NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY (NGRBA) Final ESAMP... · NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY...

NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY (NGRBA)

(Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India)

Draft Environmental and Social Assessment with Management

Plan (for Disclosure) for Sewerage Works in Sewerage District

‘A’ of Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh

February 2014

The Energy and Resources Institute

Consultant

* This report is not for public disclosure and the contents herein are not to be published, forwarded or

copied without permission of the authors.

Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014

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Table of Contents

Executive Summary ...........................................................................................................1

Chapter 1 Introduction......................................................................................................9

1.1 Ganga Clean up Initiatives ............................................................................9

1.2 The Ganga River Basin Project ..................................................................10

1.2.1 World Bank Assistance ..................................................................................11

1.3 Project Components .....................................................................................11

1.3.1 Component One: Institutional Development ..................................................11

1.3.2 Component Two: Priority Infrastructure Investments ....................................11

1.4 Structure of the Report ................................................................................13

Chapter 2 Project Description .......................................................................................14

2.1 About the City ...............................................................................................14

2.2 Existing Sewerage Facilities in Allahabad City .........................................15

2.2.1 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase – I (GAP-I) ...................16

2.2.2 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase II ...................................17

2.2.3 On-going works in Sewerage District ‘D’ Under JNNURM .........................17

2.2.4 Works Approved Under NGRBA for District A ............................................18

2.2.5 City Sewerage Plan ........................................................................................19

2.3 Necessity of this project ...............................................................................22

2.4 Location of Proposed Sewerage Project .....................................................23

2.5 Proposed Sewerage System ..........................................................................26

2.5.1 Components of Proposed Sewerage Work .....................................................26

2.5.2 Implementation Schedule ...............................................................................28

2.5.3 Financing ........................................................................................................28

Chapter 3 Approach and Methodology ........................................................................30

3.1 Methodology ..................................................................................................30

3.2 Project Screening ..........................................................................................33

3.3 Conclusion of Screening Activity ................................................................44

Chapter 4 Regulations and Legal Framework .............................................................46

4.1 Applicable Laws and Regulations – Environmental .................................46

4.1.1 Legal Framework of Government of India .....................................................46

4.1.2 Key Environmental Laws and Regulations ....................................................46

4.2 Applicable Laws and Regulations - Social .................................................49

4.2.1 National Policies and Acts .............................................................................50


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4.2.2 National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy for Project Affected

Families – 2007 ..............................................................................................50

4.2.3 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (As Modified Until 1st September, 1985) ........51

4.2.4 Forest Rights Act 2006 ...................................................................................52

4.3 Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects under NGRBP .52

Chapter 5 Baseline Status ..............................................................................................55

5.1 Baseline Environmental ...............................................................................55

5.1.1 Physiography and Topography .......................................................................55

5.1.2 Climate ...........................................................................................................56

5.1.3 Geological and Geophysical features .............................................................57

5.1.4 Ambient Air Quality .......................................................................................58

5.1.5 Noise Environment .........................................................................................61

5.1.6 Water Environment ........................................................................................63

5.1.7 Storm Water Drainage ....................................................................................70

5.1.8 Waste Water Management .............................................................................73

5.1.9 Solid Waste Management ...............................................................................74

5.1.10 Biological Environment .................................................................................76

5.2.1 Details of Social Survey .................................................................................86

Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Impacts .............................................................91

6.1 Potential Environmental Impacts ...............................................................91

6.1.1 Design and Development Phase .....................................................................91

6.1.2 Impacts during construction phase .................................................................91

6.1.3 Impacts during operation phase ......................................................................95

6.2 Potential Social Impacts ...............................................................................96

6.3 Conclusion ...................................................................................................101

Chapter 7 Mitigation and Management Plan .............................................................102

7.1 Environmental Management Plan ............................................................102

7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan ...............................................................116

7.3 EMP Budget ............................................................................................................117

7.4 Social Management Plan ............................................................................128

7.4.1 Social mitigation plans during construction phase .......................................128

7.4.2 Social mitigation plans during operation phase ...........................................130

7.4.3 Mitigation measures adopted by locals during similar nature of project

activities ........................................................................................................131

7.4.4 Consultation Framework for Participatory Planning and Implementation of

Mitigation Plan .............................................................................................134


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7.4.5 Assess the Capacity of Institutions and Mechanisms for Implementing Social

Development Aspects and Social Safeguard Plans; Recommend Capacity

building measures .........................................................................................134

7.4.6 Develop Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms to Assess Social

Development Outcomes ...............................................................................135

Chapter 8 Social Development Outcomes and Issues ................................................137

8.1 Social Development Outcomes of the sub project ...................................137

8.2 Social Development Issues in Project Vicinity and Social Services to be

provided by the project ..............................................................................138

Chapter 9 Conclusion ....................................................................................................140

Annexure 1 Questionnaire ............................................................................................141

Annexure 2 Minutes of meeting with key stakeholders ..............................................145

Annexure 3 Census Data ...............................................................................................150


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List of Tables

Table 2.1 District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of Sewage Treatment in

Allahabad* ......................................................................................................20

Table 2.2 Projected Populations for Allahabad Sewerage District ‘A’ ..........................22

Table 2.3 Sewage Flow Generation (Capacities in MLD) .............................................23

Table 3.1 Environment and Social information format for screening ............................33

Table 4.1 Environmental Regulations and Legislations .................................................47

Table 4.2 The Land Acquisition Process ........................................................................51

Table 5.1 Climatological Normal of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at

Allahabad ........................................................................................................56

Table 5.2 Generalized Stratigraphic Sequence Time .....................................................57

Table 5.3 Quality of soil sample .....................................................................................58

Table 5.4 Latest air quality data of two monitoring stations in Allahabad

(March 2010 to April 2011) ...........................................................................59

Table 5.5 Summary of Noise Level Monitored Data Code Range of noise levels

[Leq in dB (A)] ...............................................................................................62

Table 5.6 Water consumption in sewerage district ‘A’ ..................................................64

Table 5.7 Discharge of the Ganga at Allahabad (Sangam) (m3/s) .................................65

Table 5.8 Water Quality of River Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during

Maghmela (Ardh Kumbha) 2007 ...................................................................68

Table 5.9 Water Quality data of Ganga and Yamuna river at Allahabad monitored

during March 2010 to April 2011 ...................................................................68

Table 5.10 Wastewater characteristics of Chachar nala and Ghaghar Nala in sewerage

district ‘A’ ......................................................................................................74

Table 5.11 Wastewater Characteristics measured at Naini STP ......................................74

Table 5.12 Solid waste generation in sewerage district ‘A ..............................................75

Table 5.13 Percentage distribution of the household population by age and sex,

Allahabad ........................................................................................................81

Table 5.14 Ward wise census population and projected population and observed land

use. ..................................................................................................................82

Table 5.15 Ward wise population density of Allahabad ..................................................84

Table 5.16 Ward wise details of the survey is enlisted below in the table .......................88


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Table 7.1 Generic Environmental Guidelines / Management Plan for Low impact

category Investments ....................................................................................104

Table 7.2 Social Management Plan ..............................................................................132

Table 7.3 Role of stakeholder in implementation and mitigation ................................135

Table 7.4 Cost information of EMP .............................................................................116


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List of Figures

Figure 2.1 City sewerage Plan of Allahabad city ............................................................21

Figure 2.2 Location of Sewerage District ‘A’ in Allahabad City, Uttar

Pradesh. ..........................................................................................................25

Figure 3.1 Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Project Impact

Assessment .....................................................................................................30

Figure 3.2 Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the sides of the roads in

District A ........................................................................................................42

Figure 5.1 SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentration (mg/m3) in Allahabad during

2008-2009 .......................................................................................................60

Figure 5.2 Monthwise variation of NO2 and RSPM at two monitoring stations in

Allahabad ........................................................................................................61

Figure 5.3 Noise levels in Allahabad City monitoring during 2010 and 2011 ................63

Figure 5.4 BOD measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different

years ................................................................................................................66

Figure 5.5 DO measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different

years ................................................................................................................67

Figure 5.6 Map showing the drainage system in sewerage district ‘A ............................72

Figure 5.7 Map of parks in sewerage district ‘A’ ............................................................77

Figure 5.8 Mapping of eco-sensitive areas around Allahabad city ..................................79

Figure 5.9 Allahabad urban population growth rate ........................................................80

Figure 5.10 Map indicating major land use and social survey locations for

District A ........................................................................................................85

Figure 5.11 Connection to sewers ......................................................................................87

Figure 5.12 Problems encountered during construction phase ..........................................88

Figure 6.1 Road network map of District A indicating majority of roads have width less

than 5 units. Around 97.39% of the roads have width less than 5 units, where

the chances of traffic congestion could be high .............................................98


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List of Plates

Plate 2.1 Anand Bhawan- house of Jawaharlal Nehru’s Family (left) and night view of

New Yamuna bridge (right) ...........................................................................15

Plate 2.2 Chanchar Nala (left) and Wastewater discharged behind the house (right) ...16

Plate 3.1 Consultation with ambulatory vendors ...........................................................31

Plate 3.2 Consultation with local community ...............................................................32

Plate 3.3 Slum region near Yamuna bridge, where residents have had complaints

related to flooding due to the low lying location. ...........................................43

Plate 3.4 Typical sewage construction area with material (background) and re-instated

road (foreground) ...........................................................................................43

Plate 3.5 Image shows the good practice of fencing-off construction areas; this was

followed in the JNNURM phase project in Allahabad ...................................44

Plate 5.1 Storm water drains visibly clogged with waste in Civil Lines (top) and

flooding upon rainfall in sewerage district ‘A’ (bottom) ...............................71

Plate 5.2 Open sewage drain behind residence in Krishna Nagar. ................................73

Plate 5.3 Open waste dumping at Kydganj area (top) and Yamuna Bank (bottom). ....76

Plate 5.4 Road side trees in Civil line area ....................................................................78

Plate 5.5 Auspicious bathing at Allahabad Kumbh mela 2007 (left) and Aarti pooja

delivery during Kumbh ..................................................................................86

Plate 6.1 Traffic at Rambagh Chauraha ........................................................................97

Plate 6.2 Interview- Mobile vendors .............................................................................99

Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad 2014

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Executive Summary

Introduction As a major first step in achieving the Ganga Clean up Initiatives, the

Government of India (GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA),

on 20th February 2009, for the comprehensive management of the river. In regards to this

initiative, the World Bank has been formally requested by GOI to provide long-term support

to NGRBA through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. The first

project of several phases of support aims at:

i. Establishing and operationalizing central and state level NGRBA institutions capable of

planning and implementing a multi sectoral river water quality improvement program

ii. Reducing pollution loads into the river through selected investments.

In continuance with the pollution abatement programs by NGRBA, sewerage works for

Allahabad sewerage district ‘A’ has been recently proposed, as this area has only 45%

sewerage coverage. As per the Environmental and Social Management Framework (NGRBA,

2011), the implementation of such river pollution mitigation projects under the NGRBP is

anticipated to encounter a variety of environmental and social issues/problems. Therefore the

study of environment and social sector is required for analyzing the impacts of proposed

project, and suggesting the management plans to handle any negative impacts. The Detailed

Project Report for the above components has been prepared by UPJN and TERI has been

working closely with them for preparing the Environmental and Social Assessment with

Management Plan (ESAMP).

Project Description

Allahabad city’s main land is surrounded by river Ganga and Yamuna in three directions

(North, South and East). The sewerage system in the city was first introduced in the year

1901. Sewerage district A forms the core of the city. Considering the density of population,

absence of complete sewerage network (not 100% covered), proximity to the Yamuna river

and hence its impact at the point of confluence, it becomes more important to provide

sewerage and treatment infrastructure in the district ‘A’. Sewerage district A has 3 zones and

27 wards. Old sewers are egged shaped brick sewers. Some of the important sewers are:

62”X 93” in Atala area

42”X 72” & 32” X48” in Darashah Ajmal area


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39”X 57” on Jahawar Lal Nehru Road

39”X45” on GT Road

18”X24” on Lowther Road

18”X24” & 18”27” in Lukarganj area

Sewage from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing rising

mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP. Defined under the previous master

plan as Zone I, the sewerage network has been reconfigured under this Master Plan to provide

a smaller catchment area that will not exceed the maximum capacity of Gaughat MPS and

Naini STP (ultimate design capacity of 80 MLD with expansion). Population densities in this

area are generally greater than 300 persons per hectare and water distribution sufficiently

good to support full coverage with sewerage. Sewage that does not enter the sewer system

finds its way to Chachar nala, Ghaghar nala and many smaller tributary drains. Chachar nala

flow is at present tapped and pumped to Gaughat MPS.

Status of sewage treatment in Sewerage District A

With the growing population, the total waste water generated in this district during the year

2040 would be 79.85 mld against the installed capacity of 60mld, thus an additional unit of

around 20 mld is needed.

District Existing

STP

Capacity

(MLD)

Required

STP in

2025

(MLD)

Required

in 2040

(MLD)

Total STP

Capacity by

2040 (MLD)

Proposed

Capacity for Sub-

project (MLD)

District A 60.00 74.36 79.85 80 20

The modification of STP capacity is already taken up under a separate package for NGRBA

funding. The UPJN along with NMCG has prepared an Environment and Social Due

Diligence Report along with EMP for the following project components:

Expansion of existing STP from 60 MLD to 80 MLD at Naini;

Expansion of SPS at Gaughat;

Expansion of SPS at Chachar Nala;

Laying and replacement of Trunk sewer; and,

Desilting & rehabilitation of Trunk Sewer


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The evaluated proposed project system is designed for 30 years period. The major

components of the proposed project include:

Approximately 240.6227km long sewerage network

Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations at Bairahana, Kydganj (Gate No.9),

Bargadghat SPS

Sewer cleaning equipment

As per DPR, total cost of the proposed projects is estimated to be Rs. 28894.71Lakhs.i. e. Rs

288.95 Crores.

Approach and Methodology

The methodology adopted for the environmental and social assessment included secondary

data analysis, carrying out scoping in the field, survey of the host population and discussion

with key stakeholders including government officials and local residents. Based on these

outcomes, a screening activity was conducted with the help of the screening checklist format

provided in Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA. Thereafter,

environmental and social impacts were identified and assessed and a mitigation plan was

developed based on the aforementioned.

The screening checklist included criteria that detailed out the impact level of various

activities during the construction and operation phases. These criteria included environmental

factors such as the presence of eco-sensitive region in and around the project area, clearance

of tree cover, improper storage of excavation spoils, flooding of adjacent areas, elevated

noise and dust levels, damage to existing utilities. Social criteria included factors such as

requirement for land acquisition, displacement of tribes, loss of livelihood and gender issues.

Based on the criteria-wise screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects

of the NGRBP, the present project of Sewerage work in Sewerage District ‘A’ in Allahabad

City falls under low impact category, which do not have any fresh land acquisition and has an

overall positive impact by tapping the wastewater which was earlier polluting the river

Ganga.


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Environmental and Social Baseline status

As a part of ESAMP, baseline study of the sewerage district ‘A’ was prepared to understand

the region's existing physical and biological characteristics along with cultural and social

status of the residing community. The baseline information forms the basis to analyse the

probable impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the present background environmental

quality of the core study area. In environmental scenario it reflects the status of

environmental entities like status of climate, geological features, air quality, water quality,

waste management and existing green cover in the study area. As per the study, wastewater

generated from sewerage district ‘A’ is observed to be mostly from residential with limited

commercial and no industrial wastes. As mentioned earlier, most of sewerage district ‘A’ area

has limited sewer system (45%) and wastewater flows to the river through drains. Summary

of wastewater characteristics of Ghaghar and Chachar nala located in sewer district ‘A’

indicates that some of the wastewater quality parameters are exceeding the general discharges

standards laid out by CPCB. As reported in DPR, BOD (5dat Sat 20°C) is 32 mg/l at Chachar

Nala and 67 mg/l at Ghaghar nala as against the CPCB standard of 30mg/l. They may worsen

the water quality, causing direct impact not only on the drinking water sector but also other

sectors such as fisheries, irrigation, and recreation. Even the recorded temperature as per DPR

is higher than the prescribed standard of CPCB of 5 °C. Ghaghar nala recorded 28° C and

Chachar nala recorded 29° C.

As far as air quality is concerned, Allahabad city doesn’t fall under the identified list of

polluted cities in India, but the available data from NAMP monitoring shows that the dust

levels, PM10 (RSPM and SPM) have violated the annual average standards of 60 micro

gram/m3. The concentration of both sulphur- dioxide and nitrogen-dioxide are within the

permissible standards of CPCB.

For Allahabad, limited noise level monitoring has been carried out by JICA at three locations;

Numaya Dahi, Sulem Sarai and near DM office. Out of these 3 sites, only Sulem Sarai comes

in District A. At this site the noise level was higher than the desirable level for residential

area but below the permissible level of commercial and industrial area.

With respect to solid waste it was observed that the waste is not properly handled and is

dumped to open sites at different places in the district. As a result of such practices, the entire


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area in and around the disposal sites is unhygienic and poses a serious threat to the

environment and to public health.

While in the baseline status of social section, it brings out the status of demographic

composition of the population, general land-use feature of the wards and also details of the

social survey outcomes at various consultations held in different wards of the sewerage

district.

Potential Environmental and Social Impacts

Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental or social

impacts, but will have temporary impacts on water quality, air quality (impact on health),

traffic blockages, safety hazards for pedestrians, possible damage to private property,

possible interruption in commercial activity, and accidental breakage of other public

infrastructure such as water pipes. The identified environmental impacts were further

classified under the heads of low lying area near Kydganj that are vulnerable to flooding and

crowded/congested areas such as Muthi ganj, Rambagh area that are susceptible in to impacts

of poor air quality, noise levels and contaminated water resources.

Social assessment clearly defines that no issue of land acquisition and livelihood loss is

foreseen in the project. Hence, no compensation provision is required. However, if any loss

of livelihood is noticed during implementation of this project, then the affected parties will be

compensated according to Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF)

guidelines set by the NGRBA. Moreover, some inconvenience caused to the local public has

been reported along with the local mitigation plan which they are adopting to overcome any

nuisance in the ongoing JNNURM project. A strong suggestion which was identified from

the consultations was execution of construction work within a scheduled time frame with

provision of prior notice to residents, shop-owners. A public grievance mechanism (as

prescribed by ESMF of NGRBA) is to be followed. There is a clear mention and highlighting

if the social development issues and outcomes in this report. A section chalking out

institutional mechanism, capacity building requirements and monitoring and evaluation

mechanism is also present.


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Environmental Management Plan

For all the identified issues a mitigation measure is suggested and if the measure is not

included in the DPR, lumpsum cost estimation has been done and given as EMP cost. The

table below briefly describes the Environment Management Plan.

Phase Component Key temporary Impacts Key Mitigation Measures

Environmental

Construction

Phase

Environmental

sensitive areas

There are no environmental

sensitive areas in the proposed

project area. Further the small

residential parks and road side

trees which will not be affected,

since the sewers are planned to be

laid in the middle of the road and

will not pass through these areas.

-

Air quality

Probable increase in the dust levels

(RSPM and SPM), during the

construction may temporary

deteriorate the air quality, causing

health problems like respiratory

ailments, eye, ear, nose and throat

infections and related discomfort.

Emissions from fuel use in

construction equipment and

vehicles deployed at the site

Sprinkling of water at

regular intervals to control

dust especially places where

soil is stockpiled and

provision of top cover for

vehicles involved in disposal

of the excess soil material

Ensuring use of low fume

emitting. Newer generators

and vehicles with well-

maintained engines and

control devices.

Noise levels Increased noise levels due to

construction activities like plying

of construction vehicles, pumping

machines, machinery such as

cranes, riveting machines,

hammering etc, may cause general

disturbances to the human

habitations like sleeplessness in

case construction activity is

extended into the night hours.

Providing curtains or sound

barriers (polysheets/ sheets)

all around the construction

site.

Proper maintenance of

construction equipment and

vehicles

Water resources

Contamination of nearby water

bodies via storm drains (during

rainfall) by un-managed

construction related material like

suspended particles, pollutants like

oil, grease, cement etc, There may

also be temporary blockage of

drains due to unmanaged material

and construction debris.

Suggestion to ensure proper

handling and disposing off

construction wastes at

identified refusal sites.

Proper stock piling of

excavated soil and not in any

storm drains or any other

areas where water would

naturally accumulate


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causing flooding.

Operation

Phase

Noise air quality

Water quality

No air and noise problem from

sewer line as they will be laid

underground.

Inappropriate handling at IPS

Proper handling and regular

maintenance of operating

machines at SPS including

pumps, generators, air

diffusers, etc.

Social

Construction Livelihood No impact, as there will be no

impact on livelihood of any

permanent shop-owners, licensed

kiosks

But suggested if noticed

during construction, then

should be compensated

according to ESMF

Land acquisition No impact, as no fresh land is

required for any construction

-

Inconvenience to

public

There will be some minor

inconveniences to the public due

to construction like access to their

premises, etc.

Public notice to be

circulated, construction

should be completed in the

given time, debris should be

cleared in time

Health issues-due

to dust, noise

pollution

During construction dust and noise

generated, can cause nuisance to

people especially elderly and

children, but impact is very

limited.

Use of acoustics and water

sprinkling

These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans, which have

been suggested as well, along with monitoring and evaluation of future projects. In order to

implement the Environmental Management and Monitoring a budget of Rs. 7571696/- has

been estimated and this is also integrated the DPR cost.

Social Management Plan:

Implementation of EMP: In general, the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam (UPJN) (with assistance

from Contractor and Independent Engineer/Supervision Consultant) is the responsible entity

for ensuring that the mitigation measures as suggested in the ESAMP are carried out.

Though the project envisages to have some environmental and social impacts , however they

are temporary in nature can be mitigated with the implementation of the EMP and Social

management plan designed for the project along with effective monitoring of the


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implementation. The larger environmental value of the project greatly outweighs these

impacts. The project is expected to benefit the Allahabad City, as the wastewater that

currently flows untreated into the Ganga river will be captured, treated and the remainder of

the treated effluent will be allowed to flow into the river.


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Chapter 1 Introduction

The river Ganga has significant economic, environmental and cultural value in India. Rising

in the Himalayas and flowing in to the Bay of Bengal, the river traverses a course of more

than 2,500 km through the plains of north and eastern India. The Ganga main stem – which

also extends into parts of Nepal, China and Bangladesh – accounts for 26 per cent of India’s

landmass, 30 per cent of its water resources and more than 40 per cent of its population. The

Ganga also serves as one of India’s holiest rivers whose cultural and spiritual significance

transcends the boundaries of the basin.

Despite its importance, extreme pollution pressures from increasing population and

industrialization pose a great threat to the biodiversity and environmental sustainability of the

Ganga, with detrimental effects on both the quantity and quality of its flows. Discharge of

untreated sewage and industrial wastewater, non-point pollution sources from religious

activities along the river, agriculture and livestock as well as poor solid waste management

are the main causes for pollution in river Ganga.

1.1 Ganga Clean up Initiatives

The Government of India (GoI) has undertaken clean-up initiatives in the past. The most

prominent of such efforts was the Ganga Action Plan, launched in 1985 later complemented

by a similar plan for the Yamuna, the biggest tributary of the Ganga. These programmes have

faced significant public scrutiny and, despite some gains made in slowing the rate of water

quality degradation, they have been widely perceived as failure. The main shortcomings of

these initiatives were: (1) inadequate attention to institutional dimensions, including the

absence of a long-tem-basin planning and implementation framework; (2) little effort made in

addressing systemic weakness in the critical sectors of urban wastewater, solid waste

management, environmental monitoring, regulation and water resources management; and (3)

inadequate scale, coordination and prioritization of investments, with little emphasis on

ensuring their sustainability. These programs also did not pay sufficient attention to the social

dimensions of river clean-up, failing to recognize the importance of consultation,

participation and awareness-raising.


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The lessons drawn from these prior experiences indicate that improving water quality in the

Ganga cannot be achieved by plugging the infrastructure gap alone. Rather, any effective

initiative will have to adopt a three-pronged approach:

Establishing a basin-level, multi-sectoral framework for addressing pollution in the

river (including national/state policies and river basin management institutions);

Making relevant institutions operational and effective (e.g. with the capacity to plan,

implement and manage investments and enforce regulations); and,

Implementing a phased program of prioritized infrastructure investments (with

emphasis on sustainable operations and mobilization of community support)

1.2 The Ganga River Basin Project

As a major first step in achieving the above, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the

National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 2009, for the

comprehensive management of the river. The NGRBA will adopt a river-basin approach and

has been given a multi-sector mandate to address both water quantity and quality aspects. The

NGRBA has resolved that by year 2020, no untreated municipal sewage or industrial

effluents will be discharged into River Ganga.

Building on the high-level dialogue with GOI on Ganga, The World Bank has been formally

requested to provide long-term support to NGRBA, through several phases of substantive

financing and knowledge support. While, the overall technical assistance and program

development under the proposed project will focus on the entire Ganga main stem, the initial

emphasis of the specific investments under the first project will focus on main stem of Ganga

flowing through five basin states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West

Bengal in India. Specifically, pollution abatement programs in cities on the banks of these

States which would include a range of municipal investments such as sewer networks, waste

water treatment facilities, industrial pollution control measures, river front management and

solid waste disposal in the river through improved management in these cities and other

required supportive improvements. This is expected to be enabled through several phases of

substantive financing and knowledge support.

The first project of such several phases of support aims at;


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i) Establishing and operationalizing central and state level NGRBA institutions capable

of planning and implementing a multi sectoral river water quality improvement

program and;

ii) Reducing pollution loads into the river through selected investments.

To achieve the above, the proposed World Bank assisted National Ganga River Basin Project

(NGRBP) envisages two main components.

1.2.1 World Bank Assistance

The Government of India is implementing program with the assistance from the World

Bank to support the NGRBA in the long term. This project is, first operation, and aims to

support the NGRBA in establishing its operational-level institutions and implementing

priority investments.

1.3 Project Components

The project will have two components relating to institutional development and priority

infrastructure investments. The first component would seek to build the institutional capacity

to effectively implement the overall NGRBA program, including infrastructure investments

funded by the second component.

1.3.1 Component One: Institutional Development

1.3.1.1 Objective

The objectives of this component are to: (i) build functional capacity of the NGRBA’s

operational institutions at both the central and state levels; and (ii) provide support to

associated institutions for implementing the NGRBA program. The activities financed under

this component are grouped under the following sub-components:

(a) Sub-component A: NGRBA Operationalization and Program Management

(b) Sub-component B: Technical Assistance for ULB Service Providers

(c) Sub-component C: Technical Assistance for Environmental Regulators

1.3.2 Component Two: Priority Infrastructure Investments


12

1.3.2.1 Objective

The objective of this component is to finance demonstrative infrastructure investments to

reduce pollution loads in priority locations on the river.

1.3.2.2 Four Investment Sectors

The majority of investments are expected to be in the wastewater sector, particularly in

wastewater treatment plants and sewerage networks. Investments will also be supported in

industrial pollution control and prevention (e.g. common effluent treatment plants), solid

waste management (e.g. collection, transport and disposal systems), and river front

management (e.g. improvement of the built environment along river stretches, improvement

of small ghats and electric crematoria, and the conservation and preservation of ecologically

sensitive sites). Many investments are likely to combine elements of more than one of these

sectors.

1.3.2.3 The Framework Approach

In lieu of defining and appraising specific investments, the project preparation has focused on

developing investments framework covering all four key sectors of intervention under the

NGRBA program. This single framework will apply to all investments under the NGRBA

program.

1.3.2.4 Investment Execution

The investments program will be planned and managed by the NGRBA PMG and SPMGs,

while the execution of specific infrastructure investments will be done by the selected

existing and qualified state-level technical agencies.

1.3.2.5 Rehabilitation of existing infrastructure

Investments involving rehabilitation of existing infrastructure will be included on priority,

due to their intrinsically higher returns in terms of reductions in pollution loads entering the

Ganga.


13

1.4 Structure of the Report

The Detailed project Report is being prepared by UPJN and TERI has been working closely

with them while carrying out environmental and social assessment. This report deals with the

Environment and Social Assessment with Management Plan for the Sewerage works in

Sewerage District ‘A’ of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. It rolls out the baseline status of the

existing sewage situation and analyzes the situation if the proposed project is implemented,

with its possible implications and to negate those implications management plan is advised

which is as per the Environment and Social Management Framework. The present ESAMP

report is described in following 9 chapters as given below:

Chapter 1 is an introduction about the programme to clean up River Ganga and various

mechanisms to implement the project. This chapter details out the functionalities of the

institutions involved in the project.

Chapter 2 details put specific project description pertaining to the proposed sewerage project

in District A of Allahabad.

Chapter 3 of the report talks about the methodology adopted for the environmental and social

assessment.

Chapter 4 of the report presents the applicable laws and guidelines related to such kind of

projects.

Chapter 5 presents detailed baseline scenario of the information available for city and for

sewerage district A for both environmental and social aspects. Thereafter, Chapter 6,

discusses associated environmental and social impacts.

For the identified impacts, mitigation measures have been suggested in Chapter 7 of the

report.

Chapter 8 is a presentation of social development outcomes of the proposed project and

related issues.

Chapter 9 finally concludes the inferences brought out from the environmental and social

analysis of the project activities in Allahabad District ‘A’. It also highlights the conclusion

based on the analysis which shows that the proposed project can be categorized as ‘Low

Impact’.


14

Chapter 2 Project Description

2.1 About the City

Allahabad city lies on the 25°28’ North latitude and 81° 52’ East longitude. Main land of the

city is surrounded by river Ganga and Yamuna in three directions i.e. North, South and east

direction. The river Ganga flows on the north and east boundary of the old city while river

Yamuna flows on south boundary of old city as shown in the Figure 2.1. Allahabad is among

the largest cities in Uttar Pradesh. The city is situated at the auspicious confluence (Sangam)

of three holy rivers 'Ganga', 'Yamuna' and the river of enlightenment, the mythical

'Saraswati'. There are very few places parallel to Allahabad not only in India but also around

the world, which is described in ancient scriptures as Prayag -Prayagraj or Teerthraaj (the

holiest pilgrimage centre). With the additional magnetism of Maha Kumbh Mela, hailed as

the world's largest congregation of devotees, attended by millions of pilgrims, its importance

can hardly be over emphasized. Over the centuries that followed, Allahabad remained on the

forefront of national importance - more so, during the days of the Indian independence

struggle. The chequered history of Allahabad with its religious, cultural and historical ethos

also gave rise to several renowned scholars, poets, writers, thinkers, statesmen and leaders.

The city being an important cantonment during the British Raj has some beautiful remnants

of colonial architecture. In the early 20th century, Allahabad University was the foremost

center of learning in the country. Allahabad, today has served as commercial, academic,

tourism and industrial centre of eastern Uttar Pradesh and adjoining parts of the nearby

States.


15

Plate 2.1 Anand Bhawan- house of Jawaharlal Nehru’s Family (left) and night view of New Yamuna

bridge (right)1

2.2 Existing Sewerage Facilities in Allahabad City

The Sewerage system in the Allahabad city was first introduced in the year 1910. The facility

was subsequently extended in a number of developing areas according to the need and

financial position of the local body. The collection system covers about 45% of the city area

and most of this is within the central core of the city. The total amount of wastewater

measured in drains and at the STPs in the year 2000 was about 210 mld of which 89 mld was

diverted into the sewer collection system. The wastewater flowing into the SPS (Sewage

Pumping Station) is greater than the existing treatment capacity of STP, leading to overflow

of untreated wastewater into the river as shown in Plate 2.2. Further the existing sewers have

outlived their design life and suffer from insufficient hydraulic capabilities, heavy silt

deposition, severe choking due to ingress of solid waste and poor structural conditions in

most of the stretches.

Presently there are 57 drains/ nalas which discharge into the rivers Ganga & Yamuna at

Allahabad. Out of 57 drains, 2 drains fall in the cantonment area under the control of the

defense ministry. Out of remaining 55 polluting drains, 7 major drains have been intercepted

under Ganga Action Plan Phase I (GAP - I), 2 drains have been tapped under Ganga Action

Plan Phase II (GAP - II), further 16 drains will be tapped under the ongoing scheme under

JNNURM, 10 drains are proposed to be tapped under a scheme pending for approval and new

DPR’s are under preparation for tapping of the remaining 20 drains. UPJN (Uttar Pradesh Jal

1 Allahabad district government website, <http://allahabad.nic.in/PictureGallery.htm>


16

Nigam) is responsible for pollution prevention and planning capital projects for sewerage.

UPJN also operates and maintains large pumping stations and the treatment plant. Jal

Sansthan is responsible for maintenance of trunk sewers, lateral sewers and collection of

revenue from house connections. The brief details about the completed/ on-going/ approved

sewerage projects in Allahabad city are described below.

Plate 2.2 Chanchar Nala (left) and Wastewater discharged behind the house (right)

2.2.1 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase – I (GAP-I)

With the objective of abatement of pollution to improve the river water quality and to reduce

the environmental degradation, Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 by the Ministry of

Environment & Forests, Government of India. The main focus of the Plan was on

Interception & Diversion and treatment of sewage through 261 schemes spread over 25 Class

I towns of U.P., Bihar and West Bengal. Nearly 34 Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) with a

treatment capacity of 869 mld have been set up under the Plan, which was completed in

March 2000 at a cost of Rs. 452 crores. The Schemes completed under GAP-I in the district

of Allahabad city are summarized below:

Renovation of Gaughat Main Sewage Pumping Station

Renovation of Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations

Relieving sewer in Kydganj area

Daraganj sewer and Sewage Pumping Station

Relieving sewer in Daraganj area

Tapping of Mumfordganj nala

Tapping of Chachar nala

Partial tapping of Ghaghar nala


17

60 mld sewage treatment works at Naini based on Activated Sludge Process

2.2.2 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase II

In continuation with the pollution abatement programme, Ganga Action Plan-II was started in

1993, which planned to cover 59 towns located along the river in the five states of

Uttarakhand, U.P, Jharkhand, Bihar and West-Bengal. Nearly 319 schemes have been taken

up under the plan, out of which 200 have been completed. An expenditure of Rs. 370.40 crore

has been incurred so far creating sewage treatment capacity of 130 mld. Later in 1996, this

plan was expanded into the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP), which presently

covers polluted stretches of 36 rivers in 20 States in the country. The Schemes completed

under GAP-I in the district of Allahabad are summarized below:

Renovation/ Rehabilitation of Chachar nala SPS

Tapping Salori nala and Construction of Sewage pumping station

29 mld Salori STP with land acquisition

Construction of Morigate Sewage Pumping Station

2.2.3 On-going works in Sewerage District ‘D’ Under JNNURM

In order to encourage the cities in taking up the initiative steps to bring about improvement in

the existing service levels in a financially sustainable manner, Jawaharlal Nehru National

Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) was launched in December 2005 by the Government of

India. The primary objective of the JnNURM is to create economically productive, efficient,

equitable and responsive cities. With reference to Allahabad city, the under mentioned works

have been approved by the Central Sanctioning & Monitoring Committee (CSMC) of the

Ministry of Urban Development Govt. of India in 2009. Completion period of the approved

works is 3 years.

Construction of new Trunk Sewer 7.20 Km

Replacement of old Trunk Sewer 3.800 Km

Lateral & Branch sewers 225.000 Km

Desilting and Rehabilitation of existing old Trunk Sewer 5.474 Km

Renovation & Upgradation of Alopibagh SPS and its rising main

Renovation & Upgradation of Morigate SPS and its rising main


18

Renovation & Upgradation of Allahpur SPS

Renovation & Upgradation of Daraganj SPS

55 mld Capacity MPS and its rising main at Mumfordganj

25 mld Capacity MPS and its rising main at Rajapur

60 mld Sewage Treatment Plant at Rajapur

2.2.4 Works Approved Under NGRBA for District A

To ensure effective abatement of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga, keeping with

sustainable development needs, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the National

Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 2009. The prime objectives of the

NGRBA program are to finance infrastructure investments to reduce pollution loads at

priority locations on the river Ganga. The investments are intended to exemplify, among

other attributes, the high standards of technical preparation and implementation, sustainability

of operations, and public participation. With reference to Allahabad city, DPRs amounting to

Rs. 305.34 Crore, has been approved under the National Ganga River Basin Authority

(NGRBA), Ministry of Environment & Forest Govt. of India. Following sewerage works are

going on in sewerage District A under the “Sewerage & Non sewerage Scheme for Pollution

abatement of river Ganga at Allahabad”. This scheme, amounting to Rs. 305.34 Cr was

approved by the NRCD, MoEF, Govt. of India in May 2010.

a. Sewer Laying works

i On MG marg from High Court to Rambag Railway crossing – 3.80 km

ii. On attersuiya road, Meerapur, Hatia etc. 5.40 km

b. De-silting & Re-habitation of old trunk sewer

c. Renovation & Up-gradation of Chachar Nala Sewage Pumping Station.

d. Renovation & Up-gradation of Gaughat Sewage Pumping Station.

e. Up-gradation of Naini STP by 20 mld.

The proposed work in District A has following major components:

Approximately 240.627 km long sewerage network


Bargadghat SPS



19

2.2.5 City Sewerage Plan

As per the recent master plan of city development, Allahabad city has been divided into seven

sewerage districts A-G as shown in Figure 2.1. The District wise (A to G) arrangements and

status of sewage treatment in Allahabad is given in Table 2.1.

District A: District ‘A’ covers central core conveying sewage to existing Gaughat

MPS and Naini STP. This area includes the old city core with an old sewerage

network dating back to as early as 1910. Wastewater from this area is collected at

Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing rising mains across the Yamuna railway

bridge to Naini STP. Defined under the previous master plan as Zone I, the sewerage

network has been reconfigured under this Master Plan to provide a smaller catchment

area that will not exceed the maximum capacity of Gaughat MPS and Naini STP

(ultimate design capacity of 80 mld with expansion). Population densities in this area

are generally greater than 300 persons per hectare and water distribution sufficiently

good to support full coverage with sewerage. Wastewater that does not enter the

sewer system finds its way to Chachar nala, Ghaghar nala and many smaller tributary

drains. Chachar nala flow is at present tapped and pumped to Gaughat MPS.

District B: From Lukerganj SPS to Ghaghar nala SPS, conveying sewage upstream of

Yamuna River to Numaya Dahi STP. This district is located to the west of district A

from Ghaghar nala to Sasur Khaderi river.

District C: Area north of cantonment conveying sewage to sanctioned Salori STP.

Wastewater from Allapur area has been reassigned to the Salori STP catchment since

crossing the bridge to Phaphamau as previously proposed was not possible. At present

the area has no sewers and waste water flow through the Salori, Allenganj and

Buxibund nala which are intercepted and diverted to 29 mld capacity Salori STP

constructed under GAP II.

District D: Alopibagh SPS area will convey sewage to proposed Rajapur STP. This

zone is experiencing rapid growth and projected populations indicate that densities

will be much greater than 300 persons per hectare before 2025.

District E: West Allahabad conveying sewage to Kodara STP and Ponghat STP in

Sulem Sarai area. This district is divided into three nala catchments, namely Ponghat

nala to the west, Kodara nala (central), and Nehru Park nala to the east.

District F: Phaphamau area conveying sewage to Phaphamau STP. At present the area

has no sewers but in future sewers will be laid as per requirement.


20

District G: South of Yamuna river conveying sewage to proposed Mawaiya STP.

Proposed sewerage District G is largely un-sewered at present.

In addition to the seven sewerage districts, the Master Plan has identified two future service

areas (FSA) which are outside the municipal limits but have or will have, within the design

horizon, a population density of more than 120 person / ha. Hence, the sewerage system

needs to be extended to FSAs in the future.

Table 2.1 District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of Sewage Treatment in Allahabad*

Sewer

Service

Areas

Population

in 2001

Projected Population Projected Sewage Flow in

MLD

2010 2025 2040 2010 2025 2040

District A* 304643 405176 479731 515155 62.80 74.36 79.35

District B 160416 179826 279169 343674 27.87 43.27 53.27

District C 147126 198473 267180 323679 30.76 41.41 50.17

District D 225846 314514 361352 496859 48.75 56.01 77.01

District E 164672 177845 223789 322577 27.57 34.69 50.00

District F 29628 36000 65196 129500 5.58 10.11 20.07

District G 160000 185121 232280 418000 28.69 36.00 64.79

Total 1192331 1496955 1908697 2549444 232.03 295.85 395.16

Source: Detailed Project Report (revised as per ECC Recommendations) of Sewerage Works in Sewerage

District ‘A’ by U P Jal Nigam, 2010-11

*Population figures include daily floating population but do not include population of Kumb

Mela.


21

Figure 2.1 City sewerage Plan of Allahabad city Source: City Development Plan, Allahabad Nagar Niga


22

2.3 Necessity of this project

NGRBA is the authority working under the nodal Ministry of Environment and Forest

(MoEF). NGRBA has formulated a mission named “Mission Clean Ganga” for preventing,

controlling and effective abatement of pollution happening for river Ganga and is taking

measures for controlling pollution. Under the ‘Mission Clean Ganga’, no untreated municipal

sewage or industrial effluent would be allowed to be discharged into the river Ganga by the

year 2020.

Allahabad city is part of Ganga River Basins and sewerage system does not exist in many

part of the city. At present there is no sewage collection system in many parts of sewerage

District A and existing sewerage system is not capable to tackle the present sewage

generation. Most of the houses have individual soak pits for collecting sewage and sullage is

discharged in open drains which ultimately meets Yamuna River which finally meets the

river Ganga in the downstream side called holy Sangam. Soak pits are required to be cleaned

periodically. People living in this area are facing problem of odour and nuisance and leading

to unhygienic condition and health concerns.

With view to Mission Clean Ganga objective of NGRBA, it is proposed to provide sewerage

system of laterals, branches and trunk sewers in Sewerage District –A in this DPR. By this

system entire sewage of this sewerage district A will be collected in integrated manner and

brought it up to Gaughat SPS from where it will be diverted to Naini STP for treatment

before discharging into Yamuna River. It will improve sanitation level and prevention of

untreated discharge of sewage into river Yamuna and finally in Ganga River.

Table 2.2 Projected Populations for Allahabad Sewerage District ‘A’

Method/Year 2020 2035 2050

Arithmetic Increase 13,64,123 15,11,527 16,44,190

Geometrical Increase 15,05,092 18,61,813 22,54,612

Incremental Increase 13,79,334 15,57,160 17,30,208

Graphical 17,03,814 21,72,480 27,03,560

Average of above 14,88,091 17,75,745 20,83,143

Source: Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ by U P Jal Nigam, 2013


23

Table 2.3 Sewage Flow Generation (Capacities in MLD)

District Existing

STP

Capacity

(MLD)

Required

STP in

2025

(MLD)

Required

in 2040

(MLD)

Total STP

Capacity by

2040 (MLD)

Proposed Capacity for

Sub-project (MLD)

District A 60.00 74.36 79.85 80 20

**DPRs approved

Source: Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ by U P Jal Nigam, 2013

Under other sanctioned project of NGRBA following components are aleady taken up in Allahabad A, namely:

Expansion of existing STP from 60mld to 80 mld at Naini;

Espansion of SPS (Sewage Pumping Station) at Gaughat;

Expansion of SPS at Chachar Nala;

Laying and replacement of Trunk sewer;and,

Desilting and Rehabilitation of Trunk Sewer

As part of the present design of the sewage network these details are considered and the present project has been

proposed with:



Bargadghat SPS


2.4 Location of Proposed Sewerage Project

Sewerage District A of the City of Allahabad covers central core and conveys sewage to

existing Gaughat Main Pumping Station (MPS) and Naini Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)

(refer figure 2.1). This area includes the old city core with an old sewerage network dating

back to as early as 1910. There are totally 27 wards falling under this project area, having a

total population of 405176 as of 20102. The area is mostly residential with some main

markets, institutes and hospitals.

The state of existing sewers is summarized below:

• Most of the existing sewers are old brick sewers which have outlived their design life

• The structural condition of sewers in most stretches is poor

2 Detailed Project Report (revised as per ECC Recommendations) of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’

by U P Jal Nigam, 2010-11


24

• Hydraulic capacities are insufficient even for the present flows

• All existing lines have heavy silt deposition

• Sewers are severely choked due to ingress of solid waste

• All lines have large variations in constructed slopes

Wastewater from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing rising

mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP. The existing capacity of Gaughat

MPS does not get fully utilized because of extensive daily power cuts. MPS has a single

supply source and often the diesel is inadequate to operate the pumps during long power cuts.

MPS is also facing problems due to the large load of solid waste being carried in with the

wastewater. The wastewater flowing into the MPS is greater than the treatment capacity at

Naini STP and hence, large amounts simply overflow untreated into Yamuna River.

Defined under the previous master plan as Zone I, the sewerage network has been

reconfigured under this Master Plan to provide a smaller catchment area that will not exceed

the maximum capacity of Gaughat MPS and Naini STP (ultimate design capacity of 80 mld

with expansion). The sewer connection ratio in the district is around 45%. Wastewater that

does not enter the sewer system finds its way to Chachar nala, Ghaghar nala and many

smaller tributary drains. Chachar nala flow is at present tapped and pumped to Gaughat MPS.


25

Figure 2.2 Location of Sewerage District ‘A’ in Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh.

Source: City Development Plan, Allahabad Nagar Nigam


26

2.5 Proposed Sewerage System

The Detailed project Report is being prepared by UP Jal Nigam and TERI has been

working closely with them while carrying out environmental and social assessment.

The proposed sub-project aims to provide complete sewerage facilities in the

sewerage district ‘A’ of the Allahabad city. The sub-projects covered under this

present sewage projects of district A includes:



Bargadghat SPS


2.5.1 Components of Proposed Sewerage Work

Comprehensive sewerage network is proposed for sewerage district ‘A’ to cover the

remaining area with sewerage system, so that sewage flows can be collected in an

integrated manner and conveyed to STP for treatment before discharge into Ganga

river via Nallah. The proposed sewerage system is designed for 30 years period with

design year 2050. The 240 km stretch will be divided into 3 zones of approximately

80 Kms each.

A. Sewer System

(i) Sewer Pipes: It is proposed to lay 240 km long sewer network in sewerage

district A of the city. In proposed system, laterals are proposed along the roads

to connect sewage from individual houses and it is connected to branch

sewers. Branch sewers are joined to trunk sewers and finally to trunk main.

The proposed sewers are of RCC pipes (Class NP3) for all the diameters. The

provision is also made for HDPE pipes for 200 & 250 mm dia. in the

congested and narrow lanes to speed up the construction work at site. The

table below presents the size and length of the proposed sewers in the 3 zones

of District A.


27

(ii) Manholes: The ordinary circular manholes of brick masonry are proposed at

all the junctions, change of diameters, and change in pipe gradients and on

straight run of sewer at 30m interval for dia. upto 900mm. Drop manholes are

proposed where the difference between invert level of lateral / branch sewer

and maximum water level (at design peak flows) of main sewer is more than

600mm. RCC precast manholes (for depth upto 2m) are considered in

congested areas with narrow roads for speedy construction.

(iii) House connection: The sewer house connections are progressive work and

expected to be achieved more than 95% by year 2020 House connections are

proposed along with sewerage system. Single and multiple connections are

proposed. 100% house connections are proposed for District A since these

areas are mostly un-sewered. Sewer connection ratio of more than 95% is

proposed to be achieved by year 2020.

B. Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations

a) Proposed New Bairahana SPS of 22.00 MLD capacity

The proposed SPS in New Bairahana area in the sewerage network of Allahabad,

District A Zone I is designed to pump the sewage of Zone I to manhole no. M2-6942.

Size/ Dia in mm Zone wise Length (m) Total Length

(m) Zone I Zone II Zone III

200 77132.5 75151.9 63495 215779.4

250 2015.8 2640.2 1149.1 5805.1

300 921.6 2465.5 1011.1 4398.2

350 894.2 1106.2 1090.1 3090.5

400 1271.1 736 411.5 2418.6

500 2631.3 2315.1 1115.5 6061.9

600 158.2 703 406.8 1268

700 0 0 712 712

800 0 142.4 797.8 940.2

900 0 0 153.2 153.2

Total Length 85024.7 85260.3 70342.1 240627.1


28

From where it will be conveyed by gravity to downstream network which will be

ultimately collected at Gaughat SPS from where it will be pumped to Naini STP for

treatment.

b) Proposed Kydganj SPS of 12 MLD capacity

The proposed SPS in Kydganj area along bank or Yamuna river in the

sewerage network of Allahabad, District A Zone II is designed to pump the

sewage to manhole no. M2-66500. From where it will be conveyed by gravity

to downstream network which will be ultimately collected at Gaughat SPS

from where it will be pumped to Naini STP for treatment.

c) Proposed Bargadghat SPS of 60 MLD capacity

The proposed SPS at Bargad Ghat on the bank of river Yamuna in the

sewerage network of Allahabad, District A Zone II is designed to pump the

sewage to manhole no. M2-5194. From where it will be conveyed by gravity

to downstream network which will be ultimately collected at Gaughat SPS

from where it will be pumped to Naini STP for treatment.

C. Sewer Cleaning Equipment

For proper maintenance of the sewerage system, provision has been made for one no.

Jetting cum suction machine, one no. tractor trolley, mounted tanker and one no.

submersible dredger pump.

2.5.2 Implementation Schedule

It is anticipated that entire work will be completed within 36 months from the date of

approval and allotment of funds.

2.5.3 Financing

Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ by U P Jal

Nigam, 2013 under National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) programme

amounting to Rs. 288.94 Crores.

Under the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP), the Central Government will

provide financial assistance of 70% of the total project cost. The remaining 30% of


29

the project cost will be borne by the State Government of UP and the ULB/ Allahabad

Municipal Corporation. The share of the Central Government shall accordingly be Rs.

202.26crore. Balance amount of Rs. 86.68crore will be shared by the Govt. of UP.

The State Government has given its commitment to bear their share of the cost and

accordingly tripartite MoA has been executed in between NMCG, State Government

and Allahabad Municipal Corporation.

ABSTRACT COST ESTIMATION (Rs. In Lakhs)

Sl.No Description Estimated Cost (Rs. In Lakhs)

Civil Work E/ M

Works

Total

A Sewerage work in Zone I

1 Sewer Laying by Open Excavation method 7357.92 0 7357.92

2 New Bairahana SPS 332.41 450.11 782.52

3 Rising Main 36 36

4 Kydganj (Gate No.9) SPS 397.51 401.17 798.68

5 Rising Main 120 120

Sub Total (Zone I) of A 8243.84 851.28 9095.12

B Sewerage work in Zone II


2 Bargadghat SPS 394.3 518 912.3

3 Rising Main 379 0 379

Sub Total (Zone II) of B 7826.88 518 8344.88

C Sewerage work in Zone III


2 Sewer Laying by Trenchless method 908.67 0 908.67

3 Desilting& CIPP lining 816.81 0 816.81

Sub Total (Zone III) of C 7023.09 7023.09

D Communication & Public Outreach 105 0 105

E GAAP 30 0 30

F ESAMP 90 0 90

G Total of (A+B+C+D+E+F) 23318.81 1369.28 24688.09

H Centage charges of (G)

1 Cost of Project preparation @ 4% (maximum) 987.52

2 Cost of supervision of project @ 4% as per

NGRBA PROGRAMME guidelines (maximum)

987.52

I Sub Total of H 1975.05

J Provision for sewer cleaning equipment’s 112.22 112.22

K Five Years O & M Cost 2119.35

L Sub Total of (J+K) 2231.57

Total cost (G+I+L) 28894.71

Total cost in crore 288.94 Cr

.


30

Chapter 3 Approach and Methodology

3.1 Methodology

The Detailed project Report is being prepared by UPJN and TERI has been working

closely with them while carrying out environmental and social assessment.

As per Environmental and Social Management Frame work (NGRBA, 2011)3, the

river pollution mitigation projects under the NGRBP is anticipated to encounter a

variety of environmental and social problems. Hence, an environmental and social

assessment with corresponding management plans for the proposed project of

sewerage works in sewerage district ‘A’ of Allahabad City has been conducted using

the following methodology:

Figure 3.1 Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Project Impact Assessment

a. Secondary Data analysis (Identify Information/Data Requirements and their

Sources): All the available information and data (quantitative, qualitative)

regarding the proposed project was collected mainly from the Detailed Project

3 For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank

Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin

Authority, MoEF.

Developing mitigation plan

Identification and assessment of

environmental/ social impacts

Screening activity

Secondary data analysis Field survey and stake-

holder consultation

Brief description & analysis of

the sub project activities

Detailed environmental profile of the

project influence area

Discussion with host population

and key stake-holders


31

Report (DPR), consultation with stake-holders and other secondary sources

including the water/air/noise monitoring reports of UP Pollution Board, Water

Quality Management Plan of Ganga River Report of JICA and NRCD, City

Development Plan of Allahabad and many others. Through this secondary

information a brief description and analysis of the sub-project activities along

with baseline environmental profile of the project influence was established.

Based on initial understanding, the list of required information was drafted

before conducting the field survey.

b. Defining the project area and carrying out scoping in the field: Team

undertook the field survey and transect walk of the sewerage district ‘A’ area

to develop the understanding of the proposed project (refer Plate 3.1, 3.2).

GPS surveying of the study area was also conducted for mapping the social

and environmental issue. Field visits helped to understand the local knowledge

and were valuable in finding alternatives that help avoid or at least reduce the

magnitude and severity of adverse impacts.

Plate 3.1 Consultation with ambulatory vendors

c. Survey of the host population: With the help of questionnaires, local people

were interviewed in groups. A wide range of potentially affected people were

interviewed in District A including street vendors, residents of households,

residents of temporary settlements, shop keepers, hospital patients, hospital

staff, etc. Both men and women were interviewed from different sections of

the society. Team undertook three field visits to carry out the survey and

understand the ground situation. The interviewees were asked about their


32

awareness of the project, their response to it and if the project is affecting

them (during construction phase) and how it will affect them (after completion

phase). Also they were asked about the mitigation plans they have adopted or

are planning to adopt, suggestions for improvement and any public grievances.

Surveys were conducted along the path of construction site. Questionnaire

used for the survey is attached as Annexure (1).

Plate 3.2 Consultation with local community

d. Discussion with the key stakeholders: Most of the interactions with important

key stakeholders were through both informal and formal discussions with

them. All the associated government departments were visited to collect the

relevant data and their feedback on the project activities. Minutes of meeting

for all these discussions are attached as Annexure (2).

e. Conduct Screening: Screening is undertaken in the very beginning stages of

project development. The purpose of screening is to screen out “no significant

impacts” from those with significant impacts and get a broad picture of the

nature, scale and magnitude of the issues. Team conducted screening process

using the screening checklist format provided in ESMF report of NGRBA,

which is described in subsequent section.

f. Identify and assess the impacts: Based on the analysis of the data gathered

from field survey, stakeholder interaction/ consultation and secondary sources,

issues related to the environmental and social sectors were been identified.

The impacts so identified were compared with the existing baseline

environmental and social condition of the study region. The impacts of the

activities are mostly positive with few adverse impacts.


33

g. Develop a mitigation plan: Based on the environmental and social issues

identified, measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for

adverse impacts and improve environmental performance were recommended.

The mitigation plans is suggested in all three stages: designing phase,

construction phase and, operation and maintenance phase.

3.2 Project Screening

The project screening was carried out to understand the nature, scale and magnitude

of environmental and social issues associated with the project. The screening activity

was conducted as per the guidelines provided in Environmental and Social

Management Framework of NGRBA (NGRBA, 2011)4 and on the secondary data

analysis, field assessments and stakeholder interaction/ consultation. The detail of

screening is summarized in the Table 3.1 below.

Table 3.1 Environment and Social information format for screening

Environment and Social information format for screening

Project Title: Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ in Allahabad City of Uttar Pradesh

Implementing agency: Ganga Pollution Control Unit, Allahabad

Project cost: Rs 25108.87 Lakhs

Project components:

a). Sewer System (~240 km long)

b). 3 Intermediate Sewage Pumping Station

c). Sewer Cleaning Equipment

Project location (Area/ district): Sewerage District A in Allahabad

District A covers central core conveying sewage to existing Gaughat MPS AND Naini STP.

This area includes the old city core with an old sewerage network dating back to as early as

1910. Wastewater from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing

rising mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP.

Screening Criteria Assessment

of category

Explanatory note for

categorization

Evidence and

references



Authority, MoEF.


34

1 Is the project in an eco-

sensitive area or

adjoining an eco-

sensitive area?

(Yes/No) If Yes,

which is t h e area?

Elaborate i m p a c t

accordingly.

No There are no eco-

sensitive areas such as

water bodies, or

protected forested areas

surrounding the project.

The only ASI monument

in sewerage district A

namely Kydganj

Cemetery

will not be impacted also

the proposed sewage line

passes more than 200 m

away from the cemetery.

Figure 5.8 : Map

showing the Eco-

sensitive areas closest to

Allahabad District A.

Field visits, secondary

information and

interaction with U.P. Jal

Nigam, ASI official and

other Government

officials.

2

Will the project create significant/limited/no social impacts?

2.1 Land acquisition

resulting in loss of

income from

agricultural land,

plantation or other

existing land-use.

No social

impacts

Land acquisition is not

required.

As per the first hand

observation in the field

and through interviews

of key stakeholders,

residents, local people,

and other sources like

DPR, CRR, it is clear

that no private land

would be acquired for

either laying of sewer

network or for SPS.

Sewer line would be laid

on the public roads.

So there is no loss of

income from agricultural

land. Moreover there are

no agricultural fields in

the district.

Also there exist no

squatters or encroachers

in and around the

premises which will get

affected due to it

Figure 5.10: indicating

that the sewer line will

pass through the

residential colonies,

commercial areas of the

district and would not

enter or pass through

agricultural fields.

Field visits,

consultation with

stakeholders, like local

people (for JNNURM

projects), local

residents, government

officials.

2.2 Loss of livelihood No Loss of livelihood would

not take place and since

mobile vendors can shift

their position only minor

disruption in terms of

access to shops would

occur.

Consultation with

stakeholders, like (for

JNNURM projects),

DPR & CRR


35

2.3 Land acquisition

resulting in

relocation of

households.

No social

impacts

Land acquisition is not

required.

As per the first hand

observation in the field

and through interviews

of key stakeholders,

residents, local people,

and other sources like

DPR, CRR, it is clear

that no private land

would be acquired for

either laying of sewer

network or for building

up new SPS.

The project land is

already available with

the government and also

Revenue department has

confirmed the

ownership.

Also there exist no

squatters or encroachers

in and around the

premises which will get

affected due to it

Field survey,

Consultations with


people (for JNNURM

projects), local


officials.

DPR & CRR

2.4 Any reduction of

access to

traditional and

river dependent

communities (to

river and areas

where they earn for

their primary or

substantial

livelihood).

No social

impacts

No access problem to

river

Field visits and

consultations with the

shop keepers, mobile

vendors, expert opinions

2.5 Any displacement

or adverse impact

on tribal

settlement(s).

No social

impacts

There are no tribal

settlements in the project

area.

Consultations with


people (for JNNURM

projects), local


officials.

2.6 Any specific gender

issues.

No social

impacts

No gender issues were

reported during survey

Consultations,

interviews, which were

taken up with females

specifically.

3 Will the project create significant / limited / no environmental impacts during the

construction stage? (Significant / limited / no impacts)


36

3.1 Clearance of

vegetation/ tree-

cover

No

environmenta

l impacts

The major land use

pattern of sewerage

district A is mostly

residential and

commercial, with no

agricultural and no

forested areas.

Also no tree cutting is

involved in the pumping

station sites

Vegetation and tree

cover were insignificant

in the proposed project

area. Also, sewer lines

will be laid in the centre

of the roads hence no

impact on trees (which

are aligned along the

sides of roads)

Field visits and

Interaction with UP Jal

Nigam, Nagar Nigam

department.

Figure 5.10 GIS map of

ward localities in

District A.

Figure 3.2: Satellite

image showing the

alignment of trees along

the sides of the roads in

District A.

Figure 5.7: GIS map of

identified parks in

District A.

3.2 Direct discharge of

construction run-

off, improper

storage and

disposal of

excavation spoils,

wastes and other

construction

materials adversely

affecting water

quality and flow

regimes.

Limited Possibility of temporary

flushing away of un-

managed spoils and

construction wastes

during rainfall to river

Ganga via storm water

drains.

If not appropriately

managed, there may be

potential for temporarily

affecting storm water

flows by obstruction to

flows and blockage of

drains, especially during

rainfall. This may cause

floods.


Nigam and other

Government officials and

consultation with local

residents of sewerage

district ‘A’.

Figure 5.7: GIS map

showing the drainage

network of District A.

3.3 Flooding of

adjacent areas

Limited

For sewerage works in

the entire sewerage

district A, flooding could

be an issue during the

monsoons, since the

drainage system in

sewerage district ‘A’

covers approximately 60-

65 %, which is further

ineffective due to

blocked drains and poor

City Development Plan

for Allahabad, Final

Report by Feedback

Ventures.

Plate 5.1: Image

showing flooded streets

of Allahabad District A

after rainfall.

.


37

solid waste management.

The areas which are

expected to face

temporary flooding

issues include slum area

in Kydganj

Additionally, if water

pipes are inadvertently

breached, flooding will

result.

3.4 Improper storage

and handling of

substances leading

to contamination of

soil and water

Limited

The storage of

construction related

material will not cause

any contamination since

these materials would

typically include:

Concrete, pipes,

masonry, rubber pipes.

There are no water

bodies within the study

area. However, with

other finer materials such

as powders, fluids and

greases, if not

appropriately managed

or in the event of an

accident, there may be

potential for temporary

contamination of the

river Yamuna and Ganga

via the various drains

and nalas in sewerage

district A, during

rainfall.

Plate 3.4: Image

showing a typical

sewage construction

area with material.

Figure 5.6 highlights

the drainage network.

Section 5.1.10.1

provides details about

agricultural land in

sewerage district ‘A’.

Additionally, there is a

provision in the DPR for

Allahabad Sewerage

District ‘A’, Volume I,

for clearance of site

after construction period

and unforeseen items

3.5 Elevated noise and

dust emission

Limited

For sewage works,

construction is likely to

increase dust and noise

levels temporarily.

Temporary impacts may

especially be felt at

educational facilities like

schools/colleges

Allahabd Degree

College, Kesrvidyapith

Inter College, Ewing

Consultation with local

residents, and

interaction with UP Jal

Nigam and other

Government officials.


38

Christian College, Shiv

Charan Das,

Kanhaiyalal Intermediate

College

Provided that

construction works near

schools and colleges are

carried out during

vacations and works near

hospitals are completed

on priority basis (in

shorter time period with

alternate provision of

traffic, accessibility of

exit/entry gates etc.), the

impacts may be limited.

If construction schedule

is followed, then impacts

will be temporary as 1

km of sewer line is

approximated to be

completed within 3 days.

3.6 Disruption to

traffic movements

Limited Sewer construction leads

to the temporary tearing-

up of roads and increase

in large construction

vehicles, which might

impair traffic movement,

especially in the

narrower roads and lanes

as seen mainly in

Muthiganj, Rambagh.

Figure 6.1: GIS map

distinguishing road

network of District A

with majority of roads

in the Narrow category

(<=5 units).

Plate 6.1: Image

showing a typical busy

street at Rambagh

Chauraha in District A



Allahabad Sewerage

District ‘A’, Volume-I

for diversion of

traffic/regulation during

construction period

3.7 Damage to existing

infrastructure,

public utilities,

Limited If not appropriately


potential for temporarily


Nigam and other


39

amenities etc. affecting the existing

public utilities like water

supply, telephone,

electricity cables etc.

Records and layout plans

of existing underground

utilities and cable

networks (like telephone,

electricity water etc.)

were unavailable.




Allahabad Sewerage

District ‘A’, Volume-

for shifting &

reinstatement of utilities

3.8 Failure to restore

temporary

construction sites

Limited From field visits and as

per JNNURM project

reinstatement of

dismantled roads after

filling and proper

compaction was

observed.

Although temporary,

concerns regarding

failure to restore

construction sites

including failure to close

and appropriately fence-

off open pits were cited

as safety concerns

especially for children.

Field visits and

interaction with U.P. Jal

Nigam and other

Government officials and

consultation with local

residents.

Plate 3.5: Image shows

the good practice of

fencing-off construction

areas; this was followed

in the JNNURM phase

sewerage project in

Allahabad.



Allahabad Sewerage

District ‘A’, Volume I,

for clearance of site

after construction period

and unforeseen items

3.9 Possible conflicts

with and/or

disruption to local

community

Limited

For the laying of sewer

works, there will be

temporary disruption to

the local community in

terms of access to roads

(narrow roads), shops

and residences.

Conflicts/disruption to

local community was

inferred as limited based

on survey responses

which indicated the

community’s ability to

adapt to temporary

disruptions, and their


people.


40

overall preference for the

project.

3.1

0

Health risks due to

unhygienic

conditions at

workers camps

Limited

Field visits and as per

JNNURM project no

worker camps were seen.

However there might be

small camps within

which, if hygienic

conditions are not

maintained, there may be

temporary impacts.

3.1

1

Safety hazards

during construction

Limited From field visits and as

per JNNURM project

practices for safety

precautions such as


areas, sign posts etc.

were observed.

If not appropriately


potential for temporary

hazards such as injuries

and damage to property

during the construction

phase.


residents of sewerage

district ‘A’ and

interaction with UP Jal

Nigam and other


Plate 3.5: Image shows

the good practice of


areas; this was followed

in the JNNURM phase

sewerage project in

Allahabad.

4 Will the project create significant / limited / no environmental impacts during the

operational stage? (Significant / limited / no impacts)

4.1 Flooding of

adjacent areas

Limited Due to the

construction of sewer

lines, raw sewage that

currently flows into

the river and/or

overflows into the

streets will now be

routed to the STP.

This will prevent

flooding of adjacent

areas.

However, accidental

leakages during the

operational stage will

lead to flooding.

Additionally,


Nigam and other


Refer to Plate 5.1 for

area which has been

flooded


41

overloading and

blockage of sewage

lines will also lead to

backlogging of sewers

and flooding of

branch sewers.

4.2 Impacts to water

quality due to

effluent discharge

No impacts

There will be a

significant

improvement in water

quality due to effluent

discharge being

treated.

Table 5.11: Sewage

flow quality values

before and after existing

STP. section 5.1.8

4.3 Gas emissions No impacts There will be

reduction in gas

emissions from open

sewage drains since

the proposed sewage

networks will be

underground.

4.4 Safety hazards No impacts There will be

minimum safety

hazards since the

pipes will be

underground.

5 Do projects of this nature

/ type require prior

environmental

clearance either from the

MOEF or from a relevant

state Government

department? (MOEF/

relevant State

Government department/

No clearance at all)

No clearance at

all

Project such as these

have an overall

positive impact for

the environment and

society. Hence no

clearance would be

required under the

Environmental Impact

Assessment

Notification, 2006.

Refer to Figure 5.8

Refer to Figure 5.7

6 Does the project involve

any prior clearance from

the MOEF or State Forest

department for either the

conversion of forest

land or for tree-

cutting? (Yes/ No).If yes,

which?

No As the project is in

urban provinces and

does not cover any

forested area

(protected nor

reserved forest area),

hence no prior

clearance is required

from relevant

authorities (MoEF

and State Forest

Refer to Figure 3.2

Refer to Figure 5.8


42

departments) under

the Forest

(Conservation) Act,

1980.

The following figures and pictures given below provide substantial insights into

potential problems during construction which have been addressed in screening

checklist.

Figure 3.2 Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the sides of the roads

in District A (Source: Google Earth)


43

Plate 3.3 Slum region near Yamuna bridge, where residents have had complaints

related to flooding due to the low lying location.

Plate 3.4 Typical sewage construction area with material (background) and re-

instated road (foreground)


44

Plate 3.5 Image shows the good practice of fencing-off construction areas; this was

followed in the JNNURM phase project in Allahabad

3.3 Conclusion of Screening Activity

In order to facilitate effective management and mitigation of the any impacts arising

from the proposed projects, the Environmental and Social Management Framework of

NRGBA (Section # 4 of ESMF report, NGRBA 2011)5 has grouped the pollution

abatement projects/ investments into the following two categories high and low

High: Mainly include the sub-projects which are likely to have adverse impact

on the environmental and social aspects of the project influence area

(including land acquisition). This category projects will also include

mandatory environmental clearance as per the EIA notification.

Low: Projects which are likely to cause minimal or no adverse environmental

impacts on human populations.

Based on the screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects of the

NGRBP, the present project of Sewerage work in Sewerage District ‘A’ in Allahabad

City falls under low impact category, which do not have any land acquisition. In view

of the above, these projects would require preparation of an Environmental and Social



Authority, MoEF.


45

Assessment, as part of the DPR, and implementation of Generic Safeguard

Management Plan (SMP), relevant to the project.

Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental

impacts, but will have temporary impacts like traffic blockages, dust, noise, safety

hazards for pedestrians, possible damage to private property, possible interruption in

commercial activity, and accidental breakage of other public infrastructure such as

water pipes. These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation

plans. However, the large environmental benefit of the project greatly outweighs the

temporary inconveniences.


46

Chapter 4 Regulations and Legal Framework

4.1 Applicable Laws and Regulations – Environmental

The following laws and regulations are applicable to the environmental and social

aspects of the investments implemented under the programme:

Policy and Regulatory Framework of Government of India (GoI)

Environmental Policy and Regulations of the respective State Governments

Legislations applicable to construction activities

4.1.1 Legal Framework of Government of India

The Government of India has laid out various policy guidelines, acts and regulations

pertaining to environment. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is umbrella

legislation for the protection of environment. As per this Act, the responsibility to

administer the legislation has been jointly entrusted to the Ministry of Environment

and Forests (MoEF) and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)/ State Pollution

Control Boards (SPCBs).

4.1.2 Key Environmental Laws and Regulations

The key environmental laws and regulations as relevant to the projects under the

NGRBP are given in Table 4.1. The key environmental regulations can also be

accessed at www.moef.nic.in/rules-and-regulations

http://www.moef.nic.in/rules-and-regulations


47

Table 4.1 Environmental Regulations and Legislations

S.

No

Act / Rules Purpose Applicable

Yes/ No

Reason for

Applicability

Authority

1 Environment

Protection Act-

1986

To protect and

improve overall

environment

Yes As all environmental

notifications, rules and

schedules are issued

under this act.

MoEF, Gol,

DoE, State Gov.

CPCB, SPCB

2 Environmental

Impact Assessment

Notification

14th Sep-2006

To provide

environmental

clearance to new

development

activities following

environmental

impact assessment

No

The present project is

only a sewerage

network project and

hence as per the

notification including

its amendments does

not attract requirement

of environmental

clearance as per the

notification.

MoEF, EIAA

3 Municipal

Wastes(Manageme

nt and Handling)

Rules, 2000

To manage the

collection,

transportation,

segregation,

treatment, and

disposal of

municipal solid

wastes

No The present project

does not involved

solid waste

management

measures.

MoEF, EIAA,

CPCB, SPCBs

4 Coastal Regulation

Zone(CRZ)

Notification 1991

(2002)

Protection of fragile

coastal belt

No The project does not

fall within CRZ areas.

5 The Land

Acquisition Act

1894 (As amended

in 1985)

Set out rule for

acquisition. of land

by government

No This act will be

applicable only if there

will be acquisition of

land for investments

but no land acquisition

is involved in the

project.

Revenue

Department

State

Government

6 The Forest

(Conservation)

Act. 1980

To check

deforestation by

restricting

conversion of

forested areas into

non- forested areas

No No forest land

diversion is required in

the project.

Forest

Department,

State

Government and

Ministry of

Environment

and Forests,

Government of

India


48

S.

No


Yes/ No

Reason for

Applicability

Authority

7 Wild Life

Protection Act

1972

To protect wildlife

through certain of

National Parks and

Sanctuaries

No The project does not

pass through any

national

park/sanctuary are nor

fall within 10km

radius of such

protected areas.

Chief

Conservator

Wildlife,

Wildlife Wing,

State Forest

Department and

Ministry of

Environment

and Forests,

Government of

India

8 Air (Prevention

and Control of

Pollution) Act,

1981

To control air

pollution by

controlling emission

of air pollutants as

per the prescribed

standards.

Yes This act will be

applicable during

construction.

SPCBs

9 Water Prevention

and Control of

Pollution) Act1974

To control water

pollution by

controlling discharge

of pollutants as per

the prescribed

standards


applicable during

construction.

SPCBs

10 The Noise

Pollution

(Regulation and

Control) Rules,

2000

The standards for

noise for day and

night have been

promulgated by the

MoEF for various

land uses.


applicable for all

construction

equipment deployed at

worksite.

SPCBs

11 Ancient

Monuments and

Archaeological

Sites and Remains

Act1958

Conservation of

cultural and

historical remains

found in India

No Kydganj Cemetery ,

the only ASI

recognized structure in

sewerage district A is

more than 200m away

from the proposed

sewer line. Hence the

act is not applicable

for the project.

Archaeological

Department Gol,

Indian Heritage

Society and

Indian National

Trust for Art and

Culture Heritage

(INTACH).

12 Public Liability

and Insurance Act

1991

Protection form

hazardous materials

and accidents.

Yes Contractor need to

stock hazardous

material like diesel,

Bitumen, Emulsions

etc.

SPCBs

13 Explosive Act

1984

Safe transportation,

storage and use of

explosive material

Yes For transporting and

storing diesel, Oil and

lubricants etc.

Chief Controller

of Explosives


49

S.

No


Yes/ No

Reason for

Applicability

Authority

14 Minor Mineral and

concession Rules

For opening new

quarry.

No Regulate use of minor

minerals like stone,

soil, river sand etc.

District

Collector

15 Central Motor

Vehicle Act 1988

To check vehicular

air and noise

pollution.

Yes This rule will be

applicable to vehicles

deployed for

construction activities

and construction

Machinery.

Motor Vehicle

Department

16 National Forest

Policy, 1988

To maintain

ecological stability

through preservation

and restoration of

biological diversity.

No This policy will be

applicable if any eco

sensitive feature exists

in and around the

investments

Forest

Department,

State

Government and

Ministry of

Environment

and Forests,

Government of

India

17 The Mining Act The mining act has

been notified for

safe and sound

mining activity.

No The construction

activities for

investments will

require aggregates.

These will be procured

through mining from

approved quarries

Department of

mining, State

Government

4.2 Applicable Laws and Regulations - Social

All strategic interventions on human development, spread across all social issues,

need directives of policies and legal support to operationalize the appropriate actions.

These policies and legislations help to overcome the constraints and support

administrator, implementer, community and individual in delivery of justice. This

section includes the National policies and Acts as detailed under:

National Policies and Acts

i) National Tribal Policy, 2006

ii) National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, 2007

iii) Land (Acquisition) Act 1894 (as amended)

iv) Forest Rights Act, 2006


50

However for the present project, none of the above policies and acts are applicable.

4.2.1 National Policies and Acts

The National Tribal Policy (2006)

The Policy has the following objectives:

Regulatory Protection

Providing an environment conducive to the preservation of traditional and

customary systems and regime of rights and concessions enjoyed by different

ST communities, and reconciliation of modes of socio-economic development

with these.

Preventing alienation of land owned by STs and restoring possession of

wrongfully alienated lands.

Protection and vesting of rights of STs on forestlands and other forest rights

including ownership over minor forest produce (MFP), minerals and water

bodies through appropriate legislations and conversion of all forest villages

into revenue villages.

Providing a legislative frame for rehabilitation and resettlement in order to

minimize displacement, ensure that affected persons are partners in the growth

in the zone of influence, provide for compensation of social and opportunity

cost in addition to market value of the land and rights over common property

(NPV).

Empowerment of tribal communities to promote self-governance and self-rule

as per the provisions and spirit of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled

Areas) Act, 1996.

Protection of political rights to ensure greater and active participation of tribal

peoples in political bodies at all levels.

4.2.2 National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy for Project Affected Families – 2007

The national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation represents a significant

milestone in the development of a systematic approach to addressing resettlement.

The policy establishes a Guideline for extending additional assistance to project-


51

affected families, over and above the compensation for affected assets provided under

the Land Acquisition (LA) Act.

This policy strikes a balance between the need for land for developmental activities

and protecting the interests of land owners and others. The benefits under the new

policy are available to all Affected Persons (AP) and families whose land, property or

livelihood is adversely affected by land acquisition, involuntary displacement due to

natural calamities, etc.

4.2.3 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (As Modified Until 1st September,

1985)

The Act is applicable to the whole of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

The policy provides a broad guideline of procedure of land acquisition. The Land

Acquisition (LA) Act of 1984 is commonly used for acquisition of land for any public

purpose. It is used at the State level with State amendments made to suit local

requirements. Expropriation of and compensation for land, houses and other

immovable assets are carried out under the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act,

1984. The Act deals with compulsory acquisition of private land for public purpose.

The LA Act does not contain any provision specifically dealing with resettlement

including income restoration aspects.

Table 4.2 The Land Acquisition Process

Legal

Provision

Actions

Section 4

Draft prepared by requiring body, verified by the Ministry of Law, printing and

proof reading. Publish in official gazette and two local newspapers; post notice

locality

No further land sales, transfers or subdivisions after notice

Appoint Land Acquisition Officer (LAO) to survey land

Notices under section 4(1) issued to individual owners and interested parties (one

month)

Declaration of

Public purpose

Government certifies that land is required for a public purpose

Declaration is published

Collector / Deputy Commissioner receives order from Revenue Department,

State Government

Land appraisal begins (two weeks to a month)

Section 5(a)

Enquiry

Enquire objections to LA

Land owners and interested parties appear before LAO

Revenue commissioner calls for comments of acquiring agency if objections

are raised – (one to three months)


52

4.2.4 Forest Rights Act 2006

The Act basically does two things:

Grants legal recognition to the rights of traditional forest dwelling

communities, partially correcting the injustice caused by the forest laws.

Makes a beginning towards giving communities and the public a voice in

forest and wildlife conservation

4.3 Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects

under NGRBP

Construction stage generally involves equity, safety and public health issues. The

construction agencies therefore will be required to comply with laws of the land,

which include inter alia, the following:

1. Workmen's Compensation Act 1923 (the Act provides for compensation in case

of injury by accident arising out of and during the course of employment);

2. Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 (gratuity is payable to an employee under the Act

on satisfaction of certain conditions on separation if an employee has completed

5 years);

3. Employees PF and Miscellaneous Provision Act 1952 (the Act provides for

monthly contributions by the employer plus workers);

4. Maternity Benefit Act, 1951 (the Act provides for leave and some other benefits

to women employees in case of confinement or miscarriage, etc.);

Section 6 State government issues notices

LAO serves individual notice on all interested parties of government’s intention

to take possession of land

Time and place set for claims to LAO

Public notice given

Collector or LAO investigate claims (12 months)

Section 9 LAO conducts on-site inquiry regarding area of LA and compensation payable

LAO determines compensation (12 months)

Section 11 and

12

Declaration of final award by Collector/Commissioner/State Government after

inquiry of total valuation

Notice of awards given to interested parties for payment of compensation

Government can take possession of land and hand over to implementing agency

(14 months)


53

5. Contract Labor (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 (the Act provides for

certain welfare measures to be provided by the contractor to contract labour);

6. Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (the employer is supposed to pay not less than the

Minimum Wages fixed by the Government as per provisions of the Act);

7. Payment of Wages Act, 1936 (it lays down as to by what date the wages are to be

paid, when it will be paid and what deductions can be made from the wages of

the workers);

8. Equal Remuneration Act, 1979 (the Act provides for payment of equal wages for

work of equal nature to Male and Female workers and not for making

discrimination against Female employees);

9. Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 (the Act provides for payments of annual bonus

subject to a minimum of 83.3% of wages and maximum of 20% of wages);

10. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (the Act lays down the machinery and procedure

for resolution of industrial disputes, in what situations a strike or lock-out

becomes illegal and what are the requirements for laying off or retrenching the

employees or closing down the establishment);

11. Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act; 1946 (the Act provides for laying

down rules governing the conditions of employment);

12. Trade Unions Act, 1926 (the Act lays down the procedure for registration of

trade unions of workers and employers. The trade unions registered under the

Act have been given certain immunities from civil and criminal liabilities);

13. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (the Act prohibits

employment of children below 14 years of age in certain occupations and

processes and provides for regulation of employment of children in all other

occupations and processes. Employment of child labour is prohibited in Building

and Construction Industry);

14. Inter-State Migrant Workmen’s (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of

Service) Act, 1979 (the inter-state migrant workers, in an establishment to which

this Act becomes applicable, are required to be provided certain facilities such as

housing, medical aid, travelling expenses from home to the establishment and

back, etc.);

15. The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and

Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 and the Cess Act of 1996 (all the

establishments who carry on any building or other construction work and


54

employs 10 or more workers are covered under this Act; the employer of the

establishment is required to provide safety measures at the building or

construction work and other welfare measures, such as canteens, first-aid

facilities, ambulance, housing accommodation for Workers near the workplace,

etc.);

16. The Factories Act, 1948 (the Act lays down the procedure for approval of plans

before setting up a factory, health and safety provisions, welfare provisions,

working hours and rendering information-regarding accidents or dangerous

occurrences to designated authorities);

17. Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 (the Rules govern

handling, movement and disposal of hazardous waste);

18. Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989, amended

1994 and 2000 (the Rules provide indicative criteria for hazardous chemicals and

require occupiers to identify major accident hazards and prepare on-site and off-

site emergency plans).

All the laws and regulations set by different authorities (MoEF, NGRBA, CPCB, etc.)

have been reviewed to understand the applicable laws in the context of this proposed

sub-project in Allahabad District A. All the applicable laws enlist the responsible

authority and reasons for its applicability. It is therefore proposed that during the

implementation of this project responsible authorities should be contacted acted by

the implementing agency for monitoring the law and regulation.

Conclusion:

The applicable laws and regulations pertaining to environment and social safeguards

for the present project are listed below:

1. Environment Protection Act 1986;

2. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

3. Water Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act1974

4. The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000

5. Public Liability and Insurance Act 1991

6. Explosive Act 1984

7. Central Motor Vehicle Act 1988

8. Other legislations are mentioned in section 4.3


55

Chapter 5 Baseline Status

The baseline environmental and social status is important to understand the region's

existing physical and biological characteristics along with cultural and social status of

the residing community. Information and data presented in this section is based on

field surveys, stake-holder interaction/consultation and secondary data collection

which majorly include the draft Detailed Project Report (DPR) of proposed sewerage

work in Allahabad city, City Development Plan (CDP) report by Nagar Nigam,

Water/ Air/ Noise quality monitoring report of UP Pollution Control Board, City

census data and others. The information on the baseline environmental conditions

forms the basis to analyse the probable impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the

present background environmental quality of the core study area.

5.1 Baseline Environmental

5.1.1 Physiography and Topography

Allahabad city as a whole occupies the inter-fluvial belt of Ganga River in the north

and the Yamuna in the south. The confluence (Sangam) of the two rivers lies in the

south east of the city. These rivers are perennial rivers, which carry huge volumes of

water during the rainy season. Sewerage district ‘A’ is located in the southern part of

the city, adjoining the river Yamuna in the south side.

Allahabad district is mainly characterized with Ganga, Yamuna alluvial plain and

Vindhyan Plateau. Geological Survey of India (2001) has identified the following

geomorphic features,

Active Flood Plain: It is quite localized and confined only to the river system.

Older Alluvial Plain: It is characterized by depositional and erosional terraces

found in patches along the active plain.

Rocky Surface (Denudational hills): These are prominent in trans-Yamuna

area formed mainly of quartzitic nature.


56

Allahabad district may be divided into three distinct Physical parts, the trans-Ganga

or the Gangapar Plain, the Doab and the trans-Yamuna or the Yamunapar tract

which is formed by the Ganga and its tributary, the Yamuna, the latter joining the

former at Allahabad, the confluence being known as Sangam. The master slope of

trans-Ganga is towards east or south east, with the altitude ranging from 89.30 -

93.57m above MSL.

5.1.2 Climate

Climate of Allahabad district is continental. The climate of Allahabad is tropical with

moderate winter and severe extended summer. The nearest large body of water i.e. the

Bay of Bengal is more than 700 km eastward. Due to this, there is a large range of

variation in temperatures of day and night. Allahabad experiences both very dry hot

summers and very cold winters every year. Dust storms in summer and cold north

winds in winter are common. The average normal maximum temperature has been

observed as 41.8ºC during May and minimum of 8.9ºC during January. The highest

relative humidity in the morning is 85% during August and the lowest being 32% in

April. The district receives rainfall from the south-west monsoon from June to

September. The average rainfall being 962.68 mm takes place normally in 53 days.

The climate information of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at Allahabad is given

in Table 5.1 below.

Table 5.1 Climatological Normal of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at

Allahabad

Source: India Metrological Department data from 1901-2000 (except Humidity data which is

1951-1980)

Month Temperature (oC) Mean rainfall in mm Humidity (%)

Maximum Minimum 0830 Hrs 1730 Hrs

January 23.5 8.9 17.9 78 53

February 26.7 11.4 17.3 66 40

March 33.3 16.6 9.6 46 25

April 39 22.3 5.5 32 18

May 41.8 26.7 8.7 36 36

June 39.8 28.4 88.8 55 41

July 34 26.5 280.8 80 71

August 32.5 25.9 296.1 85 77

September 33 24.9 184.9 80 71

October 32.9 20.2 36.6 69 55

November 29.2 13.5 9.3 65 49

December 24.6 9.3 6.9 75 56


57

5.1.3 Geological and Geophysical features

The sewerage district ‘A’ and whole city of Allahabad occupies the inter-fluvial

sediment of the Ganga River and Yamuna River. These sediments are essentially a

sequence of clays, sands, silts with inter-spread bands of Kankar having limited

extent. Broadly these fluvial sediments are grouped as younger and older alluvium.

The younger alluvium is generally confined to a depth of 60 m below the ground and

it occupies the present day flood plain area. The older alluvial sediments marginally

differ in lithology from that of younger alluvium sediments, with presence of sandy

clay and lenses of gravel/pebbles and Kankar. The older alluvium overlies the

Siwalik group of formations, which in turn overlies the pre-Cambrian formation. The

generalized stratigraphic sequence of the formations is given in Table 5.2. The age of

these formations range from Proterozoic to recent. Granite of Bundelkhand massit

group forms the basement in the area which is unconformably overlain by Quaternary

alluvium.

Table 5.2 Generalized Stratigraphic Sequence Time

Time Unit Formation Rock Unit Thickness (m)

Recent to 0.01 m year Newer Alluvium Sand & Clay 60-100

Holocene < 1m year Older Alluvium Sand, clay, pebble, gravel

and Kankar 100-200

------------------------------- Unconformity-------------------------------

Pleistocene &

Pleocene Siwalik

Conglomerate, sandstone

shale etc. Above 350 m

------------------------------- Unconformity-------------------------------

Pre Cambrian Vindhyan Sand stone, Limestone Not known

------------------------------- Unconformity-------------------------------

Archean Bundelkhand

massit Granite Basement

Source: CGWB, 2009 and Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River,

July 2005. Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme

5.1.3.1 Soil

Soils in sewerage district ‘A’ usually comprises a layer of clay on the top surface,

with a thickness ranging between 10-15 m. Thick sandy horizon occurs beneath the

top clay layer having sufficiently large thickness. The soil in this area, i.e., Doab has

three distinct types. Sandy soil is found on the the banks/ flood plain of the rivers

(Yamuna bank of District A) , clay is found in the depressions and loam, a mixture of


58

sand and clay that is usually a rich and rather dark soil, the less fertile variety.

Chemical analysis study of the soil for Allahabad city carried out by JICA has been

presented in the Table 5.3 below:

Table 5.3 Quality of soil sample

S. No. Parameters Range of test results

1 Type Silty Clay

2 pH 7.9-8.0

3 Bulk density (g/cm) 1.2-1.28

4 Conductivity (µmhos/cm) 390.5-371.6

5 Water holding capacity (%

by mass)

47.7-49.54

6 Organic matter (% by mass) 1.08-1.16

Source: Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July 2005.

Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme

5.1.4 Ambient Air Quality

Air quality is a measure of the condition of air relative to the requirements of one or

more biotic species and/or to any human need or purpose. Presently, air quality

monitoring is conducted by the NAMP (National Air Monitoring Programme-CPCB)

and UP Pollution Control Board at two locations: Bharat Yantra Nigam Limited office

and Square crossing near Laxmi talkies in Allahabad City. Although, Allahabad city

does not fall under the identified list of polluted cities in India, but the available data

from NAMP monitoring shows that the dust levels, PM10 (RSPM and SPM) have

violated the annual average standards of 60µg/m3 from 2007 to 2010. The sulphur-di

oxide (SO2) concentration have gone down with reduced sulphur content in the fuels

from 2007 to 2009 as shown in Figure 5.1 and is well within the permissible standards

of 50 µg/m3. The nitrogen-di-oxide (NO2) concentrations, though not violating the

standards of 40µg/m3, may exceed in future due to urbanization and rise in vehicular

activities.


59

Table 5.4 Latest air quality data of two monitoring stations in Allahabad (March 2010

to April 2011)

Source: UP Pollution Control Board, 2011

Location Landuse Sulphur-

di-oxide

Nitrogen-

di-oxide

Respirable

Suspended

particulate

matter

(RSPM)

Suspended

particulate

matter

(SPM)

Square crossing circle

of Laxmi talkies

Mixed 5.7 23.6 237.7 469.4

Bharat Yantra Nigam

Ltd.

Residential 5.4 23.7 232.6 459.4


60

SO2

0

5

10

15

20

25

2007 2008 2009

Co

ncen

trait

on

(m

g/m

³)

Figure 5.1 SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentration (mg/m3) in Allahabad during 2008-2009

Source: NAMP, Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India

Seasonal Variation

Month-wise variations of NO2 and RSPM concentrations at the two monitoring stations

are presented in Figure 5.2. Both the stations violate the permissible standards of RSPM

during all the months. Lowest pollutant concentrations are observed in monsoon months

and maximum were observed during winters due to inversion conditions. The effects of

inhaling particulate matter that have been widely studied in humans and animals now

include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, birth defects, and premature death.

Annual avg std. 50 mg/m³

NO2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

2007 2008 2009

Co

ncen

trait

on

(m

g/m

³)

Annual avg. std.

40 mg/m³

PM10

0

50

100

150

200

250

2007 2008 2009

Co

ncen

trait

on

(m

g/m

³)

An

nu

al

av

g.

std

.

60

mg/

m³

(RSPM)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death


61

Figure 5.2 Monthwise variation of NO2 and RSPM at two monitoring stations in

Allahabad (Source: UP Pollution Control Board, 2011)

5.1.5 Noise Environment

Noise, in general, is sound that is composed of many frequency components of varying

loudness distributed over the audible frequency range. Increasing ambient noise levels in

public places from various sources, inter-alia, industrial activity, construction activity, fire

crackers, sound producing instruments, generator sets, loud speakers, public address

systems, music systems, vehicular horns and other mechanical devices may have

deleterious effects on human health and the psychological well-being of the people; hence

it is considered necessary to regulate and control any such noise pollution. Limited noise

level monitoring was carried out by JICA at three locations: Numaya Dahi, Sulem Sarai

and near DM office, is as shown in Table 5.5 below. Although, the monitoring stations do

not come under sewerage district ‘A’ except for Sulem Sarai but provide a probable idea

of expected noise levels. The noise levels at Numaya Dahi village are well within the

permissible limits laid down by CPCB (for both day and night time), whereas the noise

levels at Sulem Sarai and near DM office are higher than the desirable level for residential

area but below the permissible level of commercial and industrial area, respectively.


62

Table 5.5 Summary of Noise Level Monitored Data Code Range of noise levels [Leq in

dB (A)]

S.No. Location Levels in dB(A) Leq*

Day Night Average

1 Numaya Dahi 45.8 41.1 44.0

2 Sulem Sarai 56.3 48.4 53.4

3 Near Office DM 72.4 54.5 65.7

Note:

Permissible limit laid down by CPCB: Residential area (55 day time and 45 night time),

Commercial area (65 day time and 55 night time)and Industrial area (75 day time and 70

night time)

* dB(A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A

which is relatable to human hearing.

Leq: It is an energy mean of the noise level over a specified time period

Source: The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000, CPCB, and Final Report on

Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July 2005. Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for

Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme

Seasonal Variation

The more recent results of monitoring carried out by the UP Pollution Control Board,

during 2010-2011 on various days and at various locations in Allahabad city are presented

in Figure 5.3. Results are averaged for various locations in different area categories

(residential, commercial, industrial and sensitive). It can be seen that overall, day noise

levels are higher than the night ones and are above the standard at most of the locations.

From Figure 5.3, it can be seen that for residential area like in most parts of District A the

noise levels are almost within the permissible limits for most of the days.


63

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

28-M

ar-1

1

26-O

ct-1

0

19-A

ug-1

0

24-A

pr-1

0

23-M

ar-1

0

26th A

pril 20

11

18-N

ov-1

0

26-F

eb-1

1

22-Jan

-11

23-D

ec-1

0

25-S

ep-1

0

24-Jul-1

0

19-Jun

-10

28-M

ay-1

0

26th A

pril 20

11

28-M

ar-1

1

28-M

ay-1

0

18-N

ov-1

0

24-Jul-1

0

26-F

eb-1

1

22-Jan

-11

23-D

ec-1

0

25-S

ep-1

0

19-Jun

-10

24-A

pr-1

0

23-M

ar-1

0

26-O

ct-1

0

19-A

ug-1

0

Res Com Ind Sens

Night

Day

Figure 5.3 Noise levels in Allahabad City monitoring during 2010 and 2011 Source: UP Pollution Control Board, 2011

5.1.6 Water Environment

Both ground water and surface water sources are utilized to provide for the drinking water

requirement of sewerage district ‘A and Allahabad city in general. Allahabad Jal Sansthan

is the responsible agency for drawing surface water from river Yamuna and installing tube

wells for supply to residential/ commercial and industrial sector. The raw water from

River Yamuna is being tapped for water supply at Karelibagh raw water pumping station

which is pumped to Khusro Bagh water works for treatment before it is supplied to the

consumers. As of 2003, about 217mld of water was supplied by Jal Sansthan department

to entire Allahabad city. In addition to this, there is sizable amount of unaccounted water

supply from private/ institutional bore wells. Considering the per capita water

consumption of 190 litres (including UFW allowance and institutional demand), as

provided in the detailed project report (DPR) for sewer works in sewerage district ‘A’ by

Ganga Pollution Control Unit (GPCU), the total water consumption in sewerage district

‘A’ is approximately 76.98 million litres as shown in Table 5.6 below. This consumption

is expected to increase with growing population and urbanization.


64

Table 5.6 Water consumption in sewerage district ‘A’

Location Population (as of

2010)

Per capita water

consumption per

day as per DPR

Total water

consumption in

million litres

Sewerage District ‘A’ of

Allahabad city

405176 190 76.98

5.1.6.1 Surface Water

An important surface water system of the city is the easterly flowing Yamuna river which

lies south of the main city. The Ganga is second important source of surface water which

flows easterly and then abruptly turns south wards close to eastern end of city and finally

meets Yamuna River close to celebrated temple of Lord Hanuman in Sangam area of the

city. River Yamuna lies to the southern side of the district A and River Ganga is towards

eastern side of sewerage district ‘A’, The maximum discharge of river Ganga at Sangam is

about 16187-12265 m3/s mainly during the months of August and September and the

minimum discharge is 366 to 339 m3/s during April and May as shown in table 5.7. A lack

of water in river increases their susceptibility to water pollution, due to discharge of

untreated waste water especially during the dry season.


65

Table 5.7 Discharge of the Ganga at Allahabad (Sangam) (m3/s)

Source: Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July 2005. Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1972 401.38 433.61 294.13 288.22 362.67 230.12 2609.37 6664.86 13253.85 2065.6 644.51 489.48

1973 389.03 347.81 283.07 225.23 221.7 478.79 13784 21527.1 28809.04 4651.25 1073.44 598.22

1974 507.35 384.54 325.14 267.79 307.61 260.77 9149.19 19693.1 3915.68 1100.98 691.88 488.52

1975 462.97 303.01 265.96 270.39 189.88 572.22 9742.86 18209.5 15767.68 4366.54 1303.98 724.01

1976 669.83 557.91 420.13 420.78 383.05 1117.08 3359.8 18221.7 161.42.34 1893.42 553.63 482.89

1977 335.1 327.9 270.71 394.99 373.86 332.77 9115.64 17417.4 14236.34 3051.76 1121.82 750.47

1978 707.07 623.33 740.88 707.16 556.8 1077.63 7994.05 29786.2 22399.45 3980.05 1346.27 964.36

1979 924.76 1123.35 217.99 678.51 582.7 474.02 4357.59 5701.17 1476.75 598.01 318.43 518.45

1980 380.91 288.71 224.58 151.84 123.71 406.3 6804.97 21670.9 11438.9 1441.81 684.11 443.14

1981 430.99 439.37 337.12 329.04 314.16 303.28 5841.3 11215 3259.22 2337.97 674.15 507.81

1982 476.17 741.79 645.68 689.06 624.22 626.4 1779.81 28824.3 16981.02 1398.27 763.93 616.34

1983 565.77 552.64 357.87 312.95 499.11 503.91 3738.99 12823 22159.27 7019.81 1522.83 767.78

1984 721.53 551.58 486.94 367.11 279.16 575.6 2261.22 10243.4 11080.78 1237.75 571.11 400.81

1985 433.23 323.99 238.99 262.01 237.49 257.07 1827.61 15588.6 10073.87 12078.5 2174.33 745.18

1986 588.76 736.23 554.26 372.11 309.6 382.35 11078.1 17832 4199.39 1539.24 740.38 519.89

1987 497.74 399.46 334.12 271.71 238.36 247.44 1116.56 3277.58 12471.41 1968.6 589.38 366.13

1988 327.21 279.35 261.2 216.16 173.64 165.69 5489.87 16483.9 4730.56 4060.86 9520.2 476.83


66

Surface Water Quality

Water quality status of river Ganga at two places in Allahabad is shown in Figure 5.4 and

Figure 5.5. As per the monitoring results, a slight increase in Biological Oxygen Demand

(BOD) concentrations has been observed during last few years. The values have crossed the 3

mg/l mark and depicts that the quality is not within permissible limits. But, the Dissolved

Oxygen (DO) levels in the river have been sufficiently high and consistent over the past few

years (Figure 5.5). In recent years, there had been an increasing trend of BOD concentrations

in incoming water (Rasoolabad ghat) and more evident trend observed in the outgoing water

(Sangam). From the year 2004 to 2008 an increase in BOD of around 0.4 mg/l to 0.6 mg/l in

outgoing water of river Ganga has been witnessed. This increase can be attributed to the

untreated sewage that has been directly discharged to the river Ganga including some

proportion from District A also.

Figure 5.4 BOD measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years


67

Figure 5.5 DO measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years

Source: Ganga water quality trend, 2009. Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India

Sangam, the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna, is the venue of many sacred fairs and

rituals, and attracts thousands of pilgrims throughout the year. This number swells to millions

during the world-famous Kumbh Mela creating high stress on public utilities. Table 5.8

shows the water quality of river Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during Maghmela

(Ardh Kumbha) 2007. It is quite evident that during events like Khumb Mela, the pollution

levels are very high with Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentration more than 6mg/l,

crossing the permissible limit (standards as per IS Code – 2296-1982) of 2mg/l for drinking

and 3 mg/l for bathing as per CPCB. The biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen

demand, and fecal coliform levels were all elevated during bathing6.

6 Srivastava, R. K., Sinha, A. K., Pande, D. P., Singh, K. P. and Chandra, H., 1996. Water quality of

the River Ganga at Phaphamau (Allahabad)- effect of mass bathing during Mahakumbh.

Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality, 11: 1–5.


68

Table 5.8 Water Quality of River Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during Maghmela

(Ardh Kumbha) 2007

Location BOD

(mg/l)

DO (mg/l)

Yamuna at Naini Bridge (U/s Sangam) 1.7 8.6

Ganga at Shstri Bridge (U/s sangam) 5.7 10.4

Sangam 4.3 9.3

Yamuna at Karella Bagh 1.8 6.8

Ganga at Phaphamau u/s Sangam 6.4 8.3

Ganga at Diha Ghat d/s Allahabad 4.3 6.3

Recent Data

As per the latest water quality monitoring conducted by UP Pollution Control Board (Table

5.9), the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels at all stations are often above the

permissible 3.0 mg/l for outdoor bathing waters and also above 2.0 mg/l limit for the drinking

water standard, as set by the Indian Standard code. However, the water quality parameter of

dissolved oxygen (DO) seems within permissible limits. The minimum DO levels for water

as per the Indian standard code ranges from 4.0-6.0 mg/l for drinking and bathing

respectively.

Total coliform and fecal coliform were present at all stations, indicating possible

contamination from municipal waste water discharges from the city. The presence of fecal

coliform in the water also indicates a greater potential of the presence of pathogenic

microorganisms, which may cause waterborne diseases, leading to detrimental impacts on the

health of the community. During summer, the river flow reduces and at increased temperature

the bacterial activities increases to oxidize the organic matter discharged into it from various

domestic and industrial sources.

Table 5.9 Water Quality data of Ganga and Yamuna river at Allahabad monitored during

March 2010 to April 2011

Parameters

U/S

Rasoolabad

Ghat,

Ganga

Rasoolabad

Ghat, Ganga

Main

Sangam

D/S Ganga

on Mawaiya

Ghat

Temp ( C ) 24.9 24.9 25.4 25.5

pH 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3

DO (mg/l) 7.9 7.7 7.5 7.4

BOD (mg/l) 4.1 4.5 4.2 4.5


69

COD (mg/l) 28.4 31.4 30.4 34.9

Turbidity (NTU) 94.3 104.5 85.6 90.7

Alkalinity CaCO3 (mg/l) 168.1 174.6 205.4 213.0

Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/l) 146.9 153.0 166.4 173.6

Calcium as CaCO3 (mg/l) 87.0 90.6 94.0 99.0

Magnesium as MgCO3

(mg/l)

59.9 62.4 72.4 74.6

Conductivity (umho/cm) 427.7 429.4 520.6 531.1

Total Coliform (PN/100

ml)

4678.6 7857.1 6571.4 9428.6

Fecal Coliform

(MPN/100ml)

2742.9 3492.9 3142.9 3785.7

Source: Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board, 2011

5.1.6.2 Ground Water

As discussed before, in addition to Jal Sansthan tube wells, there are many other private/

institutional tube wells which are unaccounted for in the region. According to the Central

Ground Water Board (CGWB), the groundwater problems of Allahabad are not very serious

although, due to rapid urbanization and increasing population levels, the dependence on

groundwater has increased over the years. With reference to the exploratory drilling data of

CGWB and state tubewell department, it is evident that there are three distinct granular zones

at Allahabad city

i) Shallow aquifers ranging from 20 to 50 mbgl7

ii) Middle aquifer ranging from 70 to 120 mbgl and

iii) Deeper aquifer lies below 150 down to depth 300 mbgl.

The extension of individual zones is variable over the district. The ground water generally

occurs in unconfined state within the first shallow aquifer within 50 m from the ground while

in deeper aquifers it occurs in semi confined to confined conditions. The ground water flow is

towards the river Ganga in the north and river Yamuna in the south i.e., both the rivers are

effluent in nature.

7 Meters below ground level


70

Ground Water Quality8

Pre Monsoon water quality

The pH at all the locations in residential area is ranging between 7.2-8.1 which is well within

the standard limit indicating thereby that the water in this area is suitable for drinking. The

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) are ranging between 281 to 1372 mg/L and the Conductivity

ranges between 475 to 1875 mmhos/cm, which shows that both TDS and conductivity are

slightly on the higher side in the residential area. The BOD ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 mg/L in

the residential area and COD ranges from 1.0 to 6.0 mg/L, which though being negligible is

slightly higher than the industrial area, indicating thereby that this increase is due to higher

organic content in the effluents from residential area. The values of Fluoride are ranging

between 0.24 to 1.03 mg/L and Hardness between 180 to 1128 mg/L which are within the

specified limits at all the locations in district A. The value of Phosphate is ranging between

0.38 to 0.61 mg/L at all the locations, which is acceptable. Also no pesticides were found in

this area. However, Iron is found to be on the higher side at most of the locations, the highest

being 6.25 mg/L at the hand pump at Zero Road

Post Monsoon water quality

The average value of pH, of pre and post monsoon period, at all the locations in the

residential area is almost neutral ranging between 7.1-7.8 which is well within the standard

limit for drinking water indicating thereby that the water in this area is suitable for drinking.

In regard to sewerage district A the values of TDS are higher than the desirable limit at

Keetganj, Zero Road but within the permissible limit at this location. The average values of

Phosphate are ranging between 0.24 to 0.55 mg/L at all the locations in District A, which is

acceptable, though no limit has been specified for phosphate in the IS for drinking water. The

average values of Fluoride are ranging between 0.23 to 0.93 mg/L, the maximum being 1.03

mg/L at Keetganj during pre-monsoon period and Hardness between 154 to 1092 mg/L. None

of the samples showed the presence of Pesticides.

5.1.7 Storm Water Drainage

Storm water drainage system is not proper throughout Allahabad city. The city has been

divided into the six storm water planning zones (Morigate, Mumfordganj, Rajapur, Chachar

8 Source: Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Hardwar


71

Nala, Gate No. 9 and Gate No. 13); each zone is identified by the pumping station or the

channel dealing with its discharge. As per the GIS maps provided by Allahabad Nagar Nigam

department, approximately 60-65 percent of area in sewerage district ‘A’ has storm drainage

system as shown in Figure 5.6. Rainwater flows through these drains to nearby nallas,

eventually falling into river Ganga and Yamuna. The human and animal waste accumulated

on the surface is flushed by runoff and carried to rivers by these drains thereby polluting river

waters. As these drains pass from residential areas, they create foul smell and unhygienic

conditions. Further the problem of choking of storm drains due to polythene bags and solid

waste causes water logging during the off-season rains and flooding during monsoon.

Plate 5.1 Storm water drains visibly clogged with waste in Civil Lines (top) and flooding

upon rainfall in sewerage district ‘A’ (bottom)


72

Figure 5.6 Map showing the drainage system in sewerage district ‘A


73

5.1.8 Waste Water Management

As already explained in section 2.2 of this report, the sewerage system in the Allahabad city

is old and covers only 45% of the city area and most of this is within the central core of the

city i.e. District A and D. As of 2010, about 232 million liters of waste water is generated

every day in Allahabad city with an average per capita wastewater discharge of 152 liters. Jal

Sansthan is responsible for maintenance and collection of revenue from house connections

for whole of Allahabad city. Sewerage district ‘A’ is located in the southern part of the city,

with river Yamuna on its southern side and Ganga on its eastern side. As per the detailed

project report, most of sewerage district ‘A’ area has around 45% coverage of sewer system

as of year 2010.

Plate 5.2 Open sewage drain behind residence in Krishna Nagar.

Wastewater generated from sewerage district ‘A’ is mostly residential with limited

commercial and no industrial wastes. Summary of wastewater characteristics of Chachar and

Ghaghar nala located in sewer district ‘A’ is provided in Table 5.10 which indicates that

some of the wastewater quality parameters are exceeding little above the general discharges

standards laid out by CPCB. The major issue of waste water disposal is the associated

environmental impact which is derived from worsening of water quality and causing direct

impact not only on the drinking water sector but also other sectors such as fisheries,

irrigation, and recreation.


74

Table 5.10 Wastewater characteristics of Chachar nala and Ghaghar Nala in sewerage

district ‘A’

Parameter Chachar Nala Ghaghar nala General standard for

discharge on inland surface

water as per CPCB

BOD(5 day sat 20°C)

(mg/l)

32 67 30

COD (mg/l) 69 144 250

TSS (mg/l) 98 648 100

pH 7.0 7.5 5.5 to 9.0

Temperature (°C) 29 28 shall not exceed 5°C above the

receiving water temperature Source: DPR for Sewerage district A9

As per 2010 population data, nearly 62.80 mld of wastewater is generated from sewer district

‘A’ which generally flows in the open drains. 60 mld capacity Naini STP has been

constructed in sewerage district ‘A’ for tapping and treating the wastewater flowing in such

drains. Table 5.11 provides information about the wastewater treatment characteristics of

STP at Naini, monitored by both the UP Jal Nigam and the State Pollution Control Board.

Significant reduction in pollution load occurs due to treatment of wastewater in the STP. It is

further projected that the total sewage generation in this sewerage district will increase to

74.36 mld by the year 2025, thus creating a gap of 14.36 mld.

Table 5.11 Wastewater Characteristics measured at Naini STP

Parameter Influent Effluent

Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) 648 384

BOD (5 day sat 20°C) (mg/l) 250 142

Source: Ganga Pollution Control Unit, Allahabad

5.1.9 Solid Waste Management

9 Draft Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Project in Sewerage District ‘A’ of Allahabad City,

2010.


75

As per Nagar Nigam, about 540.0 MT of solid waste is generated every day in Allahabad

city. It has been assumed that the local residents of towns generate solid waste at the rate of

about 400 grams per capita per day on an average. This average generation of solid waste

includes local inhabitants (comprising the wastes generated by the resident population, shops

and commercial establishments, vegetable and fruit markets, construction and demolition and

hospital wastes – non-infectious and non-hazardous) and the floating population in the town.

The solid waste from sewerage district ‘A’ is mainly from residential areas and very little

comes from commercial areas. As per the data provided by Nagar Nigam, the total solid

waste generated from sewerage district ‘A’ is approximately 162.07 MT as shown in Table

5.12. With growth in population, the per capita waste generation is also expected to increase

thereby increasing the solid waste.

Table 5.12 Solid waste generation in sewerage district ‘A

Location Population (as of

2010)

Average solid waste

generation per

capita per day

Total solid waste

generated in MT

Sewerage District ‘A’ of

Allahabad city

405176 400 162.07

The solid waste management in sewerage district ‘A’ is handled by Allahabad Nagar Nigam,

which involves primary collection, storage at source of generation, segregation of recyclable

materials, transportation, and treatment & disposal. Recently a new solid waste management

plan for the entire Allahabad city has been prepared and is being implemented under

JNNURM scheme. Practically, the wastes are not being treated properly as the solid waste is

not being collected and transported to the current waste processing plant at Baswal. Further,

the waste generated is being transported to different sites for open dumping on land.

Representative pictures of observed open dumping of solid waste in sewerage district ‘A’ are

shown in Plate 5.3.


76

Plate 5.3 Open waste dumping at Kydganj area (top) and Yamuna Bank (bottom).

As a result of such practices the entire area in and around the disposal sites is unhygienic and

poses a serious threat to the environment and to the public health. Open dumping of wastes

also causes choking of sewers which in turn leads to water logging throughout the city.

5.1.10 Biological Environment 5.1.10.1 Green cover

1. Gardens/ Parks: There are no important or archeologically identified gardens/ parks in

sewerage district ‘A’. However the region has small residential parks as sited from the


77

GIS maps provided by Allahabad Nagar Nigam department, which will not be threatened

by the proposed sewer works, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the middle of the

road and will not pass through these areas. The location of these parks in sewerage district

‘A’ is be represented in Figure 5.7. Some of the residential parks include Habib Park,

Guru Teg Bahadur Park, Jaagriti Park

Figure 5.7 Map of parks in sewerage district ‘A’

Tree Cover: Trees can be seen along the road side in almost all parts of sewerage district

‘A’. Practically none of the trees will be disturbed nor damaged (tree cutting), since they are

located on the edges and sides of roads, away from the centre, along which the sewers are

planned to be laid as shown in Plate 5.4.


78

Plate 5.4 Road side trees in Civil line area

Agriculture: There is no agricultural practice in sewerage district ‘A’ of Allahabad city.

This district is the core city area with mix of residents, commercial areas, institutes, hospitals

etc.

5.1.10.2 Flora

Allahabad district as a whole has around 19839 hectares of reserved forest area falling under

the jurisdiction of the state forest department. Until the beginning of the present century,

patches of 'dhak' were found in the trans-Ganga tract mostly between Phulpur and Sarai

Mamrez, along the bank of the Sasur Khaderi, but most of them were cleared for agricultural

purposes during the following decades. Patches of Baul could also be seen towards the right

bank of the Ganga. Forests now exist mainly in the trans-Yamuna tracts in Bara tahsil and the

southern tracts of tahsil Meja.

Presently there is no forest cover in and around the sewerage district ‘A’ of Allahabad city.

The project site is mostly residential area and does not have any protected or reserved forest

area. The site also does not fall under India’s notified ecological sensitive areas. This is


79

evident from Figure 5.8 a, which shows the closest eco-sensitive zones (points A, C and D)

and their average distance from Allahabad.

Figure 5.8 Mapping of eco-sensitive areas around Allahabad city

Source: Google Maps

5.1.10.3 Fauna

The number and species of wild animals are much greater in the trans-Yamuna tract than

elsewhere in the district. The Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) and the Boar (sus secrofa), which do

much damage to the crops, are also found in the flood plain of the Ganga and the doab. The

Fox (Kulpus bengalensis), the Hare (Lepus rufica udatus), and the Sahi or Indian porcupine

(Hystrix leucura) are found throughout the district. Apart from these, the Gangetic Dolphins

were once found in abundance in the river Ganges. But over the years a steady increase in

pollution in the river has reduced the population of Dolphins. The River Dolphin was

declared as the National Aquatic Animal of India and on January 19, 2010, the Ministry of

Environment & Forests (MoEF) included it in Schedule I for the Wildlife (Protection) Act,

1972.

As mentioned in section 5.10.2 above, there is no eco-sensitive zone in and around the

sewerage district ‘A’ and Allahabad city as a whole as shown in Figure 5.8a. The proposed


80

project will have a positive impact on aquatic life, as it intends to tap all the waste water

discharge into the river and this will directly improve the river water quality.

5.2 Baseline Social Status

Allahabad city been growing continuously and there has also not been much variation in the

growth rates over the past few decades except for the decade 1961-71. In this particular

decade the growth rate of the city had fallen to 19.11%, the reasons for which are unknown.

Apart from that Allahabad has been growing at a pace faster than the state.

Figure 5.9 Allahabad urban population growth rate Source: City Development Plan report

Allahabad district is a large, rural district with a very vulnerable population. Its Scheduled

Tribe population (21.58%), consisting primarly of the Chamar and Pasi casts. It also has a

relatively low literacy rate of 62.11% in which, predicatbly, women fall far below the

average at 46.38% while men bouy the average with a rate of 75.81%. Women are also at a

disadvantage in terms of sex ratio, though this appears to be improving as the age 0-6

population shows an increase of 38 females (from 879 to 917) per 1,000 males. Most people

in the city are unemployed (~66%); among those that are employed, 33% are marginal

workers while the rest are main workers. In terms of education, only 6% of the district’s

population has no education at all, while a little less than 35% has a Diploma-equivalnt or

above. This distribution leaves the vast majority of the population somewhere in the middle

with only a basic education; for example, the percentage of the population (43%) with

Primary or less than Primary education exceeds those with Diploma or above, making these

former two groups the largest segment of the population. This lack of education contributes


81

to populations overall vulnerability. In the distrct, roughly half of all houses are permanent,

while nearly all of the rest are semi-permanent; only a small percentage are considered

temporary.

Table 5.13 Percentage distribution of the household population by age and sex, Allahabad

Drinking water facilities, safe drinking water, and power supply are quite common; electricity

access if more common for domestic uses than agricultural ones. Fitting with the educational

background of the area, primary schools are common while institutes of higher education are

very few . Medical facilties also appear to be in relatively short supply. Paved and mud roads

are nearly equal in prominence, and both appear fairly common. For more details refer to

Annexure (3).

Allahabad has 185 slums spread all over the city. The total population living in slums is

318,000 which is about 30% of the entire city population. It is estimated that one-third of the

slum population can be categorized in the urban poor category. Meera Ganj slum is located in

the middle of Allahabad city. The population in the low-income group is mainly found in

Wards 11, 34, 41, 57, 66, 71, 75 and 77, which includes localities such as Malakraj,

Minhajpur, Nai Basti, Sarai Garhi, Narayan Singh Nagar, Meera Gunj, and Bashi Bazar.

Meera Gunj slum is located at the centre of Allahabad city. Apart from the slums, there are

many people who live in housing that falls under the categories of S.D.P. (Integrated Housing


82

and Slum Development Programme), S.C.S.P. (Schedule Caste Sub Plan), and I.L.C.S.

(Integrated Low Cost Sanitation).10

Allahabad’s sewage system dates back to 1910 and covers 45% of the city. The city has two

STPs: Naini (60mld) and Salori (29mld; will be expanded by 14mld under proposed project).

Allahabad sewerage district A comprises of 27 wards. Most of the land use in District A

has been identified as residential and commercial, through the field survey.

The existing population and the projected population for the design period year are described

in the table below;

Table 5.14 Ward wise census population and projected population and observed land use.

Ward

Ref.

No.

Ward Land use observation in field Population Projected Population

2001 2010 2025 2040

10 Civil Lines Mix Residential/Commercial, High income

groups, heavy traffic, roads comparatively

wider and better. Posh colony with a mix of

commercial and residential. Not congested.

Sewer line had been laid down before the

rains causing a few problems to residents,

shop keepers and pedestrians. The dug up area

has not been properly laid back

12434 16537 19584 21026

11 Malakraj Mix Residential/Commercial, middle and low

income groups. Congested

10612 14114 16714 17945

17 Nyaymarg Mostly Institutes and Government offices, not

congested

12062 16042 18998 20397

23 Krishna

Nagar

Mostly residential, some shops and institutes,

banks, etc. Very congested

10654 14170 16780 18016

31 Medical

College

Institutional area, not congested, few residents 8395 11165 13222 14196

34 Minhaj Pur Mix Residential/Commercial, Middle and low

income groups, very congested

11011 14645 17342 18620

41 New Basti Residential with slums near the Yamuna

Banks, Middle and low income groups, very

congested

10600 14098 16695 17925

51 Katghar Mix Residential/Commercial, middle income

groups, congested

11774 15659 18544 19910

55 Chaukhand

i

Residential with markets, congested 10521 13993 16571 17791

57 Sarai Garhi Middle and low income groups, extremely

Congested

11333 15073 17849 19164

10 Source: www.uhi-india.org - Allahabad City Profile – February 2010


83

58 Dariyabad Mostly residential, Congested 10996 14625 17319 18594

60 Muthi Ganj Mostly Commercial (with a few residing in

floors above shops), extremely congested

12080 16066 19026 20427

61 Khalashi

Line

Mostly residential, extremely Congested 11734 15606 18481 19842

63 Shahganj Mix Residential/Commercial, Congested 10817 14387 17037 18292

65 Dariyabad Mostly residential, Congested 13660 18168 21515 23099

66 Moht Mix Residential/Commercial, Middle and low

income groups, Congested

10603 14102 16700 17930

67 Rambagh Mostly Commercial (with a few residing in

floors above shops), congested

10752 14300 16850 18182

68 Muthi Ganj Mostly Commercial (with a few residing in

floors above shops), very congested

10875 14464 17128 18390

71 Narain

Singh

Nagar

Mix Residential/Commercial, Middle and low

income groups, Congested

10602 14101 16698 17928

72 Sultanpur

Bhawa

Commercial with mix of residential, very

congested

12584 16737 19820 21280

73 Malviya

Nagar

Mostly residential, Congested 13295 14567 17251 18522

74 Bahadur

Ganj

Extremely Congested 10961 14578 17264 18535

75 Meera

Ganj

Middle and low income groups, Slums,

Congested

11815 15714 15609 19979

77 Bakshi

Bazaar

Commercial, Middle and low income groups,

congested

13650 18155 21499 23082

78 Atala Residential, Middle to low income groups,

larger Muslim population, Extremely

congested

13316 16198 19182 20595

79 Attar Suiya Mostly residential, very congested 11996 14033 16618 17842

80 Dayra Shah

Azmal

Mix Residential/Commercial, Very congested 10435 13879 16435 17646

Sub Total

(A)

309567 405176 479731 515155

Population density in Allahabad Sewerage District A: Allahabad sewerage district A

accounts for the central city core and as a result is very dense (300 persons/ha).


84

Table 5.15 Ward wise population density of Allahabad

The table shows that out of twenty seven wards only four wards i.e. Civil Area, Nyaymarg,

Medical college and Rambagh are in the category of under 200 people per hectare. However

it was observed during the field visit that Rambagh had areas that were very congested. As

per the analysis done by District Urban Development Authority (DUDA) all of the six wards

that had a density of more than 600 people per hectare including all the six wards with a

density of 400- 600 people per hectare fall in district A.


85

Figure 5.10 Map indicating major land use and social survey locations for District A


86

Cultural Significance

Allahabad or City of God in Persian is also known famous by the name of Prayag and

Sangam. Haridwar, Allahabad, and Varanasi are the three holy towns which attract thousands

of pilgrims to its waters. Allahabad stands at the confluence of two of India’s holiest rivers,

the Ganga and the Yamuna. Sangam, as the confluence is called, is the venue of many sacred

fairs and rituals, and attracts thousands of pilgrims throughout the year. This number swells

to millions during the world-famous Kumbh Mela. A third mythical Saraswati river, believed

to flow underground towards the Sangam, gives the confluence its other name

'Triveni'. Thousands of Hindu pilgrims arrive at this town to take a dip in the Ganges (Plate

5.5), which is believed to cleanse oneself of sins and help attain salvation. During festival of

Chatth, Ganga ghats attracts thousands of devotes and tourists.

Plate 5.5 Auspicious bathing at Allahabad Kumbh mela 2007 (left) and Aarti pooja delivery

during Kumbh

5.2.1 Details of Social Survey

The approach and methodology followed for social baseline study as well as the social survey

has been discussed in the Section 2.6.

Group discussion and stakeholder consultations were performed during the field surveys to

assess the situation and get the feedback about the project from all the concerned

stakeholders. Household owners in all the 27 wards were consulted, additionally other

important set of locals interviewed or consulted were pedestrians, shop-owners, mobile


87

vendors, members of sensitive places like hospital staff, school teachers, etc. Some of these

27 wards have academic and government institutions and most of them are residential in

landuse. There were no tribal population in the surveyed areas and it is in agreement with the

fact stated by census of India also.

All these people are already witnessing the construction impacts happening during ongoing

execution of JNNURM project. General perception about the ongoing project of JNNURM

and upcoming project of NGRBA was good. All the local stakeholders accepted the project

with positive gesture and have just given few suggestions based on their experience with the

ongoing project, which could help in better execution of the project.

Households surveyed were from both rich and poor colonies and was a heterogeneous group

of male and females. Most of the household have access to drinking water facilities and

electricity and have toilets as well, but most of the toilets are not connected to sewer

networks. They have pit toilets as disposal system. But most of them responded that they are

not aware that whether their household will be connected to sewer network or not.

Figure 5.11 Connection to sewers

One of the important question that was asked to communities was on the consequence of

construction of this project on certain factors like traffic, health, noise, livelihood etc. showed

the following result;


88

Figure 5.12 Problems encountered during construction phase

The figure clearly shows that traffic congestion is the most highly ranked problem. 50% of

the respondents feel that construction will lead to more traffic congestion. This is followed by

noise as a problem during the construction phase. Pollution in terms of dust generation is the

next problematic area according to the respondents and finally 10% of the respondents

mentioned that basic services like water and electricity lines will be damaged.

Table 5.16 Ward wise details of the survey is enlisted below in the table

Consultat

ion no.

Place Date No. of

Participants

Nature of

participants

Key issues raised

1 Civil Lines 22/8/11 4 Residents,

shop keepers,

women

Execution to happen in

time

Construction should not

happen in monsoon

2 Malakraj 22/8/11 4 Mix

residential and

commercial.

Traffic congestion

3 Nyaymarg 22/8/11 3 Officials

visiting

institutional

area

Noise and dust during

construction

4 Krishna

Nagar

22/8/11 4 Residents Traffic congestion, dust

generation

5 Medical 22/8/11 4 Members of Noise and dust pollution.


89

College institutions,

hospital staff

Debris is not cleared on

time

6 Minhaj Pur 22/8/11 3 Residents :

females

Traffic congestion.

But overall impact will

be good

7 New Basti 22/8/11 3 Residents Inconvenience to daily

life routine

8 Katghar 22/8/11 4 Residents:

females

Traffic congestion, no

prior information is

provided to the residents

9 Chaukhandi 22/8/11 3 Shop owners Congestion and dust

generation

10 Sarai Garhi 22/8/11 4 Residents,

mobile

vendors

Traffic congestion, piles

of excavated soil which

is not disposed off

11 Dariyabad 22/8/11 5 Residents, and

pedestrians

Traffic congestion and

inconvenience to daily

life

12 Muthi Ganj 22/8/11 5 Show owners Already congested area,

so will be more chaotic

13 Khalashi

Line

23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion

14 Shahganj 23/8/11 5 Mix group

(residential

and

commercial)

Traffic congestion

15 Dariyabad 23/8/11 3 Residents:

female

Traffic congestion, dust,

inconvenience in daily

routine life

16 Moht 23/8/11 3 Shop owners Dust generation

17 Rambagh 23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion

18 Muthi Ganj 23/8/11 5 Shop owners Traffic congestion

19 Narain

Singh Nagar

23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion

20 Sultanpur

Bhawa

23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion, Dust

generation

21 Malviya

Nagar

23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion, noise

pollution


90

22 Bahadur

Ganj

23/8/11 4 Residents Traffic congestion, noise

pollution

23 Meera Ganj 23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion, Dust

generation

24 Bakshi

Bazaar

23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion, Dust

generation

25 Atala 23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion, noise

pollution

26 Attar Suiya 23/8/11 3 Residents:

Female

Traffic congestion, Dust

generation

27 Dayra Shah

Azmal

23/8/11 6 Mix group

(residential

and

commercial)

Traffic congestion


91

Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Impacts

Pollution abetment projects may prove beneficial for the environment and society or they

may have some adverse impacts as well. Planners and decision makers have realized the

importance of understanding the consequences of any such projects on both environmental

and social sectors, and have started taking steps to avoid any adverse impacts. Based on the

major findings obtained from the field visits and secondary data analysis, the possible

environmental and social issues with reference to the proposed sewer works in sewerage

district ‘A’ of Allahabad city is been discussed in these sections.

6.1 Potential Environmental Impacts

The proposed project of sewer works in sewerage district ‘A’ would influence the

environment in three distinct phases:

During Designing phase

During the construction phase which would be temporary and short term;

During the operation phase which would have long term effects

6.1.1 Design and Development Phase

Sewer lines

All sewer lines including trunk, lateral and branch sewer lines must be designed considering

the future population and waste generation rate. Otherwise the constructed sewer may not

carry the waste load, leading to failure and financial loss. The alignment of sewer lines and

sewerage pumping station must be properly planned; else it may lead to both technical and

social problems along with environmental issues of back flow creating foul smell and

unhygienic conditions.

6.1.2 Impacts during construction phase

The proposed sub-project consists of the following activities which include:



92


Bargadghat SPS


The construction activities would generally include earthworks (excavation, filling,

shuttering, compacting), temporary diversion of existing sewer lines, civil construction

(sewer lines, STP, SPS, etc) and E & M installation and commissioning. The impacts of these

construction stage activities on the various environmental parameters are examined below:

i) Environmental sensitive areas

Based on observations and findings from field visits, interaction with government officials

and consultation with local residents, an assessment of the environmentally and ecologically

sensitive areas was made (Refer to screening checklist Table 3.1). As explained in section

5.1.10 of baseline environment status, sewerage district ‘A’ area of Allahabad city does not

have any flora and fauna components. As seen in Figure 5.8a, the nearest eco-sensitive areas

such as the Panna National Park, Dudhwa National Park and Jim Corbett National Park are at

a minimum distance of about 150 km away from the proposed project site. However the

region has small residential parks (Figure 5.7) and road side trees (Plate 5.4), which will not

be affected by the proposed sewer works, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the

middle of the road and will not pass through these areas. With regard to sensitive aquatic

areas and water bodies, there are none. It was also observed that the major land use pattern of

District A is residential, with no agricultural and no forest areas.

There are no major tourist areas falling under sewerage district ‘A’, except Sangam area

which is mainly utilized by tourists/ pilgrims for conducting aarthi Pooja or homm-havans

and for having a holy bath especially during festival times. Out of the four ASI

(Archeological Survey of India) monuments in Allahabad city which include Allahabad fort,

Alfred park, Khusrau Bhag, and Cemetery at Kydganj, only 1 is within the boundary of

sewerage district ‘A’ which is the cemetery in Kydganj. This will not be affected by the

proposed sewer works as the sewerage lines will pass through considerable distance (more

than 200m away) away from the cemetery boundary. As the Central Government has

declared upto 100 meters from the protected limits to be prohibited area and further beyond it

up to 200 meters to be regulated area for purposes of both mining operation and construction.


93

So, as per ASI official, permission would be required if the construction of the sewer line

falls within 200 m distance.

ii) Air quality

Based on the field observation of ongoing JNNRUM projects and interaction/consultation

with stake-holders, it is expected that the levels of dust (RSPM and SPM), carbon mono-

oxide (CO), hydrocarbons and NOx (NO &NO2) is likely to increase during the construction

phase mainly because of:

Excavation, backfilling, compaction activity and movement of vehicles on un-paved

roads (increases dust level)

Vehicle exhausts from construction machinery and from light and heavy vehicles for

transportation of pipes and construction material like cement, etc (increases NO2).

Use of portable diesel generators and other fuel fired machinery, and (increases CO).

With reference to sewerage district ‘A’, the air quality with respect to dust level has already

violated their annual average standards (60µg/m3) from past three years as described in

section 5.1.4 of baseline chapter. Further these construction activities cause temporary

deterioration of the air quality, causing health problems of respiratory ailments such as

bronchitis and asthma due to increased suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the air. A high

concentration of SPM could also be a leading cause for eye, ear, nose and throat infections

and related discomfort. Laying of sewerage lines mainly falls in the residential area, hence

temporary impact on air quality in these areas is of greater concern.

iii) Noise levels

The proposed construction activities are expected to increase the noise levels mainly due to

plying of construction vehicles, pumping machines, use of portable generators, mechanical

machinery such as cranes, riveting machines, hammering etc. These activities will occur

round the clock and the noise pollution thus created may affect human habitations,

particularly during the night time. Increase of noise level at night may produce disturbances,

causing sleeplessness in people in the vicinity of the site in case construction activity is

extended into the night hours. As per the baseline environmental status, the noise levels in

sewerage district ‘A, are expected to be within permissible limits as the area is mostly

residential and has limited commercial, and no industrial area. Facilities that are expected to


94

feel the temporary impacts more than others include schools/colleges (Allahabad Degree

College, Kesrvidyapith Inter College, Ewing Christian College), hospitals (Swarup Rani

Nehru Hospital.

Jeevan Jyoti Multispeciality Hospital) and cultural centres like Shree Swami Narayan

Temple, Masjid – e- imam Sajjad, etc. However, these impacts are of temporary nature,

lasting only during the construction period.

iv) Water resources

From field visits, interactions and consultations, it was found that there were no water bodies

in the project area. The natural drainage channels of the project area are likely to be affected

in the following ways:

Direct discharge from construction activities – If the construction wastes and

construction related material are not properly handled/ managed, then certain

impurities like suspended particles, pollutants like oil, grease, cement etc, may find

their way to the river Yamuna via storm drains during rainfall. (refer to Figure 5.6 for

drainage network of District A). There may also be temporary blockage of drains due

to unmanaged material and construction debris.

Flooding is likely during monsoon as drainage paths could be obstructed and

redirected by the debris (noted during field visits and as per the Section 5.1.9 of

baseline environmental status); this concern was also voiced by residents. During

construction of sewerage works in District A, there may be flooding due to the

already blocked state of drains and nalas, due to poor solid waste management (refer

to Plate 5.3). Areas that are expected to face temporary flooding issues include Civil

Line area, Kydganj, etc.

The excavation activities will be carried out up to a depth of 15 m or so, and will not

impact the groundwater levels of the region since a provision for dewatering and

lowering of water table has been made in the detailed project report.11


by U P Jal Nigam, 2010-11


95

As explained in Section 5.1.6.1 of per the baseline environmental status, the Biochemical

Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels, Total coliform and faecal coliform in the rivers are often

above the permissible limits indicating possible contamination from municipal waste water

discharges from the city. Therefore this new sewer project will be have a positive effect on

the river Ganga and Yamuna, as the untreated sewage would now be diverted to sewerage

district A (Naini STP) and would not be let into the Yamuna12. Improved water quality

provides cleaner water supply to the city of Allahabad, safer irrigation water for the farmers

around and downstream of the city, and an improved bathing experience for the religious

pilgrims that visit the city.

v) Management and Disposal of Excavated Material during construction

The proposed project will have lot of construction involved and as such if the management

and disposal of excavated material is not properly done, it will impose a problem to local

people and residents. This would be a temporary impact but a mitigation measure for this has

been suggested.

6.1.3 Impacts during operation phase

i) Water environment

Water resources in the project area would be the most positively benefited by the sanitation

project since additional sewage will now be routed to the STP. Therefore proper operation

and maintenance mechanism must be followed for efficient working of the system. The

probably environmental impacts related to water during operation stage may include

unpredictable events such as:

Temporary flooding of adjacent areas due to accidental leakages/bursts and also due

to blockages and backlogging of lines.

Water pollution and possibility of mixing with water supply line due to leakages/

overflows from the sewer lines

Impairment of receiving water quality in surface/sub-surface source due to inadequate

/inefficient sewage treatment process.

12 Mr. Rohit, Asst. Project Engineer, State Pollution Control Board, Allahabad


96

ii) Noise and air quality

Improper handling and irregular maintenance of operating machines including pumps,

generators, air diffusers, etc may lead to increased noise pollution during operation activity.

There will also be minimisation of gas being emitted from the sewage drains, since during

operation, most of the works will be laid underground.

iii) Sludge Disposal from the Pumping Station

It is possible that during the operation of pumping station sludge generated may not be

properly handled. This could be a cause of concern from environmental aspect.

6.2 Potential Social Impacts

The proposed project of sewer works in sewerage district ‘A’ would influence the social

sector in a distinct phase of construction period which would be temporary and short term.

Social Impacts

i. Impact on human health

One of the potential impacts of the proposed sub-projects will be on the air quality due to the

dust generated during excavation and tunneling. The amount of dust generated will depend

upon the level of digging and the prevailing weather conditions and can have an adverse

impact on the health of the persons residing or working near the project sites. Increased dust

was witnessed during the field visit during construction of JNNURM-related sewage projects.

Since the district has more of residential land use, the number of people who will be affected

is more. Residential population includes more vulnerable groups such as the elderly and

children. Some of the residential colonies are Krishna Nagar, New Basti, Chaukhandi,

Khalashi Line, Dariyabad, Atala, Attar Suiya, etc.

ii. Traffic Congestion

Due to the excavation work which will take place on the main roads of the city, there will be

a disturbance in the traffic movement. People may suffer some inconvenience during the

morning and evening peak hours. This issue is discussed in the DPR, and suggests de-routing

of the traffic as the mitigation measure. Few residents at Civil Lines also complained that


97

they were unable to move their cars due to the excavation outside their house. Commercial

areas such as Rambagh, Muthi ganj, etc. are very busy congested areas; any excavation in this

area will inhibit traffic movement. Diversion of traffic maybe required for such areas. This

issue is discussed in the DPR.

Plate 6.1 Traffic at Rambagh Chauraha


98

Figure 6.1 Road network map of District A indicating majority of roads have width less than

5 units. Around 97.39% of the roads have width less than 5 units, where the chances of traffic

congestion could be high

iii. Impact on livelihood

The excavation and tunneling work will lead to road blockage and as a result the commercial

establishments and vendors will have some trouble in operating their business on daily basis.

But there will be no loss of livelihood. Ambulatory vendors can very well shift their place as

and when required. So, overall no loss of livelihood has been reported during the survey.

As per anecdotal evidence gathered in the field visit, most shop-owners and mobile vendors

are welcoming the sewage project implementation as they see a direct benefit of improved

living and working conditions. They are aware of, and prepared to face temporary


99

inconveniences caused by construction if the project is implemented in a timely manner.

However, the same interviewees felt that they had little confidence in the ability of the

agency to execute a project in an efficient manner. They had grievances with the long

duration of construction work.

Plate 6.2 Interview- Mobile vendors

iv. Impact on existing utility services

The road opening activities may damage the underground water pipelines or electricity poles

in the vicinity of the site for the proposed sub-projects. This will lead to water supply

interruptions, disruption in electricity supply and will involve expensive repair costs.

Flooding of areas could also occur. Officials of UP Jal Nigam stated that they receive some

complaints about water line brakeage during the construction phase. With no other alternative

source readily available, people have to buy water from private tanks or buy bottled water for

drinking purpose till the time service is restored to normal. The DPR also notes impacts on

utility services as a potential issue.

v. Safety hazards

There are potential hazards for the workers as well as for the pedestrians. Additionally, there

have been reports, gathered during the field visit and interviewing that, of children falling

into holes left open by construction crews on JNNURM projects, and children were seen

playing around active construction sites. Resident of locality Allahabad stated that they have


100

witnessed such causality during construction. Safety equipment for workers is provided as

part of the DPR.

vi. Elevated Noise Levels

Increased noise pollution was noted during JNNRUM construction from construction

equipment. This will disturb residences, and especially schools and institutes in and around

Civil Lines area, Medical College area, etc. For elderly and students, noise is disturbing and

affects their comfort. This could be a problem especially in sensitive areas like school and

hospitals.

vii. Failure to Restore Temporary Construction Sites

Excessive debris, trash or construction remnants (e.g. dirt piles) would create problems

related to drainage, unhygienic conditions and poor aesthetics; however, clean-up and debris

clearance is budgeted in the DPR so this should not be a concern.

viii. Affect to daily life

Resident of Civil Lines colonies complained that during construction in JNNURM projects,

they were not able to take out their vehicles from their house premises and even there was no

space outside for parking.

ix. Land Acquisition

Consultations with relevant officials including UP Jal Nigam officials, Revenue Department,

community, other sources13 and first-hand observations during the field visit no additional

land is required for the project, as sewage construction will not result in land seizures of any

kind. Moreover, the SPS compound would need around 1000 m2 of land. The land on which

the SPS is proposed to come up belongs to the government and has no habitation. Hence, no

relocation would be needed, as per the dialogue with UP Jal Nigam officials. Moreover there

would be no loss of community assets during the construction as noticed during field survey

and interaction with the local people. Also Figure 5.10 indicate that the project construction


by U P Jal Nigam, 2010-11.


101

will happen in public land, there will be no agricultural or forest community land requirement

for laying sewer lines.

6.3 Conclusion

Based on the overall secondary data analysis and field investigation, the proposed project is

expected to benefit the Allahabad City, as the wastewater that currently flows untreated into

the Ganga river will be captured, treated and the remainder of the treated effluent will be

allowed to flow into the river. The likely beneficial impacts of the projects include

Improvement in sewerage collection and treatment within the cities/towns

Prevention of storm drains carrying sanitary sullage or dry weather flow

Prevention of ground water and soil pollution due to infiltration of untreated liquid

waste

Prevention of discharge of untreated sewage into River Ganga

Improvement in water quality of River Ganga, a national resource

Improvement in environmental sanitation health and reduction in associated health

hazards within the cities/towns

Improvement in quality of life, human dignity and increased productivity

Reduced nuisance of open defecation due to low cost sanitation and reduced malarial

risks and other health hazards

Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental impacts, but

will have temporary impacts, that can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans.

However, the large environmental benefit of the project greatly outweighs the temporary

inconveniences.


102

Chapter 7 Mitigation and Management Plan

7.1 Environmental Management Plan

Table 7.1 summarizes the generic environmental management plan for low category

investment that identifies the potential issues of various activities that are anticipated in the

design and development, construction, and operation phases of the proposed sewer work in

sewerage district ‘A’. The environmental management plan ensures to suggest appropriate

mitigation measure against the issues/ concerns identified during the environmental and

social assessment study.

In general, the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam (UPJN) (with assistance from Contractor and

Independent Engineer/Supervision Consultant) is the responsible entity for ensuring that the

mitigation measures as suggested in the ESMP. The roles and responsibilities of the involved

institutes are described below.

7.1.1 Implementation of EMP Specific activities by UPJN

The role of UPJN in the implementation of EMP involves the following activities:

EMP clearance from NMCG and World Bank and disclosure as required;

Integrating the EMP in the bid document of contractor as an addendum;

7.1.2 Specific activities by Contractor

The activities to be performed by the contractor to implement the EMP shall comprise the

following:

7.1.3 Implementation of EMP

The contractor shall be responsible to implement the EMP primarily in assistance with the

Project Management Consultant team. The Environmental Specialist from the Independent

Engineer/ Supervision Consultant shall monitor the compliance of the EMP and all the design

drawings of various civil structures shall be implemented after his approval.


103

The State, local Government will be responsible for Coordination, Monitoring and evaluation

of the Environment Management Plan. It should ensure all the safeguarding plans are in line

and acted upon. Contractor shall report the implementation of the Environment Management

Plan to the Environmental Expert and the Project management consultant as well as to UP Jal

Nigam through monthly reports. Further a quarterly report is required to be prepared and

required to be given to National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) for the progress made in

implementing the Environment Management Plan.

Feedback from the local residents can also be taken from time to time to cross check the

contractor’s report. Project management consultants should make inspection visits at

construction site to check the implementation of Environment Management Plan as per the

contract. Broad Institutional arrangement for implementation of EMP is shown in figure 7.1

below:

Chief Engineer-Allahabad Zone

Scheme Implementation Team (including EMP and R&R implementation)

UPJN

Project Manager

(Contractor)

Environmental Officer

(Contractor)

Team Leader

(Supervision Consultant)

Environmental Expert

(Supervision Consultant)

State Pollution

Control Board

PM-1 PM-2 PM-3

GM-Ganga Pollution control unit

Figure 7.1: Organization Structure for Implementation of EMP


104

Table 7.1 Generic Environmental Guidelines / Management Plan for Low impact category Investments

Activity Potential Negative

Impact/Concern

Duration of

impact

Mitigation Measures Responsible agency

Sewerage and Sanitation Investments

A. Design and Development Phase

Sewerage Accidental leakages/ bursts Due to accidental

burst or leakage of

sewers, flooding

of the nearby areas

could take place

Backlogging due

to unexpected

heavy flow rates

Temporary Designing sewers with adequate capacity

and flow velocity

Regular inspection and maintenance of

the sewers

UP Jal Nigam

Design consultants

Allahabad Jal

Sansthan

Sewage

Pumping

Station

Pumping of sewage from

District A

to STP

Noise and odour

nuisance to

surrounding areas.

Permanent Selection of appropriate location away

from sensitive locations such as schools

and hospitals. However, if appropriate

location is not available then extra

precautions can be taken.

Ensure that the pumping station is within

a noise reducing structure or in an

enclosed space (such as concrete/brick

structure)

Use of less noise generating equipment

with regular maintenance.

Tree plantation around SPS

Solid waste should not be kept for more

than 24 hours and herbicide should be

sprayed.

UP Jal Nigam

Design consultants

Jal Sansthan (for O

and M)


105

Solid waste can be disposed at disposal

sites, preferably a sanitary landfill

B. Construction phase

Sewerage

(laying of

sewers)

Excavation, cutting, back

filling and compaction

operations

Damage to

underground utilities

like water, gas line,

electricity and

telephone conduits,

etc due to

construction

activities.

Temporary Review all available drawings, notes, and

information on the existing underground

lines and structures in determining the

location of the existing facilities.

Concerned authorities should be

informed and their assistance sought to

remove, relocate and restore services of

these utilities prior to commencement of

construction.

All these underground utilities

encountered in excavating trenches

carefully shall be supported, maintained

and protected from injury or interruption

of service until backfill is complete and

settlement has taken place.

Minimize time for replacement

operations; and appropriate scheduling as

necessary especially for water supply

line.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

Allahabad Jal

Sansthan


106

Accidents/ damages

due to erosion/

sliding of vertical

sides of excavated

trenches while places

the pipes

Temporary Maintaining the excavation by Shoring

trench sides by placing sheeting, timber

shores, trench jacks, bracing, sheet

piling materials to resist pressures

surrounding the excavation

Exposed surface will be resurfaced and

stabilized by making the sloping sides of

trench to the angle of repose at which the

soil will remain safely at rest.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

Allahabad Jal

Sansthan

Dust Generation due

to excavation,

cutting, back filling

and compaction

operations

Temporary The dust levels in sewerage district ‘A’ are

already above the permissible limits, further

this construction activity may increase the

dust causing nuisance to local residents and

vendors.

Dust is generated due to the disturbance

of soil and roadways. It is recommended

to minimize dust generated by wetting all

unprotected cleared areas and stockpiles

with water twice a day, especially during

dry and windy periods. Water tankers

will carry the water and labourers will

spray on the dusted land

Additionally, it is recommended to wet

and cover excavated material transported

by trucks.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

Allahabad Jal

Sansthan


107

Noise and vibration

disturbances to

residents and

businesses

Temporary Noise is a temporary nuisance caused due to

construction activity. It is recommended

that construction activities be carried out

only during normal working hours after

providing prior intimation to local residents

and shop keepers.

Construction works near schools and

colleges should be carried out during

vacations and works near hospitals

should be completed on priority basis (in

shorter time period with alternate

provision of traffic, accessibility of

exit/entry gates etc.).

Wherever possible, the use of less noise

generating equipment for all activities is

recommended.

Construction noise is not only a nuisance

for the local community, but can also be

a health hazard to construction workers

due to prolonged exposure. Provision of

protective equipment like ear muffs and

plugs for operating personnel is

recommended.

It is recommended that where feasible, a

sound barrier be provided in inhabited

areas, particularly if there are sensitive

zones like hospitals, schools etc.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

Allahabad Jal

Sansthan


108

Temporary flooding

due to excavation

during monsoons or

blockage of surface

drains

Temporary Ensure that excavated soil material is

stored on the higher lying areas of the

site and not in any storm water run-off

channels or any other areas where it is

likely to cause erosion or where water

would naturally accumulate causing

flooding.

The areas where excavated soil will be

stockpiled must be bordered by berms to

prevent soil loss caused by rain.

Excess soil is to be transported to

dumping location within 24 hrs of

completion of task in vehicles which

have top cover that will prevent dust

dispersal.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

Allahabad Jal

Sansthan

Increased traffic

inconvenience

(emissions,

congestions, longer

travel times, blockage

of access)

Temporary Since most of the roads in the project

area are narrow there will be some traffic

congestion, hence alternate traffic routing

must be adopted in consultation with

concerned traffic police authorities.

Traffic dislocations also have some

adverse impact on trade and commerce,

hence works at business and market area

must be completed earlier.

Care should be taken to minimize

congestion and negative impacts at

schools and hospitals

Provide temporary crossing/ bridges to

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

Traffic police


109

facilitate normal life and business

Settlement of

backfilled area after

construction

Temporary The backfilling material shall be free

from petroleum products, slag, cinders,

ashes and rubbish, or other material.

Backfilling activity should follow the

construction schedule, as recommended

by the DPR, which estimates that a 1 km

stretch of construction work is to be

completed in approximately 3 days.

Proper compaction as per the soil

condition and retain the original level/

alignment and grade as it was before the

work commenced.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

Spillage of fuel and

oil

Temporary Store tanks and drums for excess

capacity; forbid pouring into soils or

drains; enforce adequate equipment

maintenance procedures

Excess soil is to be transported to

dumping location in vehicles which have

top cover that will prevent dust dispersal

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

Sewage

pumping

station

Excavation Damage to topsoil

due to excavation

activities.

Temporary To prevent excessive disturbance of

natural vegetation, the top soil excavated

should be stored and utilized for re-

vegetation after completion of work.

Topsoil and subsoil must be placed on

opposite sides of the trench and must be

kept separate throughout construction

and rehabilitation.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal

Allahabad Jal

Sansthan


110

Construction waste Temporary All the associated construction waste

should be properly managed by storing

and disposing off at identified refusal

sites.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

Allahabad Jal

Sansthan

Soil erosion during

excavation/ filling

operation (while

constructing

foundation of

structure)

Temporary Proper stock piling of excavated soil and

must be bordered by berms.

Shoring trench sides by placing sheeting,

timber shores, trench jacks, bracing,

piles, or other materials to resist

pressures surrounding the excavation

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

Allahabad Jal

Sansthan

Dust Generation due

to construction

activities

Temporary Excavated material transported by trucks

will be covered and/or wetted to prevent

dust nuisance.

Suppressing dust generation by spraying

water on stockpiles

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

Allahabad Jal

Sansthan


111

Temporary flooding

due to uneven

dumping of

construction waste

Temporary The construction waste material should

be stored on the higher lying areas of the

site and not in any storm water run-off

channels or any other areas where it is

likely to cause erosion or where water

would naturally accumulate causing

flooding.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

Allahabad Jal

Sansthan

General: Air

Environmen

t due to all

construction

activities

Air pollution due to

particulate matter

emissions from

excavation,

construction material

handling,

transportation of

materials

Temporary Providing curtains (polysheets/ sheets)

all around the site to control dust

spreading beyond the site.

Sprinkling of water at regular intervals to

control dust especially places where soil

is stockpiled.

Preventive maintenance of construction

equipment and vehicles to meet emission

standards

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

General:

Noise

Environmen

t due to all

construction

activities

Noise hazards Temporary Noise attenuation with sound proof

insulation for noise generation sources

like pumps, generators or using less

noise making equipment

Proper maintenance of construction

equipment and vehicles to keep them

with low noise.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam


112

General

waste during

construction

Nuisance due to solid

waste disposal

Temporary Ensure that no litter, refuse, wastes,

rubbish, rubble, debris and builders

wastes generated on the premises must

be collected in rubbish bins and disposed

of weekly at registered refuse facility

sites.

Toilet facility must be provided at

construction site and should be

maintained properly. Toilets must be

emptied regularly at treatment plants and

every effort must be made to prevent the

contamination of surface or sub-surface

water

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

General:

safety

during

construction

Safety hazards to

labours and public

Temporary Comply with the Occupational health and

Safety act of India

Ensure that the contact details of the

police or security company and

ambulance services nearby to the site.

Ensure that the handling of equipment

and materials is supervised and

adequately instructed.

Erect warning signs/ tapes and temporary

barriers and/or danger tape, marking

flags, lights and flagmen around the

exposed construction works warn the

public and traffic flow of the inherent

dangers.

Provide adequate safety precautions such

as helmets, safety shoes, gloves, dust

masks, gumboots, etc.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam


113

Constructio

n camps (if

adopted)

Nuisance due to

absence of facility of

sanitation and solid

waste management

Temporary Labour camps are not required, if the

labours are from the native place.

If labours are not from native place, than

following measures must be undertaken:

1) The camps must be not be in an

environmentally sensitive area such

as in close proximity to a

watercourse, on a steep slope or on

erosive soils.

2) Camp sites will have adequate

provision of shelter, water supply,

sanitation and solid waste

management as far as practicable.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

C. Operation phase

Sewer line Leakage/ overflows Water pollution and

possibility of mixing

with water supply

line

Permanent There is a temporary concern of leakages

and overflows leading to flooding of

adjacent areas in the sewerage district A

(screening checklist). However this can be

mitigated and managed by:

Regular monitoring of sewer line and

manholes for visible leakages/ overflows.

Immediate repair operation for the

damaged portion of sewer line.

De-siltation of blocked sewers/ manholes

with sewage pumping machines-storing

and disposal at appropriate refusal area

after treatment.

Jal Santhan

UP Jal Nigam


114

Ensure proper covering of manhole and

avoid dumping of solid waste to prevent

chocking of sewer line.

Sewage

pumping

station

Noise pollution from

operation activities

Permanent Proper handling and regular maintenance

of operating machines including pumps,

generators, air diffusers, noise

monitoring, etc.

Jal Santhan

UP Jal Nigam

Sewage

pumping

station

Solid waste Contamination of

water resources,

blockage, bad odour,

Health hazard and

public nuisance

Permanent Solid waste should not be kept for more

than 24 hours

Solid waste can be disposed at disposal

sites, preferably a sanitary landfill

Jal Santhan

UP Jal Nigam

Allahabad Municipal

Corporation

General

Waste

Sanitary conditions at

construction camps and

site.

Contamination of

water resources,

blockage of storm

drains, bad odour,

Health hazard and

public nuisance

Temporary Ensure regular monitoring of provision

of water supply, excreta and solid waste

management.

Waste should be emptied regularly at

disposal area until the work is completed.

Maintaining proper hygienic

environment in and around camps and

site by regular surveillance and

monitoring of waste.

Jal Santhan

UP Jal Nigam

General

Safety

Workers exposed to

toxic gases in

sewers and

hazardous materials

in sewage during

maintenance work

Workers exposed to

Serious/health/

safety hazards

The toxic gases

are likely to

contract

communicable

Temporary During cleaning/ maintenance operation,

the sewer line will be adequately vented

to ensure that no toxic or hazardous gases

are present in the line.

Gases present in the sewer line should be

analysed for hazardous/toxic gases

before commencing cleaning operation.

Jal Santhan

UP Jal Nigam


115

electrical hazards diseases from

exposure to

pathogens present

in the sewage.

Medical casualty

due to electric

hazards

Provision of adequate safety precautions

such as helmets, safety shoes, gloves,

dust masks, gumboots, etc. during

maintenance operation

For more details refer to CPHEEO

manual on sewer cleaning equipment and

procedures

Encasing the ‘on & off’ switch and

electrical hazards from monsoon


116

7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan

The Environmental Monitoring Programme has been detailed out in Table 7-2. Successful

implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Program is contingent on the following:

The Project Management Consultant (PMC) along with UPJN to request the Contractor

to commence all the initial tests for monitoring (i.e. for Air, Water Quality and Noise

Levels) early in the Contract to establish 'base' readings (i.e. to assess the existing

conditions prior to effects from the Construction activities being felt);

The PMC along with UPJN to request the Concessionaire / Contractor to submit for

approval a proposed schedule of subsequent periodic tests to be carried out;

Monitoring by the PMC's Environmental Officer of all the environmental monitoring

tests, and subsequent analysis of results;

Where indicated by testing results, and any other relevant on-site conditions, PMC to

instruct the Concessionaire / Contractor to:

o Modify the testing schedule (dates, frequency);

o Modify (add to or delete) testing locations;

o Verify testing results with additional testing as/if required;

o Require recalibration of equipment, etc., as necessary; and,

o Request the Concessionaire to stop, modify or defer specific construction

equipment, processes, etc., as necessary, that are deemed to have contributed

significantly to monitoring readings in excess of permissible environmental "safe"

levels.

Monitoring of Concessionaire / Contractor's Facilities, Plant and Equipment

All issues related to negative environmental impacts of the Contractor's

Facilities, Plant and equipment are to be controlled through;

The Contractor's self-imposed quality assurance plan;

Regular / periodic inspection of the Concessionaire / Contractor’s plant and

equipment;

Monthly appraisal of the Contractor.

Other environmental impacts are to be regularly identified and noted on the monthly

appraisal inspection made to review all aspects of the Contractor's operation. The officer is to

review all monthly appraisal reports, and through the team leader is to instruct the Contractor


117

to rectify all significant negative environmental impacts.

7.3 EMP Budget

The environmental budget for the various environmental management measures proposed in

the ESMP is detailed in Table 7-3 and the cost of the Environmental Monitoring is given in

Table 7-4. There are several other environmental issues that have been addressed as part of

good engineering practices, the costs for which have been accounted for in the Engineering

Cost. The rates adopted for the budget has been worked out on the basis of market rates and

the Schedule of rates. Various environmental aspects covered/will be covered under

engineering costs are listed below:

Proper drainage arrangements to prevent water stagnation/ flooding in SPS site area

Appropriate siting, and enclosing within building to reduce noise and odour nuisance to

surrounding area Drainage along the ghats to collect the discharge from the residents and

connecting to city sewer

Alternate traffic re-routing,

Ensuring storage of excavated soil material on the higher lying areas

Solid Waste Management


118

Table7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan

Env.

Component

Stage Institutional Responsibilities

Parameter Standards/Method

s

Locations Frequency Implementation Supervision

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Con

stru

ctio

n PM10 μg /m3,

PM2.5 μg/m3,

SO2, NOX, CO

CPCB

Sewer

Construction

Sites

Once in every

season (except

monsoon

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and SPMG

Op

erati

on

PM10 μg /m3,

PM2.5 μg/m3,

SO2, NOX, CO

Sewer

Construction

Sites

Once in a year

except monsoon for

first 5 years.

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and SPMG

Met

eoro

logy

Co

nst

ruct

ion

Rainfall,

humidity, Wind

Speed, Wind

direction,

Temperature

USEPA's

Meteorological

Monitoring

Guidance for

Regulatory

Modeling

Applications

One location

within

Allahabad A

district

Once in every

season

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and SPMG


119

Op

erati

on

Rainfall, humidity,

Wind Speed, Wind

direction,

Temperature

USEPA's

Meteorological

Monitoring Guidance

for Regulatory

Modeling

Applications

One location

within

Allahabad A

district

Once in a year Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and SPMG

Nois

e L

evel

s

Con

stru

ctio

n Leq dB (A) (Day

and Night) Average

and Peak values

Ambient Noise

Standard

CPCB

Sewer

Construction

Sites

Once in every

season (except

monsoon)

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and SPMG

Op

erati

on

Leq dB (A) (Day

and Night) Average

and Peak values

Sewer

Construction

Sites

Once in a year

except monsoon for

first 5 years.

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and SPMG

So

il

Co

nst

ruct

ion

Physical Parameter:

Texture, Grain Size,

Gravel, Sand, Silt,

Clay; Chemical

Parameter: pH,

Conductivity,

Calcium,

Magnesium,

Sodium, Nitrogen,

Absorption Ratio

Consider the

following methods:

IS-2720 (Various

part);

Soil Chemical

Analysis by M.L.

JACKSON.

Soil Test Method by

Ministry of

agriculture

Sewer

Construction

Sites and

SPS

Once in every

season

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and SPMG


120

Op

erati

on

Physical : Texture,

Grain Size, Gravel,

Sand, Silt, Clay;

Chemical Parameter:

pH,

Conductivity,

Calcium,

Magnesium,

Sodium, Nitrogen,

Absorption Ratio

Consider the

following methods:

IS-2720 (Various

part);

Soil Chemical

Analysis by M.L.

JACKSON.

Soil Test Method by

Ministry of

agriculture

Along sewer

construction

sites, SPS

Twice in a year

(Pre-monsoon and

Post monsoon) for

first 5 years,

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and SPMG


121

Table 7.3 Cost information of EMP

Phase Component of

EMP

Mitigation measure Cost included in

the DPR

(Yes/no/not clear)

Cost in Rupees

(or Details if provided in

DPR)

Remarks

Design

and

Develop

ment

Provision for

accidental leakages /

bursts in SPS

Proper drainage arrangements to

prevent water stagnation/

flooding in SPS site area

Yes (not specific but

included as a part of

associated

construction

activity)

DPR for Sewerage

system in Sewerage

District ‘A’ Allahabad,

The proposed DPR includes these

activities

Location of SPS Appropriate siting, and enclosing

within building to reduce noise

and odour nuisance to

surrounding area

Yes DPR for Sewerage

system in Sewerage


The proposed SPS will be indoor

which will prevent noise and

enclosed nature and appropriate

cleaning and maintenance will

prevent odour nuisance

Construct

ion

Excavation, Cutting

and filling

operations

Review of existing infrastructure,

shoring trenches, reinstatement/

resurfacing


system in Sewerage



activities

Damage public

utilities

Proper reviewing of existing

drawing s of utilities, informing

concern authorities and

reinstatement of public utilities


system in Sewerage



activities

Dust generation Water sprinkling on excavated

material to suppress dust and

provision of top cover when

transported through vehicles

No Water tanker: Rs.

Approximately

Rs. 28,80,000

/-

Top cover for dumper

truck: Rs. 33750/-

According to DPR 80Km stretch in

each zone will be completed in

3years. This means approximately

75 m will be covered per day.

750 L of water will be consumed

for 75 m using sprinkler average 2

times a day

Labour cost-Rs. 150/day


122

Phase Component of

EMP


the DPR

(Yes/no/not clear)

Cost in Rupees


DPR)

Remarks

Rs. 300/tanker+Rs150/labourer =

Rs. 450

Per meter cost = Rs. 450/75m = Rs

6/-

Total cost for 80 Km= Rs.

480000

Keeping a 2 day margin for

construction and reinstatement of

the site

2x480000= Rs. 960000/-

For 240km stretch:

Rs. 28,80,000/-

Top cover:

Approximately 30 Sqm of top

cover may require for each

vehicle. Assuming 5 such vehicle

involved in transporting excess

soil to dumping location

(considering construction schedule

and max excavated earth disposal).

Hence 5 trucks* required top cover

30 Sqm* Cost of Tripol cover at

Rs. 75/ Sqm


123

Phase Component of

EMP


the DPR

(Yes/no/not clear)

Cost in Rupees


DPR)

Remarks

Noise and vibrations Usage of sound barriers or sheets. No. Rs. 9,29,850/- As per the schedule, the

construction of 80km in 3zones

each has to be executed in 36

months For providing sound

barriers like GI sheets, 4Km out of

80 Km of stretch of sensitive zones

in sewer work is considered

assuming excavation, construction

and backfilling activity will take

place simultaneously at different

stretches.

Considering 302 GI sheet of 3’x

8’ would cover 75m length (both

sides) of construction activity

daily. (150 sheets are needed of for

one side of 150 m stretch, so for 2

sides 300 sheets and 2 more sheets

to enclose one open side of the

barricading; 150 m is taken as a

safer option as it will not be

possible to shift the barrier to

another site same day)

Hence 302 sheets* Cost of GI

sheet Rs.1000 per sheet (Rs.70-

100 per Kg)* labour cost ( two

labours at avg. rate of Rs. 150 per

day) = Rs. 309950


124

Phase Component of

EMP


the DPR

(Yes/no/not clear)

Cost in Rupees


DPR)

Remarks

And for 240 Kms = Rs. 9,29,850/-

Temporary flooding

or , water logging

Alternate traffic re-routing,

Ensuring storage of excavated

soil material on the higher lying

areas


system in Sewerage


Increased traffic

inconvenience

Traffic re-routing Yes DPR for Sewerage

system in Sewerage


Safety hazards to

workers and

residents

Putting fences or other barricades

to demarcate the area

No Rs. 16875 Assuming a stretch of 75m per

day, 150 rods will be used, @ Rs.

75/- per rod.

Labour

camps (if

adopted)

Health hazards and

nuisance due to

absence of facility

for sanitation or

solid waste

management

Sanitation No Cost of construction of

pit and toilet building &

cleaning approximately

Rs. 15,12,000/-

Total no. of labour is estimated

assuming 35% of total project

working for 36 months .The labour

camps can be divided into 1 camps

for each zone, for appropriate

management and maintenance

work. So per day each camp will

have around 950 labourers

A toilet with septic tank is been

suggested for sanitation facility at

labour camps. Septic tank of

capacity 45 m3 will be used. For

950 labourers 63 m3 of total pit

capacity would be needed. Hence


125

Phase Component of

EMP


the DPR

(Yes/no/not clear)

Cost in Rupees


DPR)

Remarks

2 pits will be needed. Cost of one

pit is Rs. 1,20,000. Cost of 2 pits

would ne Rs. 2,40,000/-

For this 3 toilet buildings of 15

closets will be needed. Cost of one

toilet building is Rs. 80,000. So for

3 toilet building total cost is Rs.

2,40,000.

Therefore, total cost of toilet

construction at one camp site

would be Rs 4,80,000/-

For constructing toilet at 3 camps

expenditure would be Rs.

14,40,000/-

Cleaning of pit cost Rs 4000/-.

And after 9 months cleaning is

needed so thrice cleaning is

needed. So for 2 pits X 3 camps X

3 times cleaning the cost will come

as Rs.72000/-

Water Supply No Approximately Rs.

1213821/-

As estimated 950 labourers will be

at one camp, so approximately 190

families will be placed at one

camp. Around 10 standposts will

be needed at one camp. One

standpost construction cost is Rs

6250/-. So for 3 camps total cost


126

Phase Component of

EMP


the DPR

(Yes/no/not clear)

Cost in Rupees


DPR)

Remarks

will be Rs 187500 for

construction. At the rate of 135

LPCD, 128250L of water is

needed for each camp. At the rate

of Rs 2.5KL, the cost of water

provisioning would be Rs 320.65

per day. Total cost for 36 months

would be Rs 342106.875 and the

total cost for all camps would be

Rs 1026320.625.

Total cost of construction and

provisioning would be Rs

1213820.625

Dust bins No Approximately Rs.

200000/-

Solid waste generation: Generally

about 200 grams of solid waste is

generated per 5 persons every day.

Hence two cluster dustbin (one for

biodegradable waste and one for

non-biodegradable waste of 1 cum

size at the rate of Rs. 2000/-) may

handle solid waste generated.

Total cost for EMP is estimated to be approximately Rs. 6786296/- excluding budget for environmental monitoring plan.


127

Table 7.4 Cost of Environmental Monitoring Plan

Allahabad-A SEWERAGE SCHEME, UP

Item Location Season Year Total no. of

samples Unit Cost Total Cost

Environment Monitoring during Construction Stage

Air quality Monitoring 8 3 3 72 7,000.00 504,000.00

Metrological data 1 4 3 12 5,000.00 60,000.00

Noise / vibration 8 3 3 72 2,000.00 144,000.00

Soil analysis 8 2 3 48 5,500.00 264,000.00

Travel and Transportation of

monitoring Team Lumpsum 240,000.00

Sub total 1,212,000.00

Environment Monitoring Cost (Operation Stage)

Air quality Monitoring 8 1 5 40 7,000.00 280,000.00

Metrological data 1 1 5 5 5,000.00 25,000.00

Noise / vibration 8 1 5 40 2,000.00 80,000.00

Soil analysis 4 2 5 40 5,500.00 220,000.00

Sub-Total 605,000.00

Travel and Transportation of

monitoring Team Lumpsum 400,000.00

TOTAL for Environmental Monitoring 2,217,000.00

Total Cost of EMP and Environmental Monitoring (Total of Table 7.3 and Table 7.4)

90,03,296

Say 90 Lakhs


128

7.4 Social Management Plan 7.4.1 Social mitigation plans during construction phase

Based on the identified social issues, doable mitigation plans are proposed. Some of these

measures are already listed in the DPRs, and some of them are additionally recommended for

social development of the project and the concerned stakeholders.

i. Impact on human health

Mitigation Measure: Acoustic enclosures or hoardings can be constructed at the

proposed sites

Mitigation plan involves the erection of temporary enclosures around construction

sites. These barriers will help entrap some of the dust that is brought up in digging.

They will also provide safety benefits, to be detailed below. According to the

interaction/consultation with the key stakeholders, it was said that contractors are

doing water sprinkling in the construction area.

ii. Traffic Congestion

Mitigation Measure: Re-route traffic whenever possible and employing traffic police

to manage the traffic movement.

Traffic must be re-routed to facilitate ease of movement. Proper signage should

provide detailed information on the dates and duration of road closures and which

detours will be available, ideally well in advance of actual construction so residents

can plan accordingly. Strategic placement of traffic police at critical intersections will

also facilitate better flow of traffic. Plans and budget for these measures are already

included in the DPR.

iii. Impact on livelihood

Sewer constructions will invariable lead to road closures, which will adversely affect

shops on those streets. The first priority is for the contractor to take the necessary

measures to ensure that pedestrians always have access to shops, vendors, etc. For

mobile vendors, this may include adjusting the location of the cart, etc. to a similar

location in the immediate vicinity of the original location for the duration of the

project. Projects should also proceed on schedule so as to minimize disruption.


129

Additionally, clean-up of debris and clearance of blockages should commence

immediately after project completion so as to remove any potential obstacles that

might prevent customers from accessing businesses or other disruptions.

In the event that the contractor, despite best efforts, is unable to avoid blockages of

the roads and/or disruption of local businesses, some compensation is necessary. The

ESMF currently mandates compensation only in the case of permanent livelihood loss

or displacement and provides no provisions for livelihood loss of mobile vendors.

Additionally, no regulation, policy, guideline, etc. exists which can provide precedent

or guidance in this instance. ESMF clearly states that mobile/ambulatory hawkers:

fruit cart vendors, etc. who can easily relocate fall into this category. These vendors

are most eligible for a temporary relocation just outside the construction area, and will

thus not be eligible for compensation as is the case for this proposed project.

However if during the construction of the project any party faces livelihood loss due

to the proposed project, then that party should be compensated according to the

entitlement matrix given in the ESMF report.

iv. Impact on existing utility services

Mitigation Measure:

Circulating the layout plans of the existing underground alignment near the

work site.

Contacting the relevant department in case there is any damage to any of the

utility services and ensuring prompt fixing/replacing of damaged

infrastructure

Temporary shifting of power/water lines for construction purposes is already budgeted for in

the DPR. Nevertheless, all construction personnel must receive detailed layout plans of

existing underground structures to prevent accidental water/electricity supply disruptions.

The relevant departments should also be made aware of the timing and location of digging

near supply lines so they can make the necessary preparations to respond swiftly to

disruptions.


130

v. Safety hazards

Mitigation Measure: Fencing of the excavation site and providing proper caution sign

boards.

As mentioned above, fencing should be erected around construction sites and

appropriately marked with caution signage. These fences/signs should remain in

place even if construction is not active, so long as a hazard (e.g. open pit) remains.

Currently, no provision for fences are explicitly mentioned in the DPR, and, in field

visits to JNNURM sites, some had fences while others did not.

vi. Elevated Noise Levels

According to UP Jal Nigam officials, construction will take place after school hours

or at other times of school closing to avoid interfering with school function. Beyond

that, construction must simply proceed in a deliberate and judicious manner to avoid

unnecessary noise pollution.

vii. Failure to Restore Temporary Construction Sites

As mentioned above, provisions to rehabilitate roads and clear debris are already

included in the DPR.

viii. Public Notice: according to the suggestion given by locals during the interview.

Government and contractor should give a prior notice to each and every locality with

the details of project, street wise start date of construction and street wise end date of

construction, contact person during emergency. This information would help them

better adjust to the situation and make necessary adjustments and provisions.

ix. Health Programme for Workers: If un-sanitary conditions prevail at workers camp,

health programmes for their well-being should be implemented.

7.4.2 Social mitigation plans during operation phase

Noise pollution due to improper handling of machines: proper O&M should be carried out

during the operation phase to ensure least disturbance is caused to the neighbouring residents.


131

7.4.3 Mitigation measures adopted by locals during similar nature of project activities

From the field surveys and interviewing the locals including shop-owners, residents, mobile

vendors, following local adaptive measures have been recorded;

Using transparent plastic sheets to block entry of dust into shops

Avoiding opening of windows, especially when the construction is going on

Taking different routes if possible to avoid areas where construction is happening

Laying wooden plank over the excavated pits for making access route to house or

shops

Mobile vendors stated that they place their carts at some other place and vacate

construction area for the time when construction is on

Many public institutes like hospitals, schools and colleges reported that they have

more than one gate which makes the access easier during construction period.

The above measures indicate that the general public has already created adaptation measures

to sewage construction projects.

Public Grievances

Locals also reported few instances where they lodged complaints about un-cleared debris, or

damage of public utility generally to UP Jal Nigam officials. They usually do not lodge

complaints due to the prior experience of the lack of response from government officials.

Additionally, the interviewees said that they understood the inconveniences were of a

temporary measure and are providing a social good. Thus, they have created local adaptation

measures as quick and efficient ways to mitigate the temporary inconveniences. However the

proposed project has grievance redress mechanism which will be adopted as mentioned in the

Environment and Social Management Framework.


132

Table 7.5 Social Management Plan


Impact/Concern

Mitigation Measures Cost Issues

I. Sewerage and Sanitation Projects

A. Design and Development Phase

Land Acquisition for

new pumping station

NA SPS is planned on land already owned by

the government and confirmed by the

Revenue department

NA

B. Construction Phase

Laying of sewer

network *

Safety hazards to workers and

residents

Provide workers with adequate safety

equipment such as helmets, safety shoes,

gloves, etc.

Fences/temporary enclosures should be put

around construction sites (even inactive

ones, if hazards, like open pits, remain);

enclosures should be properly marked with

caution signs

Safety gear already provided by

contractor

Putting fences or other barricades to

demarcate the area, is already being

done

DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage

District ‘

Dust generation, with resulting

implications for human health

Water sprinkling, removal of excess

materials, cleaning of sites upon completion

of activities.

Construction of temporary enclosures to

entrap dust.

Water sprinkling

Reduced pedestrian and vehicle

access to residences and businesses,

with inverse effects on livelihoods

Work should proceed on schedule so as to

minimize road closures

Upon project completion, quick clearance of

NA

Debris clearance budgeted for in DPR


133


Impact/Concern

Mitigation Measures Cost Issues

debris, etc. will facilitate access by

customers to local business and residents to

their households


District ‘A’ Allahabad, Volume.-I

Temporary water , electricity,

supply interruptions

Circulation of layout plan for all

underground infrastructure to ensure that

contractor is aware of water/electricity lines

in construction zones

Local utilities should be made aware of

timing/location of all construction, enabling

them to respond swiftly to supply

disruption, especially in the event of

flooding, etc.

Provision for temporary shifting of

water/power lines, etc. already in

DPR



Increased traffic inconvenience

(emissions, congestions, longer

travel times)

Use of alternate traffic routes; signage

should clearly indicate dates of road

closures and new routes so residents can

plan accordingly

Placement of traffic officers at busy

intersections to facilitate easy of movement

Provisions for traffic diversion, with

signage already in DPR



Impact to daily life Prior public notice indicating the date of

start of construction and end date of

construction should be provided road-wise

to the locals, allowing them to make

adjustments accordingly

Note: *** denotes – Significant Impact; ** Denotes-Moderate Impacts and *- Minor Impact.


134

7.4.4 Consultation Framework for Participatory Planning and Implementation of Mitigation Plan

Relevant stakeholders, especially community members (residents, shop owners, etc.) may be

informed about the details of the proposed mitigation plan. A public consultation may be

conducted where the mitigation plan is presented, and feedback solicited from the

community. Individual meetings with other key stake holders – government officials,

relevant NGOs, etc. – could be scheduled to solicit their feedback as well. Once construction

begins and the mitigation plan is put into effect, third party audits should be taken up so as to

evaluate the efficacy of the mitigation plan, as well as gauge local sentiments related to the

construction and identify/address new issues that may have arisen during construction.

Stakeholders that should be involved in planning and implementation of the mitigation plan

include;

All affected persons (APs), program beneficiaries, including representatives of

vulnerable households;

decision makers, policy makers, elected representatives of people, community and

citizens, NGOs etc;

staff of executing agency, implementing agencies, GPCU, etc

officials of the revenue departments, social welfare department etc; and

Representatives of the various state government departments, as required.

7.4.5 Assess the Capacity of Institutions and Mechanisms for Implementing

Social Development Aspects and Social Safeguard Plans; Recommend Capacity building measures

Roles and functions of the institutions are pre-defined, but they can enhance their capacity for

better implementation and operation of the project. There should be synergies and continual

interaction amongst the departments for better coordination. The officers of the relevant

departments can be trained in social sciences, social management plan, etc.

Institutional reform and capacity building of local body is in process under JNNURM, it will

be required to ensure that operating authorities have the ability and equipment to properly

manage and finance the operation and maintenance of sewerage schemes. Otherwise

continued development will not be sustainable.


135

Table 7.6 Role of stakeholder in implementation and mitigation

Stakeholder Category Role in project implementation Role in mitigation

NGRBA Over all coordination Coordinating so that the

mitigation plan is implemented

well

Ensuring funds for mitigation

plan execution

Executing agencies (UP

Jal Nigam, Ganga

Pollution Control Unit)

Implementation of the project by

awarding the project to the suitable

contractor and regional coordination

Informing the relevant departments

about the progress of the project

Ensuring that the relevant

departments are available for

mitigation plan

Enough safety provisions are

available for the project

implementation.

Jal Sansthan While execution of projects related

to sewerage line, Jal Sansthan is

responsible for the damage caused to

the public utility functions like

drinking water pipe lines

Should ensure that the basic

amenities are in order during the

construction and operational

phase of the project

Municipality Ensuring better access to households

Should ensure all the households

envisaged at project planning

phase gets access to the services.

Weaker section of the society

should get equitable share.

State, local

Government

Coordination

Monitoring and evaluation

Coordination

Monitoring and evaluation

Ensure all the safeguarding plans

are in line and acted upon.

NGOs, CSOs, Research

Institutes ( Allahabad

University)

Awareness creation about the project

activities

Community participation for better

project implementation

Public participation and

coordination

7.4.6 Develop Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms to Assess Social

Development Outcomes

Regular monitoring and evaluation of the project activities should be carried out to judge its

success or any gaps. Certain key parameters can be taken as the benchmark for monitoring

and evaluation of the project based on the identified development outcomes. Some of the

indicators are listed below;

Increase in sewer access (number of households linked to the sewer network)

Decrease in effluent discharge into the Ganga (water quality assessment of the river)


136

Proper sites for industries, building etc.

Accessibility of the service to backward and weaker sections of the society

Increase in public toilet

Increase in the land rate (property appreciation value)

Decrease in water borne disease incidence in the area


137

Chapter 8 Social Development Outcomes and Issues

8.1 Social Development Outcomes of the sub project

Access to sewer network: This service will cater to the projected population until the

year 2040. According to the DPR, population is expected to increase from 405176 in

2010 to 515155 by 2040. In this time, waste water generation is expected to increase from

62.80 MLD to 79.85 MLD. Hence the increase sewerage will prevent outflow of waste

water to the Ganga.

Better hygienic conditions: The sewerage network will provide improved environmental

conditions due to the contained handling of wastes, leading to improved public health

conditions and will likely reduce the average medical expenses of the residents in the

project areas. According to DPR this area has sewerage system but the sewers are very

old, under capacity and deteriorated condition, which causes significant flow of untreated

sewage into river and also this sewage gets accumulated on road/drain sides. These areas

suffer from powerful odors and greater amounts of flies/mosquitoes, which will be

mitigated with the sewerage connection and overall improvement in environment and

health is anticipated from this project.

Decrease in water pollution: Because of the sewer line connection, all the waste water

will be collected and directed to treatment plant, which only after treatment will be

disposed off to the river, hence decreasing the pollutant load in the river. Due to current

pollution, water quality in the river Ganga is impaired at the City of Allahabad. As the

water enters Allahabad (at Rasoolabad) from Kanpur, it has a BOD much higher than the

safe bathing limit of 3mg/L at about 4.5 mg/L. Downstream from Allahabad (post

Sangam and before Assighat, Varanasi), the BDO reduces to below the safe bathing

limit14.

Increase in aesthetic value of the project area: connection to sewer lines enhance the

aesthetic value of the area, as there will be more cleanliness and no wastewater discharge

to open area. This will also lead to appreciation in the property value. This will eventually

lead to increase in standard of living of the people in the project site. The support for this

14Source: SanjivSwarup 2007, Affidavit of status report as on October 31,2006 filed on behalf of

NRCD as per orders of the SC dated Oct 10, 2006, New Delhi January, mime


138

statement comes from the counter-factual scenario observed in areas with only nalas (bad

odor, insects, etc.).

Reduction in cost of implementation: According to DPR, wherever possible

development of sewerage will be integrated with existing GAP infrastructure to reduce

the overall investment cost.

Cultural sentiments: Proper sewage disposal would increase the river water quality. As

the holy river is attached to many rituals and customs, enhanced river water quality would

connect to sentiments of the people. Especially during ‘KumbhMela’ better water quality

for bathing would be boon for pilgrims. At present as recorded by UP State Pollution

Control Board river water at Allahabad has high fecal coliform concentration, and it has

been reported that some sadhus and saints protest against the river pollution and boycott

the ritual bathing15. This could be sorted out with better river water quality.

8.2 Social Development Issues in Project Vicinity and Social

Services to be provided by the project

The social benefits of the proposed project are given above. The social services required to

ensure that these benefits are realized are given below:

Ensure backward section of the society gets the facility: Some residents

complained that they did not feel they personally would benefit from the project

as their houses did not have sewer connection. Thus, increasing household

connections will ensure that project benefits are equitably distributed. Plans for

increasing connections are detailed in the DPR that is by 2025 coverage would

increase to 75% from 45% of 2010 ratio. Special care should be taken to ensure

access for backward and vulnerable sections of the society. Full benefits of the

facilities proposed under DPR cannot be realized unless a programme to improve

coverage of branch sewers and household connection is carried in parallel.

Increasing public toilet facilities: Similarly increasing public toilet facilities will

ensure that residents of Allahabad without permanent housing and tourists

(especially visiting during ‘Kumbh Mela’ are able to benefit from the increased

sewerage access. Increasing toilet access will decrease practices such as Open

15http://www.ecofriends.org/main/eganga/images/Critical%20analysis%20of%20GAP.pdf


139

Defecation. This eventually would lead to better water quality and would have

better environment and social ramifications.

Targeting of economically weaker communities: for construction jobs related to

sub-project: In order to ensure that the economic benefits of the sub-project is felt

by those in need, those from backward communities should be specifically

targeted for relevant jobs.

Proper clean-up of project debris: In order to maximize aesthetic benefits and

ensure that debris does not clog sewer path, proper clean-up of project areas must

be performed after the project is completed. Collection and disposal of debris is

essential for proper function of other essential processes like traffic routing,

pedestrian pathways, and clearance of dust and particles causing pollution. Clean

area will also enhance the aesthetic value and increase the property rate of the

area.

Sanitation for slum dwellers: Allahabad district has many slums, as mentioned

above around 185 slums spread across the city. District A also has number of

slums. All these slums have no legal rights over land so it is not possible to

provide such services to them. But their unsanitary condition is an impediment for

over all sanitary development. Hence they should be provided with the scheme of

low cost sanitation technologies without sewerage connection.


140

Chapter 9 Conclusion

The project report of the proposed sub-project for sewerage district ‘A’ of the Allahabad city

after environment and social analysis concludes that the project falls in ‘low impact’ category

and have overall positive benefits on the life and environment of the people. There has been

no reported land acquisition or livelihood losses to be caused under this project. As per

environmental and social management framework guidelines of NGRBA, Environmental and

Social Assessment, with a Generic Safeguard Management Plan was conducted for

addressing possible issues/ concerns arising from proposed project.

Impacts of activities identified during the assessment fell under two separate categories of

Construction and Operation. Although no such permanently negative or adverse

environmental or social impacts were identified, there were certain temporary impacts, for

which appropriate mitigation plans have also been suggested. The environmental

management plan ensures to suggest appropriate mitigation measure against the issues/

concerns identified during the environmental and social analysis study. All the social and

environmental issues were appropriately studied and have been substantiated using

appropriate evidences, to ascertain the magnitude of their impacts. Even the issues of public

grievances and public notice have been taken care in the report to confirm transparency

during the project implementation. Report also ensures that well defined institutional

mechanism is in place to monitor and evaluate the progress of the project during construction,

implementation and operation phases.

Stakeholder consultations, and interviews helped to understand the general perception of

public towards the project and it can be determined that the people of the project site are

happy and welcome such an initiative for their betterment. It was also pointed out that the

large overall environmental benefits of the project such as prevention of discharge of

untreated sewage into River Ganga, improvement in sewerage collection and treatment,

prevention of untreated liquid waste infiltrating into ground water and soil, improvement in

quality of life, human dignity and increased productivity greatly outweigh the temporary

inconveniences faced during the implementation stages.


141

Annexure 1 Questionnaire

TERI-Water Resources Division Date:__/__/2011

NGRBA Project Impact Assessment

Interviewer:__________________

Site: __________________________

Interviewee:________________________

Location: Residential____Public Place_______

For PP: Park______Office____Market__School____Store______Religious place____

Classification:

Resident______ShopKeeper___StreetVendor_____Officeworker____School_______pedestri

an___

Religious figure_____Other_______

1. Are you aware that this project will be constructed?

2. Do you think it is necessary to have this kind of project? You feel connection to

sewerage is important?

3. Will your household be connected to sewer line?

4. What do you think will be the consequences of the construction this project on the

following: (classify as short term and long term impacts)

a. Traffic blockages?

b. Parking?

c. Aesthetic value of neighbourhood/ environment sanitation

d. Health

e. Access to river water source

f. Noise?

g. Pollution? Dust, air quality, leakages

h. Smell/flies, etc.?

i. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc.

j. Livelihood? (temporary or permanent)


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k. Family?

l. Daily Life?

m. Impact of worker’s camp (unsanitary conditions there, safety concerns, etc.)

n. Other?

5. What do you think will be the consequences of this project, post completion?

a. Pollution?

b. Smell/flies, etc.?

c. Access to river water source

d. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc.

e. Livelihood?

f. Family?

g. Daily Life?

h. Other?

6. Are you aware of similar projects (prompt Jnnurm projects) in your

area/neighbourhood?

7. How are you coping up with these difficulties?

a. Traffic blockages?

b. Parking?

c. Aesthetic value of neighbourhood

d. Health

e. Access to river water source

f. Noise?

g. Pollution? Dust, air quality, leakages

h. Smell/flies, etc.?

i. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc.

j. Livelihood? (Temporary/permanent)

k. Family?

l. Daily Life?

m. Impact of worker’s camp (unsanitary conditions there, safety concerns, etc.)

n. Other?


143

8. Have you/or anyone you know of have complained on any similar projects in the

past?

9. What are your suggestions on improving the project construction/operation phase?

10. Are you aware of what will happen in the absence of the project?

11. Do you think this is a no regret investment by GoI (explain what is no regret

investment) and more such projects should be implemented?

12. Do you perceive any conflicts during implementation/construction of the project? (get

details)

13. Do you know of any conflicts in the past due to similar projects?

14. Do you know of any land acquisition for this project?

15. Do you know of any rehabilitation/resettlement that might be required during project

implementation phase?

16. Do you think these projects;

will help in improving Ganga river quality, if replicated and upscaled in different

areas or not?

17. Are you aware of any community/social movement against this upcoming project?

18. Are you aware of any community/social movement/ cultural issues/security threats

(due to labour migration) against similar projects in your area in the past?

8 Are you willing to cope with the temporary disruptions/disturbances during the

construction/operational phase? (prompt and get reason for willingness to cope, if

answer is yes/no)


144

9 Do you believe that the authority will implement the project in a timely and efficient

manner?

10 Have you/or anyone you know of approached the public grievance authority in the

past regarding similar projects? (note down details)

11 Do you feel this project has minimal/no impact in comparison with some other

projects/programmes you know of in the region?


145

Annexure 2 Minutes of meeting with key

stakeholders

Allahabad 28-29th April 2011

S.

no

Name and designation Contact No. Minutes of Meeting

1 Mr. Rohit, Asst. Project

Engineer, State Pollution

Control Board,

Allahabad

9473942159 According to rough estimates

the project in District C would

help in treating 2.61 MLD of

sewage, and in District A

around 7 MLD of sewage. This

will help prevent flow of

approximately 10 MLD of

sewage into River Ganga.

During construction work, they

make sure appropriate safety

equipments are available along

with proper caution signage and

contact number of the

concerned project coordinator.

Also proper shuttering to be

placed as excavation

commences; water to be

sprinkled through tankers, twice

a day, to avoid dust pollution.

Work in front of schools and

hospitals to be prioritized and

finished urgently. Work could

be conducted during day/night

shifts.

Upstream/downstream water

quality data can be retrieved

from the MoEF public domain.

There are no forested areas or

protected monuments being

threatened by the projects.

There is no threat to

Groundwater Resources since

digging for sewers does not go

below 6-7 meters.

2 Mr. R S Singh, State 9473942675 Said that he dealt mainly with


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Pollution Control Board,

Allahabad

[email protected]

[email protected]

the Operation and Maintenance

phase of the projects.

Introduced TERI to Mr. Rohit

for all necessary information.

TERI submitted a letter of

request to Mr. R.S Singh,

requesting relevant data for

ESIA.

Allahabad 5thAugust 2011

S.

no

Name and designation Minutes of Meeting

1 MoEF, PMG ,World Bank

team, U.P. Jal Nigam,

Nagar Nigam, Tata

Consulting Engineers

(TCE), TERI

Venue: Jal Nigam,

Training Centre, Sangam

Hall

There was a verbal agreement between the Nagar Nigam,

UP Jal Nigam and other offices that each construction site

for laying of sewer lines will be completed and restored in

maximum period of 1 month.

It was brought to the attention that since no maps, plans

of underground utilities exists, damage to them will be

inevitable.

It was agreed upon that a ‘Social publicity Programme’

would be launched, the budget for which was to be

prepared by Jal Kal department.

There was a suggestion to use SewerCad and it was

recommended that all sewer maps and details should be

mapped using it.

The issue of providing sewer lines to unauthorized

colonies was brought up. One solution was to provide

sewerage to all habitations and unauthorized colonies

except where public land has been encroached. Another

suggestion was to provide network in all areas where a

water connection already exists. This matter is still under

review and consideration.

Suggestion was made by the World Bank to initiate a plan

to involve and motivate local residents to install sewer

connections in their homes. One such idea for a scheme

would provide a free connection to all those who applied

in the 1st six months.

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


147

Allahabad 23rd - 26th August 2011

S.

no

Name and designation Contact No. Minutes of Meeting

1 Mr. A.K Mittal, General

Manager, Ganga Pollution

Control Unit (GPCU), UP

Jal Nigam, Allahabad,

Uttar Pradesh.

9473942672 He shared basic information on

the existing sewerage system in

Allahabad city and provided

contacts of important officials

required for the environmental

and social assessment study.

Important issues such as

damage to public utilities,

traffic congestion, dust

pollution etc. were highlighted.

Data and Maps related to Water

Supply, Solid Waste

management, storm drainage,

health and social issues were

not available with UP Jal

Nigam and would be with the

Nagar Nigam.

2 Mr. J.P Mani, Project

Manager, Ganga Pollution

Control Unit (GPCU), UP

Jal Nigam, Allahabad,

Uttar

As secondary data on

Allahabad “A report on sub-

soil exploration for design

foundation of sump well at

Gaughat, Allahabad (U.P.)”

3 Dr. Mukesh Sharma,

Envrionment Officer,

Project Implementation

Unit, Allahabad Nagar

Nigam.

09935754985

Stated that most of the data is

with the UP Jal Nigam

Shared statistics about solid

waste management in city.

Overall the SWM plans are

have reached only 20%

implementation in all wards.

400 gm/head solid waste is

collected adding up to a total of

540 Million Metric Tonnes per

day.

Door to Door Collection

(DTDC) is followed in 18

wards of District A. No slums

are included in the DTDC

plans.

The major dumping sites are

Allahpur, Govindpur and

KarelBagh. The major


148

processing plant is at Baswar.

With regard to waste water,

BPCL is a major industry that

dumps waste water into the

Simraha Ghat. Other industries

in NAINI area are Baidyanath,

AREVA and RECRON.

Provided information on water

supply for the city which

included pumps, tube wells and

overhead tanks (18 under

JNNURM, each storing

2000KiloLitres). There are also

3 underground reservoirs in

District A (2 are complete, 1 is

30% constructed)

4 Mr. Tiwary, Social officer,

Allahabad Nagar Nigam.

07376336219 Informed that there is not much

data that exists on social issues

at the moment.

Provided TERI with a

photocopy of wards in

Allahabad district and a list of

slums.

5 Mr. P.K Mishra, Land

Officer, Nagar Nigam.

Informed that there is no

landuse data or maps available

for Allahabad due to lack of

recording and poor response

from locals.

6 Mr, K.K Srivastav, JE,

Gaughat Pumping Station,

Allahabad.

09473942168 Provided important information

with regard to the Gaughat

pumping station and overall

sewage system in Allahabad.

The current pumping capacity

of the Gaughat MPS is 72MLD

and it has the capacity to handle

extra increased levels of 7 to 8

m.

The MPS was built in 1988 and

is very old, it should have been

changed in 2003 (after 15

years).

There is no provision to handle

high flows/excess flows during

the monsoon. During these

times, backlogging leads to


149

flooding of the sewage network.

It was suggested that storm

water be bypassed to the river

to avoid this kind of flooding.

There have been no complaints

from the residents neighboring

the MPS about noise or air

quality.

Polythene is a major issue at the

pumping station.

Approximately 2 trucks per

week are transported to

dumping sites from Gaughat

MPS.

7 World Bank, TCE and

UPJN

[email protected] All 3 parties discussed the day’s

field visits and the World Bank

gave their impression and

expectations of the project

work. The following points are

to be mentioned:

As per JNNURM , by March

2012, water supply is targeted

to be 100% in Allahabad.

The main concern for finishing

the project in time is the

upcoming Kumbh Mela in 2013

at Prayag.

GIS maps are to be acquired

from TCE in the form of a CD.

The UPJN agreed to provide

field assistance to all field

going teams, as suggested by

the World Bank.


150

Annexure 3 Census Data

District Allahabad (45), Uttar Pradesh (09)

Population

Persons 4,936,105

Males 2,626,448

Females 2,309,657

Growth (1991-2001) 26.72

Rural 3,729,320

Urban 1,206,785

Scheduled Caste Population 1,065,097

Percentage to total Population 21.58

Literacy and Educational level

Literates

Persons 2,506,942

Males 1,635,387

Females 871,555

Literacy rate

Persons 62.11

Males 75.81

Females 46.38

Workers

Total workers 1,671,349

Main workers 1,106,596

Marginal workers 564,751

Non-workers 3,264,756

Scheduled Castes (Largest three)

1. Pasi 304,424

2. Chamar etc. 402,347

3. Kol 106,164

Religions (Largest three)

1. Hindus 4,284,834

2. Muslims 627,735

3. Christians 9,114

Important Towns (Largest three)

Population

1. Allahabad (M Corp.) 975,393

2. Allahabad (CB) 24,137

3. Lal Gopalganj Nindaura (NP) 22,992

House Type

Type of House (% of households occupying)


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Permanent 50.7

Semi-permanent 45.5

Temporary 3.8

Number of households 740,941

Household size (per household) 7

Sex ratio (females per 1000 males) 879

Sex ration (0-6 years) 917

Scheduled Tribe population 4,273

Percentage to total population 0.09

Educational Level attained

Total 2,506,942

Without level 152,585

Below primary 536,398

Primary 542,568

Middle 404,832

Matric/Higher Secondary/Diploma 616,060

Graduate and above 254,138

Age groups

0-4 years 586,483

5-14 years 1,374,513

15-59 years 2,598,662

60 years and above (incl. A.N.S.) 376,447

Scheduled Tribes (Largest three)

1. Generic Tribes etc. 3,322

2. Tharu 870

3. Jaunsari 57

Amenities and infrastructural facilities

Total inhabited villages

Amenities available in villages

No. of Villages

Drinking water facilities 2,783

Safe Drinking water 2,783

Electricity (Power Supply) 2,289

Electricity (domestic) 1,066

Electricity (Agriculture) 703

Primary school 1,733

Middle schools 613

Secondary/Sr Secondary schools 214

College 61

Medical facility 651

Primary Health Centre 53

Primary Health Sub-Centre 66

Post, telegraph and telephone facility 910


152

Bus services 201

Paved approach road 1,956

Mud approach road 1,986

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