that is climate proof and resilient

Water Pumping Stations

Damage to pumps

filling/blocking other components

- Protect the pumping station structure through temporary retaining walls - Provision of fine screens at pumping station inlet - Promote SCADA and Telemetry system which provides real-time control of pumping stations - Establish 24/7 O&M staff to address any emergency breakdown of system

Water Treatment Plant (WTP)

More sediment reducing operation efficiencies and causing damage

- Provision of fine screens at collection chamber - Provision for adequate budgets for the priority adaptation measures with short and long term objectives - Establish 24/7 O&M staff to address any emergency breakdown of system - Training and operating procedures for relevant staff

Sanitation - Damage in existing sewerage system or overflow/flooding will lead to contamination of water bodies -Lack of proper sanitation and contamination of water bodies will lead to different diseases - In case of sickness, additional cost for medication and loss of efficiency and working days- an economic loss, unnecessary physical pain .

Collection System

Damage to system, pipelines due to landslides

- Rebuild the transmission pipeline with better alignment and temperature resistant pipe material

Septic Tanks/Pit Latrines

Overflow from septic tank

- Establish feasibility study approach and environmental impact study assessment for all future to avoid septic tanks and pit latrine in historic landslide, flooding and critical zones. - Build those structures at safer place.

Weather extremities and its impacts and adaptation measures

Hazard Impacts Adaptation Measures

Health determinants Health Health General

Landslides

and flood

Damage to infrastructure

Inaccessibility of water sources

Inundation of wells

Pollution of water sources

Flooding areas used for defecation

Flooding of latrines

Diarrhoea

Acute Respiratory Infection

Viral fever

Malaria fever

Influenza like Illness

Skin diseases

Distribution of essential medicines to the patients

Syndromic surveillance system establishment

EDCD hotline (01-4100187) operating from 7am to 7pm

Distribute the Long Lasting Insecticide Nets in IDP camps

Monitoring of the stock levels of essential medicines in the affected districts

RRTs are kept on high alert

Health camps are organized as per the need

Coordination with WASH Sector and other partners working in the health sectors

Information management through HEOC functions

Distribution of Inter-Agency Diarrhoeal Diseases Kits, community water filters, chlorine tablets

A flyer on “method of treating turbid water in emergency” distributed

WASH messages through national radio and local FMs.

Improving resilience of protected wells to flooding

Post-construction support (PCS) for community-managed water supplies

Relocation of latrines away from flood-prone and low lying areas

Raising latrines and ensuring minimum distance between pit and water table is maintained

Drought Reduced water availability

Water sources drying up

Fetching distance increasing

Poor management of WASH

Food insecurity

Migration

Diarrhoea

Infections

Viral fever

Malaria fever

Skin diseases

Hepatitis A and E

Typhoid.

Boils

Malnutrition

Anemia

Syndromic surveillance system establishment to identify potential outbreaks.

Distribution of essential medicines to the patients

EDCD hotline (01-4100187) operating from 7am to 7pm

Distribute the Long Lasting Insecticide targeting to vulnerable people

Monitoring of the stock levels of essential medicines in the affected districts

RRTs are kept on high alert

Health camps are organized as per the need

Coordination with WASH Sector and other partners working in the health sectors

Distribution of Inter-Agency Diarrhoeal Diseases Kits, community water filters, chlorine tablets

WASH messages through national radio and local FMs.

Collection and storage of surface water

3.8 Session: Integration Climate Change in Project Planning

Purpose:

At the end of the session, participants will:

Understand how to integrate adaptation into the various steps of the project cycle to avoid mal-adaptation

Rationale for Integration of Climate Change Risks

Most development projects/programmes are likely to be affected by climate change. Therefore, systematical

screening and assessment of development projects/programmes are essential and a must in order to avoid mal-

adaptation, misallocation of development funds and, last but not least, to ensure that the project/programme

continues to address priority development needs.

To reduce and minimize the vulnerability of infrastructures, natural systems and people to CC impacts To address the sector concerns and translate the CC Policy into practice To identify the areas of improvement at various levels of governance To avoid and reduce the risks of mal-adaptation Sustainability of the schemes and making them climate resilient

National Framework of LAPA also emphasizes the integration of adaptation plans into sector and development

planning as it will help address climate induced challenges in an effective and sustainable manner. Integrating LAPA

into local-to-national development planning processes and outcomes allows climate vulnerable men, women,

households, communities, wards, VDC or Municipality to articulate their adaptation priorities, and draw down on

government, civic and private sector resources for sustainable implementation.

On the other hand, integration of climate prospective is essential in any project even though the respective projects

may or may not be affected by climate change. Normally all development goals and project activities are most likely

to be affected by climate change. Therefore, the assessment of climate risks in each cycle of development project/

programme needs to be integrated. Normally assessment of climate change risks is needed in the following steps in

order to ensure its resilience to climate change:

Project Steps Question/ points to be consider How

1. Project Identification

Assess potential climate change risks and effect on vulnerability- Water Scheme

2. Project Appraisal

Undertake in-depth climate risk assessment Identify effective adaptation options Prioritize and select adaptation options

By using multi-criteria index

3. Detail Design

Undertake in-depth climate risk assessment Identify effective adaptation options Prioritize and select adaptation options

Environmental Impact Assessment Cost Benefit Analysis

4. Project Implementation

Implement the selected adaptation measures (for new projects) Carry out intervention of previous stages and implement adaptations option (For ongoing projects)

5. Monitoring and Evaluation

Monitor and evaluate implementation of Adaptation options

Descriptions of each step

1. Project Identification

In general, the vulnerability of any project to climate change impacts is assessed as a function of the type of infrastructure it develops, the activities it supports, and its geographical location. In addition, the expected lifetime of a project determines whether climate change concerns are likely to become relevant, for example long-lived infrastructure may be particularly vulnerable. Vulnerability may be direct (e.g. drinking water System is affected by changes in discharges of water source as well as in demand for water).

2. Project appraisal and detailed design

In this step, the implementing body needs to conduct a detailed assessment in potential climate change risks and effects on the project. It provides the opportunity to reduce climate change risks facing a project and builds grounds for accruing benefits from any opportunities that may arise from climate change. Projects that are directly sensitive to climate should be examined with regard to their degree of sensitivity and vulnerability and whether different project designs or functioning would reduce sensitivity or vulnerability. In addition, projects can also be examined to determine whether they can be modified in order to take advantage of opportunities arising from climate change. A list of potential adaptation measures will be identified according to vulnerability assessment/ environmental impact assessment. Following tools and approaches are normally used to prioritize and select the appropriate adaptation measures from the resulting list:

1. Cost benefit Analysis

2. Multi- Criteria Index

3. Cost effective Analysis

4. Expert Judgment and Knowledge

3. Project implementation While the planning stage of the project cycle provides key entry points for integration of climate risk assessment, identification and selection of adaptation options, it is important not to lose sight of adaptation during the project implementation. Once adaptation options have been selected, the next stage is their integration and implementation within the project, which represents further intervention points. 4. Monitoring and Evaluation

The monitoring and evaluation provides ample opportunities to examine and review implementation of adaption measures as appropriate. Monitoring and evaluation are indispensable to correct past mistakes and improve current practices. In addition, evaluation provides an opportunity to test the accuracy of ex-ante projections of climate vulnerabilities, or of the project’s impacts on the recipient system’s vulnerabilities. Monitoring and evaluation for climate change adaptation is a “doing-by learning” and participatory process. A dynamic process may allow an effective and active monitoring and evaluation of the performance of an adaptation project with respect to its objectives, so as to establish a solid background for scaling up pilot activities. Challenges and Issues of Integration Climate Change Risks in Development

Inadequate knowledge and understanding of climate change adaptation to integrate in project cycle Weak or absence of functional linkages and coordination among the concerned sectors Allocation of the sufficient fund/ budget to implement with integrating climate change risks Limited political commitment, consensus and compliance at local level Experience to be gained through learning-by-doing Significant financial and human resource investments are required for research, data

generation/management, knowledge management and technology transfer

3.9 Session: Concept of Monitoring & Evaluation and Developing Monitoring Framework

Purpose

At the end of the session, participants will be able to:

Define monitoring and evaluation and evaluation framework

List out the indicators of climate change resilient WASH scheme

Monitoring

Monitoring is a routine tracking of the key elements of programmes/project performance usually inputs and outputs through record-keeping, regular reporting, surveillance, observation and client surveys. Evaluation Evaluation is the episodic assessment of the change in targeted results that can be attributed to the programme or project intervention. Evaluation attempts to link a particular output or outcome directly to an intervention after a period of time has passed Difference between Monitoring and Evaluation

Item Monitoring Evaluation

Frequency Routine, Regularly Scheduled Episodic

Primary Objective Tracking/oversight Assessment

Purpose Improve efficiency Mid-course correction to work plan

Improve effectiveness, impact, future programming

Focus Conformity to programme guideline, process indicators, quarterly and annual goals, work plans

Effectiveness, impact, cost-effectiveness, relevance

Data source Routine observation, progress report Same, surveys, special studies

Development of Monitoring and Evaluation Framework

Developing an M&E framework is the final step in climate-resilient planning/development. However, there is an uncertainty associated with climate change, its impacts, and in our understanding of what actions will enable effective adaptation. The M&E provides opportunities for learning, reflection and feedback to support responsive and iterative adaptation planning. The monitoring of climate change adaptation is very critical to find out what action will enable effective adaptation. So M&E needs to revolve around questions such as: What is being monitored? Are we doing it the right way? Are we doing the right thing at the right time? Etc. in the context of M&E for adaptation, different areas need to be monitored to capture adaptation. These areas include:

It should focus on results and impacts of specific adaptation activities associated with project, programme and policy. For this, an analysis for finding the key risks and vulnerability and understanding of how the particular activity addresses these risks and vulnerability are needed.

It should focus on answering "How an intervention has contributed to the development of adaptive capacity?”. It should cover the overall development success in a changing climate scenario. Normally, monitoring

indicators are not different from indicators of a regular development project/programme. Following framework can be used to cover the above mentioned aspects of M&E:

Source: GiZ training manual on Integration Climate Change Adaptation in Development Cooperation

Government of Nepal

Ministry of Water Supply and Sanitation

Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

National Water Supply and Sanitation Training Centre

Nargarkot, Bhaktapur

Phone No :+977-1-4422013

Email: nwsstc@dwss.gov.np

Web site: nwsstc.gov.np