National and international

Metla is one of best known

international forest research institutes

in the world.

Metla’s products and services, and the data

and know-how Metla generates and actively

communicates, are utilised both nationally

and internationally.

Financing and Personnel

Personnel

Metla is one of the biggest

forest research institutes in the

Europe. The whole personnel is

650 and about half of them are

researchers.

In 2013 the overall budget of Metla was

55 million €.

47 million euros

were expended

on research

Other sources of financing with 10 million share

were Ministry of Environment, Finlands

Academy, Tekes, EU, Foundations, etc

Research programmes

Woodenergy 2020 –pathways to 2020 and beyond

(2012-2016)

H2O – Forests and Water (2013-2017).

Wood materials and products in the development of

Bio-economy (2014-2018)

Forests and silviculture in the future (2012-2016)

New forest and forest biomass based products

and services (2014-2018)

Forests for multiple purposes (2014-2018)

Other tasks

Metla is in charge of several focal information services and official tasks of the forest sector:

Monitoring of forest health

Greenhouse gas reporting

Forest tree breeding

Forest statistics

Forest damage

diagnostic and

advisory

service

Testing and inspection of pesticides

Timber scaling methods and guidelines

Monitoring regeneration success in protection forest area

National forest inventory

Metla publishes

Statistical Yearbook of Forestry

Finnish Forest Sector Economic Outlook

Working Papers

Dissertationes Forestales

Forest Finland in Brief

Media Releases, Newsletters and Online Services

Together with Finnish Society of Forest Science :

- Metsätieteen aikakauskirja - in Finnish and Swedish

- Silva Fennica - in English

Luke

• The Finnish Forest Research Institute will

merge with MTT Agrifood Research Finland,

the Finnish Game and Fisheries Research

Institute and the statistical services of the

Information Centre of the Ministry of

Agriculture and Forestry Tike on 1 January

2015, to form Natural Resources Institute

Finland.

www.luke.fi

METLA

Western FinlandParkanoStaff, (29) 38

•Reseachers ~(9) 14

•Laboratory (6) 9

•Technical (7) 8

•Administration and

supportive services 7

KannusStaff, (19) 23

•Reseachers (6) 9

•Laboratoryo 3

•Technical staff 9

•Admininstration and supportive

services (1) 3

Tree harvestig on sensitive soils

• Predicting bearing capacity on peatlands and fine-grained minreal soils

• Development of planning tools (hydrological modelling, GIS, ALS)

Jori Uusitalo

Harri Lindeman

Jyrki Hytönen

Efficient wood procurement as a

part of value chain

• New wood pricing methods

• Follow –up studies of forest work (harvesters

and forwarders)

• Wood quality prediction and wood allocation

centre - concept

• Transportation optimisation

• Bearing capacity of forest roads

R&D of small sawmills and carpentery

enterprises Maarit Haavisto, Jori Uusitalo

Lihasulan säätiö

Elinvoimainen puuverstas/Puusta elinvoimaa

2008-2014:

� puutoimialan kehittäminen

� yhteinen markkinointiviestintä (www.puutuotetori.fi)

� Puurakentamisen edistäminen

Kohderyhmät:

� puualan mikroyritykset

PUUPUUSTI 2015-2018:

� yhteinen

Thank you

Forest road

R&D – project (2011-2014)

Tomi Kaakkurivaara

Jori Uusitalo

• Funding 300 000€

• Metla and TUT

Sponsors/collaborators

Measuring bearing capacity in

forest road• Introduction

– Year-round need to transport timber from forest to mills

– Age of forest road network increase, need of rehabilitation

– Decreasing amount of money for rehabilitation in low

volume roads

– Increasing total weights of trucks

• Measuring devices can define repairing requirement

of road and situation of frost thawing in springtime

Measuring devicesDCP (Dynamic Cone Penetrometer)

- Developed by U.S. Army- 8-kg hammer drops over a height of 575 mm to an anvil and penetrate cone to ground

Easy to use for- Monitoring thawing process in spring- Measuring thickness and quality of constructed

layers - Simple structure and quikly to move- Workload is great when is several measuring

points Stiffness values are calculated for subsoil and layers of road

• Peneration mm/blow• CBR-value (California Bearing Ratio), %• Bearing capacity, Elastic modulus, MPa

Measuring devicesLoadman

– Finnish, portable and light Falling Weight

Deflectometer (AL-Engineering Oy)

– first tilted so that the free-moving weight slides

down to and contacts the magnet

– Quikly to use, results are immediately on display

– Lightness is benefit under measuring work

Loadman calculate direct results

• Deflection (mm) by integrating acceleration

• Bearing capacity, Elastic modulus (MPa)

• Compaction rate between first drop and following

drops

Measuring devicesFWD (Falling Weight Deflectometer)

- Made by Kuab Ab, Sweden

- Commonly use at public roads

- Create deflection bowl with falling

weight

- Measurement work are made by

specialized companies

- measuring whole road structure

and subsoil

The biggest load respond real life situation.

• E-modulus (MPa), SCI (surface layer), BCI

(subsoil) and middle layers’ values

Comparison between devices - coefficient of

determination

Peat subgrade (n=44):

FWD – Loadman R2=32.7

FWD – Loadman + thickness of surface layer R2=59.6

FWD – DCP R2=18.7

FWD – DCP + thickness of surface layer R2=48.7

Loadman – DCP R2=44.4

Mineral subgrade (n=35):

FWD – Loadman R2=50.8

FWD – DCP R2=59.6

Loadman – DCP R2=57.5

Conclusions• Loadman and DCP can many circumstances be used as fairly

reliable tools in asessing the stiffness of the road structure

instead of the FWD

• Loadman and DCP have certain strengths and weaknesses

that need to be taken into account in assessing the

applicability– Loadman is reasonable reliable tool in road surface layer

– Loadman can estimate trafficability during the thawing process

– DCP is more suitable for defining thawing depths and need of rehabilitation

– Both devices are flexible, faster and cheaper to use than FWD

– FWD gives more information than portable tools

– FWD measurement service includes also calculation of material demand for

rehabilitation

11 test road sections, measurements by Loadman, DCP and

FWD.

20

Estimation of risk for rutting on forest roads

during thawing period of seasonal frost2012 ja

32 tn truck over ran test sections

and laser scanning executed before

and after loading runs in springs

2012 and 2013.

0,5

45

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10 30 50 70 90

Ru

ttin

g, m

m/o

verr

un

EFWD, MPa

FWD 2013 left

2013 right

2012 left

2012 right

52P, partly frozen

12M

RUTTING - FWD

22

Wheel path moved toanother position

Yhden verrataan 4 metrin matkalla syntyneeseen uraan

THRESHOLD VALUE IS ABOUT 45 MPa WITH FWD

RUTTING - LOADMAN

23

Yhden PPL-mittauksen E-arvoa verrataan 4 metrin matkalla syntyneeseen uraan

THRESHOLD VALUE IS ABOUT 55 MPa WITH LOADMAN

0,5

55

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10 30 50 70 90

Ru

ttin

g,

mm

/ov

err

un

ELFWD, MPa

LFWD2012 left

2012 right

52P, partly frozen

12M

51P

RUTTING – DCP

24

Yhden PPL-mittauksen E-arvoa verrataan 4 metrin matkalla syntyneeseen uraan

THRESHOLD VALUE IS ABOUT 115 MPa WITH DCP

0,5

115

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Ru

ttin

g, m

m/o

verr

un

EDCP, MPa

DCP 2012 left

2012 right

12M

51P

Measured 22.5.-12 left

Measured 22.5.-12 right

Conclusions - Bearing capacity

recommendations to avoid ruttingProbability of rutting EFWD, MPa ELFWD, MPa EDCP, MPa

Very high < 30 < 35 < 70

High 30 - 35 35 - 45 70 - 80

Medium 35 -45 45 - 55 80 - 115

small 45 - 70 55 - 70 115 - 150

very small >70 >70 >150

• Tentative suggestion for using FWD, Loadman

and DCP to estimate risk for rapid rutting from a

few passes by truck on forest road.

• Threshold values help to evaluate whether

timber loads can be fetched via the forest road

during frost thawing

Use of ash for repairing forest

roads

• Fly ash

• By-product from UPM’s power plants

(Kaipola and Jämsänkoski)

• Environmentally “friendly”?

• Good references from public road

construction

• Create chemical bonds with the help

of water

• 10 test section included references

Ash test roads in Jämsä

• Application/license from the local Environmental

agency

• Permission to use ash, but not without additional

surface level

• Construction of roads in september 2011

• Follow-up studies on bearing capacity 2011-2014

Structure of

forest road

”Classic”

forest road

Surface layer

Aggregate layer

Base material

(mineral/peat)

Embankment fill

Sand/gravel

(insulation layer) Geotextile optional

Embankment fill

Base material

(mineral/peat)

Crushed stone

(Ø 0-55 mm)

Crushed stone

(Ø 0-32mm)

”Modern”

forest road

Old road/Subgrade

Ash + (Crushed

stone )

Crushed stone

(Ø 0-32mm)

Ash

forest road

Test road area 1�31 15 cm (33/66 ash mixed with crushed

stone) + surface layer (crushed stone)

�32 20cm (50/50 ash mixed with crushed

stone + surface layer (crushed stone)

�33 crushed stone (reference)

�34 25cm ash + surface layer (crushed

stone)

�35 50cm ash + surface layer (crushed

stone)

Ash total 1082 tn

Test road area 2�36 50cm ash + surface layer (crushed

stone)

�37 25cm ash + surface layer (crushed

stone)

�38 20cm (50/50 ash mixed with

crushed stone + surface layer (crushed

stone)

�39 15 cm (33/66 ash mixed with

crushed stone + surface layer (crushed

stone)

�40 crushed stone (reference)

Ash total 854 tn

Mixed layer

• Sidewalls to restrain ash flow out

from road area

• Crushed stone and ash were

mixed together on construction

site

Ash layer with consistent texture

• Shape and compaction made by

excavator

• DCP - Bearing capacity

increased in both mixed

method types until last

measuring round

• Loadman and FWD

doesn’t show any

improvement

• DCP – improvement

lower level than mixed

methods road sections

• Loadman and FWD –

same as mixed

methods, no

improvements

Conclusions

• Loadman and FWD results doesn’t show

improvements!

• DCP results shows clear improvement. Maybe road

stiffness is better?

• Results were lower level 2014 spring - variation

between thawing periods

• Ash is not same kind of material as mineral materials

such as crushed rock – material properties can

change in the long run!

Thank you